Background: Invasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been shown to be effective in treating patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its clinical use is limited to patients at the advanced stage of the disease. Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) may be a novel nonneurosurgical and safer alternative, yet its therapeutic potential remains unexplored.Objective: This pilot study aims to examine the feasibility and safety of tTIS targeting the right globus pallidus internus (GPi) for motor symptoms in patients with PD.Methods: Twelve participants with mild PD completed this randomized, double‐blind, and sham‐controlled experiment. Each of them received either 20‐minute or sham tTIS of the right GPi. Before and immediately after the stimulation, participants completed the Movement Disorder Society‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS‐III) in the “medication‐on” state to assess the motor symptoms. The blinding efficacy and side effects were also assessed.Results: tTIS was well tolerated by participants, with only mild, transient adverse effects reported. tTIS significantly reduced MDS‐UPDRS‐III scores by 6.64 points (14.7%), particularly in bradykinesia (23.5%) and tremor (15.3%). The left side showed more significant alleviation in motor symptoms, particularly bradykinesia, compared to the right side. Participants with severer bradykinesia and tremor before stimulation experienced greater improvement after tTIS.Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that the tTIS, as a novel noninvasive DBS approach, is feasible and safe for alleviating motor symptoms in mild PD, especially bradykinesia and tremor. Future larger‐scale and more definitive studies are needed to confirm the benefits. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Purpose: Given the high incidence of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) in runners, this study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of shoes with different minimalist indices (MI) on the mechanical loads of the patellofemoral joint. Methods: Fifteen healthy male rearfoot strike runners were recruited to complete overground running trials at 3.33 m/s (±5%) in two running shoe conditions (MI = 26% versus MI = 86%). The amount of ten Vicon infrared cameras (100 Hz) and two Kistler force plates (1000 Hz) were used to collect kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data simultaneously. Quadriceps strength, patellofemoral contact force, patellofemoral contact area, and patellofemoral contact stress were calculated. Results: No significant differences were observed in the impact force and the second peak of the vertical GRF between the two shoe conditions. Compared to wearing low-MI shoes, wearing high-MI shoes showed that the maximum flexion angle of the knee, the contact area of patellofemoral joint and the peak knee extension moment reduced significantly (p < 0.01), and the peak patellofemoral contact force and stress decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that wearing high-MI shoes significantly decreases the patellofemoral contact force and patellofemoral joint stress by reducing the moment of knee extension, thus effectively reducing the load of the patellofemoral joint during the stance phase of running and potentially lowering the risk of PFPS.

Nowadays, compression garments (CGs) are widely used in winter racing sports, such as speed skating, short-track speed skating, alpine skiing, and cross-country skiing. However, the effect of wearing CGs on athletic performance in these specific sports is still not fully examined. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize the research and application of CGs in winter racing sports and to discuss how the CGs help athletes improve their performance in an integrative manner (i.e., physiology, aerodynamics, and biomechanics). A total of 18 experimental studies dedicated to CGs in winter racing sports were identified from the peer-review scientific literature. The main findings are as follows. (1) Currently, CG studies have mainly focused on drag reduction, metabolism, muscle function, strength performance, and fatigue recovery. (2) The results of most studies conducted in wind tunnels showed that, for cylindrical structures similar to the human body, clothing with rough surfaces can reduce air drag. Notably, the effect of CGs on drag reduction in real competition has not been fully explored in the literature. (3) Compression can reduce muscle vibrations at high impact and help athletes control the center of pressure movement, a function that is important for alpine skiing. Future studies are needed to improve current understanding of the effects of compression clothing microstructure on drag reduction and their stretching in different parts of the body. Furthermore, the design of experimental protocol must be consistent with those during the competition, thus providing a full discussion on energy metabolism, fatigue, and recovery affected by CGs.

Objectives: To explore the effects of wearing compression garments on joint mechanics, soft tissue vibration and muscle activities during drop jumps. Methods: Twelve healthy male athletes were recruited to execute drop jumps from heights of 30, 45 and 60 cm whilst wearing compression shorts (CS) and control shorts (CON). Sagittal plane kinematics, ground reaction forces, accelerations of the quadriceps femoris (QF), hamstrings (HM) and shoe heel-cup, and electromyography images of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) were collected. Results: Compared with wearing CON, wearing CS significantly reduced the QF peak acceleration at 45 and 60 cm and the HM peak acceleration at 30 cm. Wearing CS significantly increased the damping coefficient for QF and HM at 60 cm compared with wearing CON. Moreover, the peak transmissibility when wearing CS was significantly lower than that when wearing CON for all soft tissue compartments and heights, except for QF at 30 cm. Wearing CS reduced the RF activity during the pre-, post-, and eccentric activations for all heights and concentric activations at 45 cm; it also reduced the BF activity during post- and eccentric activations at 30 and 60 cm, respectively. The hip and knee joint moments and power or jump height were unaffected by the garment type. Conclusion: Applying external compression can reduce soft tissue vibrations without compromising neuromuscular performance during strenuous physical activities that involve exposure to impact-induced vibrations.

Neuromodulation targeting the subthalamic region has shown clinical benefit for alleviating motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (TIs) offers a non-invasive approach warranting clinical evaluation. We aimed to examine the feasibility/safety and preliminary effects of single-session, individualised TIs targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN)-region on motor symptoms in people with PD. This randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled 2 × 2 within-participant crossover study was conducted in Shanghai, China (May 24-August 31, 2024; ChiCTR2400084797). Thirty people with early-to-mid-stage idiopathic PD (Hoehn and Yahr 1.5-3) were enrolled. In the medication-off state, participants received 20 min of 130 Hz TIs targeting the STN-region or active sham in randomised order; the montage was individualised using structural MRI. Feasibility/safety outcomes included compliance, adverse events, and blinding guesses. Motor symptoms were assessed at baseline and immediately, 30 min, and 60 min post-stimulation using MDS-UPDRS-III. Primary treatment effects outcomes were responder rate (≥5-point reduction) and MDS-UPDRS-III total score change; secondary outcomes included subscores. No serious adverse events occurred. Any adverse event was reported by 21/30 (70.0%) after TIs and 21/27 (77.8%) after sham (risk difference [TIs-sham] -6.9%, 95% CI: -21.6 to 7.7; P = 0.352); perceived stimulation was similar across conditions. Responder rate was statistically significantly higher after TIs than sham (70% vs 15%; risk difference 56.3%, 95% CI: 38.3-74.4; P < 0.001). Compared with sham, TIs was associated with greater reductions in MDS-UPDRS-III total score (mean difference [TIs-sham] 4.18 immediately, 6.83 at 30 min, and 6.12 at 60 min; all 95% CIs excluded 0; P < 0.001), with statistically significant between-condition differences at all post-stimulation time points. Bradykinesia and tremor showed similar response patterns, whereas effects for rigidity and axial signs were not consistent. In this pilot crossover study, a single session of TIs targeting the STN-region was feasible and well tolerated, and was associated with short-term improvements in motor symptoms compared with sham. Larger trials are warranted to confirm efficacy, durability, repeated-session dosing, and anatomical specificity, with continued emphasis on risk-benefit reporting. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC11932013).