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Mr. Abbas is a Certified Chartered Banker by Institute of Bankers Pakistan accredited by UK Chartered Banker Institute and Academic Researcher. He is currently doing PhD in Management with major Administrative Management and going to be completed his PhD Dissertation. He has published more than 09 Publications in well reputed International Journals. His area of interest is: Sustainable Development, Public Policy, Public Administration, Public Management. Governance and Pubic Services. He is looking for a healthy and productive research collaboration for his future researches.
Terrorism and security threats are global phenomena. Almost every region has been affecting by different terrorism and violence incidents; that is why terrorism has become a devastatingly global concern for the past two decades. This paper examines the socio-economic and fractionalization (Internal and External conflicts) determinants of terrorism and its related incidents using the Global Terrorism Database for 14 countries of East, South, and North Asia (ESNA) from 2006 to 2018. By applying the one-step system GMM estimation, the results show that among ESNA, South Asia is the most vulnerable region where population and state legitimacy are the most ignite factors of terrorism incidents. However, in East and North Asia, the education budget's socio-economic disparity is the foremost determinant of terrorism and related antagonism. It also analyses that the fractionalization elite acts as a mechanism to ignite terrorism incidents in ESNA. It further revealed that State legitimacy, Fractionalization Elites, population growth, and budget allocation of health and education are the significant determinants of terrorism in ESNA. The study concludes that terrorism and its related activities have different trends depending on region to region, referencing study results. Furthermore, this study suggests that the United Nations and other governing bodies should play their role to resolve the socio-economic incongruence in ESNA and effective regional conflict resolution strategies to make it a peaceful and affluent region. In combating socio-economic disparities and conflicts, a prudent and effective regional policy should be enforced.
Chunxia Sun; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Sadia Abbas. The impact of socio-economic and fractionalization determinants on terrorism in ESNA. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 2021, 101138 .
AMA StyleChunxia Sun, Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Sadia Abbas. The impact of socio-economic and fractionalization determinants on terrorism in ESNA. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2021; ():101138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunxia Sun; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Sadia Abbas. 2021. "The impact of socio-economic and fractionalization determinants on terrorism in ESNA." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences , no. : 101138.
COVID-19 has been called a Global Health Emergency worldwide. According to their available resources, developed and developing countries' public and private sectors are fighting against this pandemic. This paper examines how effective the Public–Private Partnership (PPP) strategies under the Chinese government response to control this COVID-19. The study takes the Chinese government and private sector's collective efforts for analysis and discussion from January 01 to October 31, 2020. Applying linear regression revealed that public governance strategies have worked to control this pandemic's severity and frequency. The results also show that despite the negative COVID-19 graph, the Chinese government has remained consistent in health and stringency measures. Furthermore, in cooperation with private sectors, China's emergency management has built two makeshift hospitals in 12 days and 5G technology implementation; Health Code application and volunteer works illustrate sharing governance by PPP. The study advises that by keeping in mind the strategy of PPP in China, other countries should also involve private sectors to mitigate emergency issues like COVID-19 for fast and effective outcomes and ask for assistance from the Chinese government and follow their quarantine and prudent policies to control this contagious disease. It further suggests that governments should engage private sectors before draft effective emergency preparedness policies to fight against future calamities.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Samreen Gillani; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Role of Chinese government and Public–Private Partnership in combating COVID-19 in China. Journal of Management and Governance 2021, 1 -22.
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun, Samreen Gillani, Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Role of Chinese government and Public–Private Partnership in combating COVID-19 in China. Journal of Management and Governance. 2021; ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Samreen Gillani; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. 2021. "Role of Chinese government and Public–Private Partnership in combating COVID-19 in China." Journal of Management and Governance , no. : 1-22.
Quality of Healthcare and accessibility is one of the vital Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For achieving this goal, the United Nations focuses on state capacity development and associated determinants in emerging and developing countries. By focusing on this objective, this study evaluates and examines the liaison of state capacity, socio-economic conditions, private health expenditures, and demographic pressure to the quality of health and its accessibility in Pakistan from 1990 to 2019. This study investigates the policy implications and their consequences on Pakistan's health conditions during the last three decades. Moreover, during COVID-19, pandemic health governs policies in the year 2020 have also been considered by using the Health Containment Index and analyzed policy implication on combating COVID-19. By applied Ordinary Least Square and Fixed Effect estimations, results show that Pakistan's health conditions have been showing sluggish improvement in the last three decades. Prudent policy-making and adequate health spending have a strong significant impact on health quality and accessibility, while institutional corruption and demographic pressure have adversely affected Pakistan's health outcomes. This proposed study analyzed that policy enforcement has been fragile in Pakistan from 1990 to 2010. Furthermore, this study concludes that from the year 2010 to date with the 18th constitutional amendment to administration and public policies have fractionally improved Pakistan's health conditions. However, Pakistan still lacks the International standards and minimum criteria of health measures a far behind Sustainable Development. The present study concludes that a sound and effective policy enforcement by enhancing resource capacity, quality of institutional practices, and controlling socio-economic conditions will promote SDG of health quality in Pakistan.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. The role of state capacity and socio-economic determinants on health quality and its access in Pakistan (1990–2019). Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 2021, 101109 .
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun. The role of state capacity and socio-economic determinants on health quality and its access in Pakistan (1990–2019). Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2021; ():101109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. 2021. "The role of state capacity and socio-economic determinants on health quality and its access in Pakistan (1990–2019)." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences , no. : 101109.
The theme of the environmental upgrades and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations is “Better Environment, Better tomorrow.” This study uses regulatory quality (RgQ) and energy consumption per capita (EC) as explanatory variables and foreign direct investment (FDI) as an integrating variable with RgQ and EC and examines their impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 2001 to 2018 in panel Asian economies. The findings indicate that EC negatively impacts GHG emissions, while RgQ positively promotes the reduction of GHG emissions in Asia. In addition, FDI has an integrating role, as sufficient FDI inflows significantly enhance clean energy use and EC efficiency. Such inflows also support and improve Asia’s regulation quality by upgrading standardization investments and technology deployment to enhance institutional quality and achieve SDGs. FDI inflows have thus been vital in environment upgrading in Asia and regional sustainable environmental development.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. Role of foreign direct investment interaction to energy consumption and institutional governance in sustainable GHG emission reduction. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -14.
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun. Role of foreign direct investment interaction to energy consumption and institutional governance in sustainable GHG emission reduction. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. 2021. "Role of foreign direct investment interaction to energy consumption and institutional governance in sustainable GHG emission reduction." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-14.
The study investigates the role of public and private capital investment and globalization in the economic growth of 34 Asian economies along with investment risk and demographic pressure. By applying the two‐step system generalized method of moment, results show that private capital investment in Asian emerging‐economies has been a substantial positive impact on regional economic growth and is significantly influenced by low‐investment risks and demographic conditions as compared to low‐income and advance‐economies from 2001 to 2019. It further states that economic globalization accelerates the economic growth in Asian emerging, developing, and low‐income economies compared to advanced‐economies. This study contributes to the existing literature by analyzing Asian economies in two ways (separately public and private investment and economic globalization index to economic growth), which has been scarce in this regard. The study also suggests that private capital investment should be backed with low‐risk investment policies that create more private investment, enhance the institutional capacity, productivity, and attract foreign investors. This study's findings highlight that, for the development of the economies, private‐investment inclusion with public‐investment is the backbone that can accelerate economic growth by controlling external pressures and business risk in the country with effective public policies.
Chunxia Sun; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Samreen Gillani; Saif Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Role of capital investment, investment risks, and globalization in economic growth. International Journal of Finance & Economics 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleChunxia Sun, Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Samreen Gillani, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Role of capital investment, investment risks, and globalization in economic growth. International Journal of Finance & Economics. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunxia Sun; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Samreen Gillani; Saif Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. 2021. "Role of capital investment, investment risks, and globalization in economic growth." International Journal of Finance & Economics , no. : 1.
Globalization is an inevitable and irresistible process because many regional integrations emerged in the modern era. A global integration analysis, employing a country’s governance practices, offers various economic benefits and exerts socio‐economic pressures on different economies. This study uses the KOF Globalization Index and Institutional Governance Indicators as explanatory variables and examines their impacts on GDP growth as a dependent variable. The study employed Two‐step System GMM with a sample of 45 Asian economies, with the time horizon from 2003 to 2017. The outcomes show that globalization has positively impacted economic growth, sound regulatory control, and political stability. It further states that practical, feasible, and corruption‐free or transparent economic policies significantly contribute to the economic progression of Asian economies, and help to achieve sustainable development. The study concludes by suggesting that some economic and governance recommendations strengthen struggling Asian economies by addressing the globalization phenomenon tactfully. Future studies can be explored by globalization’s impact on socio‐economic development by taking regional integration as a moderating effect, which controls factors such as governance and institutional quality. Practitioners points The outcomes show that sound regulatory control, political stability, and global integration have positively impacted economic growth. Corruption‐free or transparent economic policies significantly contribute to the economic progression of Asian economies and help to achieve sustainable development. Prudent economic governance practices strengthen struggling Asian economies by approaching the globalization phenomenon prudently.
Xiaodong Xu; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Chunxia Sun; Samreen Gillani; Atta Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Impact of globalization and governance determinants on economic growth: An empirical analysis of Asian economies. Growth and Change 2021, 52, 1137 -1154.
AMA StyleXiaodong Xu, Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Chunxia Sun, Samreen Gillani, Atta Ullah, Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Impact of globalization and governance determinants on economic growth: An empirical analysis of Asian economies. Growth and Change. 2021; 52 (2):1137-1154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaodong Xu; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Chunxia Sun; Samreen Gillani; Atta Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. 2021. "Impact of globalization and governance determinants on economic growth: An empirical analysis of Asian economies." Growth and Change 52, no. 2: 1137-1154.
“United in Science” is the recent slogan of the United Nations climate summit in 2020. A collective effort of institutional governance, energy resources utilization, foreign inclusion, and regional collaboration is required for the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) of achieving a clean environment. In reaching this objective, this study investigates the sustainably of Regulatory Quality (RQ), Energy Consumption per capita (ECpc), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and their interaction in reducing the Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emissions. This study considered 27 Asian economies, covering the more extensively undertaken regional investigation, in the time period from 2001 to 2018. The results of the two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) show that RQ has a strong positive significant impact on GHGs emissions reduction. It further indicates that FDI inflows support the institutions to enhance their institutional capacities. Simultaneously, ECpc has negative impacts on GHGs emissions. Furthermore, RQ interaction with ECpc and FDI also have a strong significant positive impact on GHGs emissions reduction in Asia. The study concludes that the Asia region has been implementing aggressive and prudent policies towards environmental up-gradation to achieve sustainability. However, FDI inflows should be more allocated to environmental quality and energy efficacy to clean the climate and promote regional collaboration.
Hafiz Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Atta Ullah; Ghulam Nabi; Samreen Gillani; Muhammad Raza. Sustainable Use of Energy Resources, Regulatory Quality, and Foreign Direct Investment in Controlling GHGs Emissions among Selected Asian Economies. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1123 .
AMA StyleHafiz Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun, Atta Ullah, Ghulam Nabi, Samreen Gillani, Muhammad Raza. Sustainable Use of Energy Resources, Regulatory Quality, and Foreign Direct Investment in Controlling GHGs Emissions among Selected Asian Economies. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Atta Ullah; Ghulam Nabi; Samreen Gillani; Muhammad Raza. 2021. "Sustainable Use of Energy Resources, Regulatory Quality, and Foreign Direct Investment in Controlling GHGs Emissions among Selected Asian Economies." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1123.
This short communication highlights the Chinese health and stringency containment measures in the background of technology deployment and development during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. By achieving the study objective, this communication takes Health Containment Index and Stringency Response Index as independent variables and COVID-19 new confirmed cases as the dependent variable in the period January to October 2020. Applying simple linear regression analysis and china's technological revolution shows that china's 5G technology in the containment policies and medical support played a vital role in combat the first wave of COVID-19. These measures have remained sustainable and consistent, which made China resumption the economy and state development affairs. Furthermore, the second wave of COVID-19 was also under control due to sustainable policy enforcement during the first wave. In strengthening the health system and e-government system, China's 6G successful invention will make china's institutional structure to the next level and sustainable in combating future calamities and projected forthcoming waves of COVID-19.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. China health technology and stringency containment measures during COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion of first and second wave of COVID-19. Health and Technology 2021, 11, 405 -410.
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun. China health technology and stringency containment measures during COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion of first and second wave of COVID-19. Health and Technology. 2021; 11 (2):405-410.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. 2021. "China health technology and stringency containment measures during COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion of first and second wave of COVID-19." Health and Technology 11, no. 2: 405-410.
COVID-19 has been considered as a catastrophic global health response mechanism and demonstrated the international preparedness for the outbreak as well as government initiatives. This study aims to evaluate the comparative analysis of government response in China, India, Iran, and Pakistan (CIIP) countries regarding their policy enforcement on combating COVID-19 by using stringency, socioeconomic, and health containment indices. The proposed study analyzed the policy implications in CIIP from January 1, 2020 through July 21, 2020. Data have been collected from the European Union, World Health Organization, Humanitarian Exchange, and a selected National Database. Results show that despite a high degree of government’s strict policies in India and Pakistan, they have been failing to control the brutality of the COVID-19. In contrast, the politics of China and Iran appear to be very successful in combating the situation in COVID-19. This study concludes that countries with ample resources and stronger coping strategies should provide developing countries with the mean for mitigating and improve their socioeconomic and economic crises, which hindered their consistent policy enforcement during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. COVID-19 PANDEMIC, GOVERNMENT RESPONSE, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS IN CHINA, INDIA, IRAN, AND PAKISTAN (CIIP). Journal of Emergency Management 2021, 18, 49 -61.
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun. COVID-19 PANDEMIC, GOVERNMENT RESPONSE, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS IN CHINA, INDIA, IRAN, AND PAKISTAN (CIIP). Journal of Emergency Management. 2021; 18 (7):49-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun. 2021. "COVID-19 PANDEMIC, GOVERNMENT RESPONSE, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS IN CHINA, INDIA, IRAN, AND PAKISTAN (CIIP)." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 7: 49-61.
For the last six months till today, the world had had no luck in defeating COVID-19. This study examined the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on sustainability determinants, with the time arisen from December 27, 2019, through June 30, 2020. This study considers quantitative COVID-19 dashboard data with sustainable determinants; old age group, people exposed to air pollution, and countries with the most international travelers. Applying linear regression examines that COVID-19 behavior concerning the aging population and countries host the most international travelers, more positively significant than people exposed to PM2.5% air pollution, respectively. This study made a novel contribution by analyzing two variables' interaction; first, the aging population and the countries that host the most international travelers. Secondly, the aging population and people exposed to air pollution are vulnerable to COVID-19 globally, a novel concept comprehensively. Results show that countries with aging populations are more exposed to COVID-19, and its interaction term host the most international travelers. It also analyses that the aging population and its interaction with people exposed to air pollution are also vulnerable to COVID-19 but marginally lesser than the former. However, their behavior varies from country to country, making room for future study to analyze a more in-depth analysis. It gives a different dimension to consider other risk factors of COVID-19 by bearing in mind its unique contagious characteristics, which will help policymakers draft a sound epidemic preparedness policy to tackle the unforeseen crisis. It gives a thought of provoking to policy practitioners for the risk characteristics of COVID-19, which needs a reassessment to epidemic risk management to deal with this, and future unforeseen crisis by considering Sustainable Development Goals.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Atta Ullah; Samreen Gillani; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sustainability determinants: A global trend. Heliyon 2021, 7, e05912 .
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun, Atta Ullah, Samreen Gillani, Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sustainability determinants: A global trend. Heliyon. 2021; 7 (2):e05912.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Atta Ullah; Samreen Gillani; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sustainability determinants: A global trend." Heliyon 7, no. 2: e05912.
This study’s aim is to investigate the role of e-governance in combating COVID-19 by integrating the implications of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). We discuss and analyze the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) reports and rankings issued by the United Nations and big data implications during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the Origin-pro 2018 application for the analysis and discussion. Overall, China’s EGDI ranking has improved from 74 to 65 out of 193 countries, while Pakistan’s ranking has gradually declined from 137 to 148. 5G and other big data technology and e-governance implications have helped to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this pandemic scenario, sustainable socioeconomic development in Pakistan needs significant improvement, similar to what has been done by China. We conclude that CPEC can help combat the COVID-19 pandemic because both countries are working together to mitigate social and economic problems. Pakistan should adapt and learn from the Government of China’s experience of successful and proficient e-governance model of technological advancement. This effort will ensure successful CPEC regional extension and help combat the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure Pakistan’s sustainable development.
Atta Ullah; Chen Pinglu; Saif Ullah; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Saba Khan. The Role of E-Governance in Combating COVID-19 and Promoting Sustainable Development: A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan. Chinese Political Science Review 2020, 6, 86 -118.
AMA StyleAtta Ullah, Chen Pinglu, Saif Ullah, Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Saba Khan. The Role of E-Governance in Combating COVID-19 and Promoting Sustainable Development: A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan. Chinese Political Science Review. 2020; 6 (1):86-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtta Ullah; Chen Pinglu; Saif Ullah; Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Saba Khan. 2020. "The Role of E-Governance in Combating COVID-19 and Promoting Sustainable Development: A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan." Chinese Political Science Review 6, no. 1: 86-118.
Objective This article examines the impact of internal factors such as governance and state fragility on institutional quality in terms of public service fragility (PSF) in Asian economies. Method This study used the PSF as dependent variables in Asian economies from 2008 to 2018 and applied a two‐step generalized method of moment estimation; government effectiveness (GE), regulatory control (RC), demographic pressure (DP), and Human Capital Index (HCI) as explanatory variables, with population growth and GDP growth rate as control variables. Results The results show that DPs have significant impacts on PSF, while GE, RC, and efficient human capital utilization have insignificant impacts on PSF. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that DP has a significant impact on public service delivery in Asia compared to other socioeconomic factors. However, with the implication of effective governance policies and by maximum human capital utilization, public services can be improved.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Samreen Gillani; Saif Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza; Atta Ullah. Nexus Between Governance and Socioeconomic Factors on Public Service Fragility in Asian Economies. Social Science Quarterly 2020, 101, 1850 -1868.
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Samreen Gillani, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza, Atta Ullah. Nexus Between Governance and Socioeconomic Factors on Public Service Fragility in Asian Economies. Social Science Quarterly. 2020; 101 (5):1850-1868.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Samreen Gillani; Saif Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza; Atta Ullah. 2020. "Nexus Between Governance and Socioeconomic Factors on Public Service Fragility in Asian Economies." Social Science Quarterly 101, no. 5: 1850-1868.
Security issues are the global concern nowadays, which triggers government spending on military equipment and supply chain. This paper analyzes the global perspective of cohesion indicators on Militarization by using 177 countries panel data from the Years 2011-2018 based on middle/lower and high-income groups. By applied OLS and Fixed Effect modelling, we explored the idea that Group Grievance and Population Growth Rate have a significant impact on Militarization in both income groups worldwide. However, middle/lower income group’s Militarization is more fragile than high-income groups due to state cohesion. It further analyses that Security Apparatus and Fractionalization Elite are significant in Middle/ lower-income countries and have an insignificant impact on Militarization in high-income countries. In the end, the study suggested that the United Nations must keenly observe the militarization trends of the less fragile states by considering global peace concerns and should play its role to resolve the bilateral conflicts in the region to maintain world peace environment.
Hafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Saif Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Impact of Domestic and Transboundary Conflicts on Militarization. Open Military Studies 2020, 1, 24 -35.
AMA StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas, Xiaodong Xu, Chunxia Sun, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. Impact of Domestic and Transboundary Conflicts on Militarization. Open Military Studies. 2020; 1 (1):24-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Syed Mohsin Abbas; Xiaodong Xu; Chunxia Sun; Saif Ullah; Muhammad Ahsan Ali Raza. 2020. "Impact of Domestic and Transboundary Conflicts on Militarization." Open Military Studies 1, no. 1: 24-35.