Energy is a major component in enhancing agricultural productivity for the rapidly growing world population. From that fact, a comprehensive analysis of energy inputs and outputs is required to conserve energy for future generations without threatening the food supply. Therefore, this study was performed in wheat production across important cropping zones of Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, the energy use pattern of wheat production was analyzed, and the degrees of technical efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs) were examined using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Based on the results of the DEA analysis, the inefficient energy inputs were identified and further explored with the core objective of a significant reduction of excess valuable resources. Data were collected from conducting a face-to-face questionnaire of 200 farmers. The farms for sample were chosen randomly by a stratified normal approach. The results disclosed that the input energy of 34,430.98 MJ ha⁻¹ was used up for wheat production with an output energy of 48,267.05 MJ ha⁻¹. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy gain in wheat production were calculated as 1.4 MJ kg⁻¹, 9.27 MJ kg⁻¹, 0.10 MJ kg⁻¹ and 13,836.07 MJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The average technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency of DMUs were 0.668, 0.776, and 0.828, respectively, and 0.74% of consulted DMUs were functioning at decreasing returns to scale. Additionally, the significant energy consumption belongs to fertilizer, and diesel fuel, which contribute 65% of the total energy input. If these inputs are applied and managed in line with ours optimize value (29,388.5 MJ ha⁻¹) could save 14.65% resources, which will eventually add the equal quantity in wheat-yield. The total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions were calculated to be 866.43 kg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that there is sensible capacity for enhancing the energy efficiency of wheat production in Pakistan by accompanying the recommendations for economical energy management, sustainable and efficient use of energy is extremely encouraged.

“United in Science” is the recent slogan of the United Nations climate summit in 2020. A collective effort of institutional governance, energy resources utilization, foreign inclusion, and regional collaboration is required for the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) of achieving a clean environment. In reaching this objective, this study investigates the sustainably of Regulatory Quality (RQ), Energy Consumption per capita (ECpc), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and their interaction in reducing the Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Emissions. This study considered 27 Asian economies, covering the more extensively undertaken regional investigation, in the time period from 2001 to 2018. The results of the two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) show that RQ has a strong positive significant impact on GHGs emissions reduction. It further indicates that FDI inflows support the institutions to enhance their institutional capacities. Simultaneously, ECpc has negative impacts on GHGs emissions. Furthermore, RQ interaction with ECpc and FDI also have a strong significant positive impact on GHGs emissions reduction in Asia. The study concludes that the Asia region has been implementing aggressive and prudent policies towards environmental up-gradation to achieve sustainability. However, FDI inflows should be more allocated to environmental quality and energy efficacy to clean the climate and promote regional collaboration.

The study aims to examine the determinants of State Legitimacy concerning whistle-blow context to safeguard public well-being. State Legitimacy is a dependent variable and proxy of whistle-blowing, while Corruption Prevalence Rate, Control of Corruption, Voice & Accountability, Political Stability, Fragile State Index, and External Intervene are independent variables. The sample includes 25 Asian countries for the period of 2009 to 2018. Both Static and Dynamic models like the two-step system GMM are used for estimation. The findings of the Two-step GMM model show that only external intervention significantly impacts state legitimacy to get public confidence. In contrast, state fragility index, external intervention, political stability, voice & Accountability, and CPI have an insignificant effect on state legitimacy. Whistle blow behavior is directly linked to public confidence in government and its policies. Good Governance practices are used as a tool in Public Administration to get public trust and confidence. However, due to ineffective governance practices and a lack of Accountability, the public is reluctant to say something against wrongdoers. The study suggested the need for an accountability environment in developing countries with a transparent approach. Keywords: State Legitimacy, Governance, Whistle blow, Corruption & Accountability, Public Confidence