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The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is still a major issue worldwide in the pig farming sector. Despite extensive research efforts and the practical experience gained so far, the syndrome still severely affects farmed pigs worldwide and challenges established beliefs in veterinary virology and immunology. The clinical and economic repercussions of PRRS are based on concomitant, additive features of the virus pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and the influence of environmental, microbial, and non-microbial stressors. This makes a case for integrated, multi-disciplinary research efforts, in which the three types of contributing factors are critically evaluated toward the development of successful disease control strategies. These efforts could be significantly eased by the definition of reliable markers of disease risk and virus pathogenicity. As for the host’s susceptibility to PRRSV infection and disease onset, the roles of both the innate and adaptive immune responses are still ill-defined. In particular, the overt discrepancy between passive and active immunity and the uncertain role of adaptive immunity vis-à-vis established PRRSV infection should prompt the scientific community to develop novel research schemes, in which apparently divergent and contradictory findings could be reconciled and eventually brought into a satisfactory conceptual framework.
Massimo Amadori; Valeria Listorti; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Reappraisal of PRRS Immune Control Strategies: The Way Forward. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1073 .
AMA StyleMassimo Amadori, Valeria Listorti, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Reappraisal of PRRS Immune Control Strategies: The Way Forward. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (9):1073.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassimo Amadori; Valeria Listorti; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2021. "Reappraisal of PRRS Immune Control Strategies: The Way Forward." Pathogens 10, no. 9: 1073.
In horses, penile squamous cell carcinomas (epSCCs) are among the most common cutaneous neoplastic lesions. These tumors usually arise in benign lesions such as viral plaques and papillomas frequently induced by Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection. In the last decade, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for the treatment of human cancers has demonstrated promising results. Among the most commonly targeted pathways, there is PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and CTLA-4 in the tumor microenvironment of epSCCs to assess the feasibility of an immunotherapeutic approach. Twenty equine epithelial tumors were retrospectively selected and submitted to RT-qPCR for PD-1 and PD-L1 genes. After testing antibodies cross-reactivity by western blotting, immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and CTLA-4 was performed. Results from RT-qPCR demonstrated that 3/20 cases expressed the PD-L1 gene, whereas the PD-1 gene was not detected. Immunohistochemical positivity for PD-L1 was found only in one case. CTLA-4-positive cells were observe in all cases but were few (Mdn = 4.8; IQR = 2.3–7.1 cells/HPF). In this study group, PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 do not appear to be highly expressed and therefore the use of ICI in epSCCs may not have promising rates of response.
Ilaria Porcellato; Samanta Mecocci; Chiara Brachelente; Katia Cappelli; Federico Armando; Alessia Tognoloni; Elisabetta Chiaradia; Valentina Stefanetti; Luca Mechelli; Marco Pepe; Rodolfo Gialletti; Benedetta Passeri; Alessandro Ghelardi; Elisabetta Razzuoli. PD-L1/PD-1 and CTLA-4 Expression in Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Animals 2021, 11, 2121 .
AMA StyleIlaria Porcellato, Samanta Mecocci, Chiara Brachelente, Katia Cappelli, Federico Armando, Alessia Tognoloni, Elisabetta Chiaradia, Valentina Stefanetti, Luca Mechelli, Marco Pepe, Rodolfo Gialletti, Benedetta Passeri, Alessandro Ghelardi, Elisabetta Razzuoli. PD-L1/PD-1 and CTLA-4 Expression in Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Porcellato; Samanta Mecocci; Chiara Brachelente; Katia Cappelli; Federico Armando; Alessia Tognoloni; Elisabetta Chiaradia; Valentina Stefanetti; Luca Mechelli; Marco Pepe; Rodolfo Gialletti; Benedetta Passeri; Alessandro Ghelardi; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2021. "PD-L1/PD-1 and CTLA-4 Expression in Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas." Animals 11, no. 7: 2121.
The control of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is still a major issue worldwide in the pig farming sector. Despite extensive research efforts and the practical experience gained so far, the syndrome still heavily affects farmed pigs worldwide and challenges established beliefs in veterinary virology and immunology. The clinical and economic repercussions of PRRS are based on concomitant, additive features of virus pathogenicity, host susceptibility and influence of environmental, microbial and non-microbial stressors. This makes a case for integrated, multi-disciplinary research efforts in which the three types of contributing factors are critically evaluated toward the development of successful disease control strategies. These could be definitely eased by the definition of reliable markers of disease risk and virus pathogenicity. As for the host’s susceptibility to PRRSV infection and disease onset, the roles of both innate and adaptive immune responses are still ill-defined. In particular, the overt discrepancy between passive and active immunity and the uncertain role of adaptive immunity vis-à-vis an established PRRSV infection should prompt the scientific community to the development of novel research schemes, in which apparently diverging and contradictory findings could be reconciled, and eventually brought to a satisfactory conceptual framework.
Massimo Amadori; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Valeria Listorti. Reappraisal of PRRS Control Strategies: The Way forward. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMassimo Amadori, Elisabetta Razzuoli, Valeria Listorti. Reappraisal of PRRS Control Strategies: The Way forward. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassimo Amadori; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Valeria Listorti. 2021. "Reappraisal of PRRS Control Strategies: The Way forward." , no. : 1.
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands are attracting increasing attention as prophylactic and immunotherapeutic agents against pathogens and tumors. We previously observed that a synthetic diacylated lipopeptide based on a surface protein of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Mag-Pam2Cys) strongly activated innate immune cells, including porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ). In this study, we utilized confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, multiplex cytokine ELISA, and RT-qPCR to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of scalar doses of Mag-Pam2Cys on porcine moMΦ. We observed enhanced expression of activation markers (MHC class I, MHC class II DR, CD25), increased phagocytotic activity, and release of IL-12 and proinflammatory cytokines. Mag-Pam2Cys also upregulated the gene expression of several IFN-α subtypes, p65, NOS2, and molecules with antimicrobial activities (CD14, beta defensin 1). Overall, our data showed that Mag-Pam2Cys polarized porcine macrophages towards a proinflammatory antimicrobial phenotype. However, Mag-Pam2Cys downregulated the expression of IFN-α3, six TLRs (TLR3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9), and did not interfere with macrophage polarization induced by the immunosuppressive IL-10, suggesting that the inflammatory activity evoked by Mag-Pam2Cys could be regulated to avoid potentially harmful consequences. We hope that our in vitro results will lay the foundation for the further evaluation of this diacylated lipopeptide as an immunopotentiator in vivo.
Giulia Franzoni; Antonio Anfossi; Chiara De Ciucis; Samanta Mecocci; Tania Carta; Silvia Dei Giudici; Floriana Fruscione; Susanna Zinellu; Guendalina Vito; Simon Graham; Annalisa Oggiano; Bernardo Chessa; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 2: Polarization of Porcine Macrophages by a Mycoplasma-Derived Pam2cys Lipopeptide. Vaccines 2021, 9, 692 .
AMA StyleGiulia Franzoni, Antonio Anfossi, Chiara De Ciucis, Samanta Mecocci, Tania Carta, Silvia Dei Giudici, Floriana Fruscione, Susanna Zinellu, Guendalina Vito, Simon Graham, Annalisa Oggiano, Bernardo Chessa, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 2: Polarization of Porcine Macrophages by a Mycoplasma-Derived Pam2cys Lipopeptide. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (7):692.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Franzoni; Antonio Anfossi; Chiara De Ciucis; Samanta Mecocci; Tania Carta; Silvia Dei Giudici; Floriana Fruscione; Susanna Zinellu; Guendalina Vito; Simon Graham; Annalisa Oggiano; Bernardo Chessa; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2021. "Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 2: Polarization of Porcine Macrophages by a Mycoplasma-Derived Pam2cys Lipopeptide." Vaccines 9, no. 7: 692.
Salmonella spp. is an important zoonotic agent. Wild boars might host this pathogen in the intestinal tract and might represent a risk for Salmonella spp. transmission to humans. Wild boars are widely spread in Liguria, due to the environmental characteristics of the region. The aim of the study was the isolation, typing, and investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains of Salmonella spp. During the 2013–2017 hunting seasons, 4335 livers of wild boars were collected and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. A total of 260 strains of Salmonella spp. were isolated and characterized, with a prevalence of 6%. The isolated strains belonged to all six Salmonella enterica subspecies. Most of them were identified as Salmonella enterica subs. enterica of which 31 different serotypes were identified. The dominating serotype identified was S. Enteritidis. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolated strains were analyzed against sixteen molecules. Of the isolated strains, 94.6% were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. This study showed the circulation of resistant Salmonella spp. strains in the wild boar population living in this area of Italy, underling the potential risk for these animals to disseminate this pathogen and its antimicrobial resistances.
Elisabetta Razzuoli; Valeria Listorti; Isabella Martini; Laura Migone; Lucia Decastelli; Walter Mignone; Enrica Berio; Roberta Battistini; Carlo Ercolini; Laura Serracca; Tiziana Andreoli; Monica Dellepiane; Daniela Adriano; Monica Pitti; Daniela Meloni; Paola Modesto. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistances of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Boars in Liguria Region, Italy. Pathogens 2021, 10, 568 .
AMA StyleElisabetta Razzuoli, Valeria Listorti, Isabella Martini, Laura Migone, Lucia Decastelli, Walter Mignone, Enrica Berio, Roberta Battistini, Carlo Ercolini, Laura Serracca, Tiziana Andreoli, Monica Dellepiane, Daniela Adriano, Monica Pitti, Daniela Meloni, Paola Modesto. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistances of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Boars in Liguria Region, Italy. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (5):568.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabetta Razzuoli; Valeria Listorti; Isabella Martini; Laura Migone; Lucia Decastelli; Walter Mignone; Enrica Berio; Roberta Battistini; Carlo Ercolini; Laura Serracca; Tiziana Andreoli; Monica Dellepiane; Daniela Adriano; Monica Pitti; Daniela Meloni; Paola Modesto. 2021. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistances of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Boars in Liguria Region, Italy." Pathogens 10, no. 5: 568.
Macrophages are phagocytic cells involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis and defense against pathogens. Macrophages may be polarized into different functionally specialized subsets. M2c macrophages arise following stimulation with IL-10 or TGF-β and mediate anti-inflammatory and tissue repair functions. M2c macrophages remain poorly characterized in the pig, thus we investigated the impact of these regulatory cytokines on porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ). The phenotype and functionality of these cells was characterized though confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, and RT-qPCR. Both cytokines induced CD14 and MHC II DR down-regulation and reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CD14 expression, suggestive of an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, neither IL-10 or TGF-β were able to trigger IL-10 induction or release by moMΦ. Differences between these cytokines were observed: stimulation with IL-10, but not TGF-β, induced up-regulation of both CD16 and CD163 on moMΦ. In addition, IL-10 down-regulated expression of IL-1β and IL-12p40 4h post-stimulation and induced a stronger impairment of moMΦ ability to respond to either TLR2 or TLR4 agonists. Overall, our results provide an overview of porcine macrophage polarization by two immunosuppressive cytokines, revealing differences between IL-10 and TGF-β, and reporting some peculiarity of swine, which should be considered in translational studies.
Tania Carta; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Floriana Fruscione; Susanna Zinellu; Dionigia Meloni; Antonio Anfossi; Bernardo Chessa; Silvia Dei Giudici; Simon Graham; Annalisa Oggiano; Giulia Franzoni. Comparative Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of the Effects of IL-10 or TGF-β on Porcine Macrophages. Animals 2021, 11, 1098 .
AMA StyleTania Carta, Elisabetta Razzuoli, Floriana Fruscione, Susanna Zinellu, Dionigia Meloni, Antonio Anfossi, Bernardo Chessa, Silvia Dei Giudici, Simon Graham, Annalisa Oggiano, Giulia Franzoni. Comparative Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of the Effects of IL-10 or TGF-β on Porcine Macrophages. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1098.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTania Carta; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Floriana Fruscione; Susanna Zinellu; Dionigia Meloni; Antonio Anfossi; Bernardo Chessa; Silvia Dei Giudici; Simon Graham; Annalisa Oggiano; Giulia Franzoni. 2021. "Comparative Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of the Effects of IL-10 or TGF-β on Porcine Macrophages." Animals 11, no. 4: 1098.
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a very important zoonosis andwild boars play a pivotal role in its transmission. In the last decade, the wild boar population has undergone a strong increase that haspushed them towards urbanized areas, facilitating the human–wildlife interface and the spread of infectious diseases from wildlife to domestic animals and humans. Therefore, it is important to know the serotype, antimicrobial resistance and presence of pathogenicity genes of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) isolated in species. From 2013 to 2018, we analyzed the liver of 4890 wild boars hunted in Liguria region; we isolated and serotyped 126 Ye positive samples. A decisive role in the pathogenicity is given by the presence of virulence genes; in Ye isolated we found ystB (~70%), ymoA (45.2%), ail (43.6%) and ystA (~20%). Moreover, we evaluated the susceptibility at various antimicrobic agents (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Ceftiofur and Tetracycline). The antibiotic resistance was analyzed, and we found a time-dependent increase. It is important to shed light on the role of the wild boars as a reserve of potentially dangerous diseases for humans, and also on the antibiotic resistance that represents a public health problem.
Paola Modesto; Chiara De Ciucis; Walter Vencia; Maria Pugliano; Walter Mignone; Enrica Berio; Chiara Masotti; Carlo Ercolini; Laura Serracca; Tiziana Andreoli; Monica Dellepiane; Daniela Adriano; Simona Zoppi; Daniela Meloni; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars. Pathogens 2021, 10, 398 .
AMA StylePaola Modesto, Chiara De Ciucis, Walter Vencia, Maria Pugliano, Walter Mignone, Enrica Berio, Chiara Masotti, Carlo Ercolini, Laura Serracca, Tiziana Andreoli, Monica Dellepiane, Daniela Adriano, Simona Zoppi, Daniela Meloni, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (4):398.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaola Modesto; Chiara De Ciucis; Walter Vencia; Maria Pugliano; Walter Mignone; Enrica Berio; Chiara Masotti; Carlo Ercolini; Laura Serracca; Tiziana Andreoli; Monica Dellepiane; Daniela Adriano; Simona Zoppi; Daniela Meloni; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2021. "Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Pathogenicity Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Isolate from Wild Boars." Pathogens 10, no. 4: 398.
Equine genital squamous cell carcinomas (egSCCs) are among the most common equine tumors after sarcoids, severely impairing animal health and welfare. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is often related to these tumors. The aim of this study was to clarify the molecular mechanisms behind egSCCs associated with EcPV2 infection, investigating receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signaling in NF-kB pathway, together with the Wnt and IL17 signaling pathways. We analyzed the innate immune response through gene expression evaluation of key cytokines and transcription factors. Moreover, Ki67 index was assessed with immunohistochemistry. EcPV2-E6 DNA was checked, and viral presence was confirmed in 21 positive out to 23 cases (91%). Oncogene expression was confirmed in 14 cases (60.8%) for E6 and in 8 (34.7%) for E2. RANKL, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFKB)-p50, NFKBp65, interleukin (IL)-6, IL17, IL23p19, IL8, IL12p35, IL12p40, β-catenin (BCATN1), FOS like 1 (FOSL1), and lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) showed a significant upregulation in tumor samples compared to healthy tissues. Our results describe an inflammatory environment characterized by the activation of RANKL/RANK and IL17 with the relative downstream pathways, and a positive modulation of inflammatory cytokines genes such as IL6 and IL8. Moreover, the increase of BCATN1, FOSL1, and LEF1 gene expression suggests an activation of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that could be critical for carcinogenesis and tumor progression.
Samanta Mecocci; Ilaria Porcellato; Federico Armando; Luca Mechelli; Chiara Brachelente; Marco Pepe; Rodolfo Gialletti; Benedetta Passeri; Paola Modesto; Alessandro Ghelardi; Katia Cappelli; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with EcPV2 Infection: RANKL Pathway Correlated to Inflammation and Wnt Signaling Activation. Biology 2021, 10, 244 .
AMA StyleSamanta Mecocci, Ilaria Porcellato, Federico Armando, Luca Mechelli, Chiara Brachelente, Marco Pepe, Rodolfo Gialletti, Benedetta Passeri, Paola Modesto, Alessandro Ghelardi, Katia Cappelli, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with EcPV2 Infection: RANKL Pathway Correlated to Inflammation and Wnt Signaling Activation. Biology. 2021; 10 (3):244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamanta Mecocci; Ilaria Porcellato; Federico Armando; Luca Mechelli; Chiara Brachelente; Marco Pepe; Rodolfo Gialletti; Benedetta Passeri; Paola Modesto; Alessandro Ghelardi; Katia Cappelli; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2021. "Equine Genital Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with EcPV2 Infection: RANKL Pathway Correlated to Inflammation and Wnt Signaling Activation." Biology 10, no. 3: 244.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most frequent tumors of skin and muco-cutaneous junctions in the horse. Equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) has been detected in equine SCC of the oral tract and genitals, and recently also in the larynx. As human squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (SCCL), it is strongly etiologically associated with high-risk papillomavirus (h-HPV) infection. This study focuses on tumor cells behavior in a naturally occurring tumor that can undergo the so-called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). A SCCL in a horse was investigated by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against E-cadherin, pan-cytokeratin AE3/AE1, β-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB-1, TWIST, and HIF-1α. EcPV2 DNA detection and expression of oncogenes in SCC were investigated. A cadherin switch and an intermediate filaments rearrangement within primary site tumor cells together with the expression of the EMT-related transcription factors TWIST-1, ZEB-1, and HIF-1α were observed. DNA obtained from the tumor showed EcPV2 positivity, with E2 gene disruption and E6 gene dysregulation. The results suggest that equine SCCL might be a valuable model for studying EMT and the potential interactions between EcPV2 oncoproteins and the EMT process in SCCL.
Federico Armando; Francesco Godizzi; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Fabio Leonardi; Mario Angelone; Attilio Corradi; Daniela Meloni; Luca Ferrari; Benedetta Passeri. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in a Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of a Horse: Future Perspectives. Animals 2020, 10, 2318 .
AMA StyleFederico Armando, Francesco Godizzi, Elisabetta Razzuoli, Fabio Leonardi, Mario Angelone, Attilio Corradi, Daniela Meloni, Luca Ferrari, Benedetta Passeri. Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in a Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of a Horse: Future Perspectives. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2318.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFederico Armando; Francesco Godizzi; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Fabio Leonardi; Mario Angelone; Attilio Corradi; Daniela Meloni; Luca Ferrari; Benedetta Passeri. 2020. "Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in a Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of a Horse: Future Perspectives." Animals 10, no. 12: 2318.
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a rare cancer both in human and dog although the incidence rate in dogs is 27 times higher than in human. Many studies employed D-17 as cell line for in vitro test to evaluate conventional anticancer therapies; however, little is known about D-17 cell line. The aim of our study was to evaluate the basal level of gene expression of pivotal molecules in the innate immune response and cell cycle regulation and to establish the ability of this cell line to react to Salmonella typhimurium (ST) infective stressor. IL15, IL10, iNOS, TLR5, CD14, PTEN and IL18 were expressed in an inconsistent manner among experiments. The other genes under study were expressed in all samples. ST showed ability to penetrate D-17 causing pro-inflammatory response. Our results outline the expression in D-17 of important genes involved in innate immune response. These results provide important data on D-17 basal gene expression profile useful for in vitro preliminary evaluation of new therapeutic approaches.
Paola Modesto; Jordi Leonardo Castrillo Fernandez; Isabella Martini; Roberto Zoccola; Maria Concetta Pugliano; Chiara Grazia De Ciucis; Maria Goria; Angelo Ferrari; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Characterization of D-17 Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line and Evaluation of Its Ability to Response to Infective Stressor Used as Alternative Anticancer Therapy. Animals 2020, 10, 1981 .
AMA StylePaola Modesto, Jordi Leonardo Castrillo Fernandez, Isabella Martini, Roberto Zoccola, Maria Concetta Pugliano, Chiara Grazia De Ciucis, Maria Goria, Angelo Ferrari, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Characterization of D-17 Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line and Evaluation of Its Ability to Response to Infective Stressor Used as Alternative Anticancer Therapy. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):1981.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaola Modesto; Jordi Leonardo Castrillo Fernandez; Isabella Martini; Roberto Zoccola; Maria Concetta Pugliano; Chiara Grazia De Ciucis; Maria Goria; Angelo Ferrari; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2020. "Characterization of D-17 Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line and Evaluation of Its Ability to Response to Infective Stressor Used as Alternative Anticancer Therapy." Animals 10, no. 11: 1981.
Penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common tumors in older horses, with poor prognosis mostly due to local invasion and recurrence. These tumors are thought to be mainly caused by Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2). The aim of this study is to characterize the tumor immune environment (TIME) in equine penile tumors. Equine penile epithelial tumors (17 epSCCs; 2 carcinomas in situ, CIS; 1 papilloma, P) were retrospectively selected; immune infiltrate was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry; RT-qPCR tested the expression of selected chemokines and EcPV-2 DNA and RNA. The results confirmed EcPV-2-L1 DNA in 18/20 (90%) samples. L1 expression was instead retrieved in 13/20 cases (65%). The samples showed an increased infiltration of CD3+lymphocytes, macrophages (MAC387; IBA1), plasma cells (MUM1), and FoxP3+lymphocytes in the intra/peritumoral stroma when compared to extratumoral tissues (p < 0.05). Only MAC387+neutrophils were increased in EcPV-2high viral load samples (p < 0.05). IL12/p35 was differentially expressed in EcPVhigh and EcPVlow groups (p = 0.007). A significant decrease of IFNG and IL2 expression was highlighted in TGFB1-positive samples (p < 0.05). IBA1 and CD20 were intratumorally increased in cases where IL-10 was expressed (p < 0.005). EpSCCs may represent a good spontaneous model for the human counterpart. Further prospective studies are needed in order to confirm these preliminary results.
Ilaria Porcellato; Samanta Mecocci; Luca Mechelli; Katia Cappelli; Chiara Brachelente; Marco Pepe; Margherita Orlandi; Rodolfo Gialletti; Benedetta Passeri; Angelo Ferrari; Paola Modesto; Alessandro Ghelardi; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas as a Model for Human Disease: A Preliminary Investigation on Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Cells 2020, 9, 2364 .
AMA StyleIlaria Porcellato, Samanta Mecocci, Luca Mechelli, Katia Cappelli, Chiara Brachelente, Marco Pepe, Margherita Orlandi, Rodolfo Gialletti, Benedetta Passeri, Angelo Ferrari, Paola Modesto, Alessandro Ghelardi, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas as a Model for Human Disease: A Preliminary Investigation on Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Cells. 2020; 9 (11):2364.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Porcellato; Samanta Mecocci; Luca Mechelli; Katia Cappelli; Chiara Brachelente; Marco Pepe; Margherita Orlandi; Rodolfo Gialletti; Benedetta Passeri; Angelo Ferrari; Paola Modesto; Alessandro Ghelardi; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2020. "Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas as a Model for Human Disease: A Preliminary Investigation on Tumor Immune Microenvironment." Cells 9, no. 11: 2364.
Training has a great impact on the physiology of an athlete and, like all stressful stimuli, can trigger an innate immune response and inflammation, which is part of a wider coping strategy of the host to restore homeostasis. The Thoroughbred racehorse is a valid animal model to investigate these changes thanks to its homogeneous training and highly selected genetic background. The aim of this study was to investigate modifications of the innate immune response and inflammation in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses during the first training season through haematological and molecular investigations. Twenty-nine Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 3-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed at time 0 (T0; before starting the intense training period), 30 days after T0 (T30), and 90 days after T0 (T90). Haematological parameters (red and white blood cells, haemoglobin, and platelets) were evaluated and haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cells width distribution + standard deviation (RDW-SD) were calculated. Moreover, via RT-qPCR, we investigated the expression of, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 4 (IL-4) Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Interleukin 3 (IL-3), Interleukin 5 (IL-5) Interleukin 8 (IL-8), Trasformig Growth Factor β and α (TGF-β), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and Interferon γ (IFN-γ)genes. Main corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a significant (p = 0.008) increase at T90. Main corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly augmented at both T30 (p < 0.001) and T90 (p < 0.001). Basophils were significant increased at T30 (p = 0.02) and eosinophils were significantly increased at T90 (p = 0.03). Significant differences in gene expression were found for all the genes under study, with the exception of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In particular, IL-2 (T30, p = 0.011; T90, p = 0.015), IL-4 (T30, p = 0.009; T90, p < 0.001), and IL-8 (T30, p < 0.001; T90, p < 0.001) genes were significantly upregulated at both T30 and T90 with respect to T0, TGF-β was intensely downregulated at T30 (p < 0.001), IL-5 gene expression was significantly decreased at T90 (p = 0.001), while IL-1β (p = 0.005) and IL-3 (p = 0.001) expression was strongly augmented at the same time. This study highlighted long-term adjustments of O2 transport capability that can be reasonably traced back to exercise adaptation. Moreover, the observed changes of granulocyte numbers and functions and inflammatory cytokine gene expression confirm a major role of the innate immune system in the response to the complex of stressful stimuli experienced during the training period.
Katia Cappelli; Massimo Amadori; Samanta Mecocci; Arianna Miglio; Maria Teresa Antognoni; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training. Animals 2020, 10, 1809 .
AMA StyleKatia Cappelli, Massimo Amadori, Samanta Mecocci, Arianna Miglio, Maria Teresa Antognoni, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1809.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatia Cappelli; Massimo Amadori; Samanta Mecocci; Arianna Miglio; Maria Teresa Antognoni; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2020. "Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training." Animals 10, no. 10: 1809.
In horses, squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are the most common malignant tumors developing on non-pigmented skin, muco-cutaneous areas, like external genitalia, and, less frequently, in the stomach. Growing evidence suggests Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) as causative agent of genital SCCs. Our case report describes a 20-year-old, female, mixed-breed pony with co-occurring vulvar papilloma and in situ carcinoma and gastric SCC. Both lesions were positive for the same EcPV2, as confirmed by DNA sequencing. E6 mRNA expression was observed both in vulvar lesions and gastric SCC, while L1 mRNA was expressed in the vulvar tumor. To the best of the Authors' knowledge, this is the first report of an association between EcPV2 and equine gastric squamous cell carcinoma, with co-occurring EcPV2-positive genital lesions. Further studies are required to assess the real prevalence and the possible role of this viral type in these equine tumors.
Ilaria Porcellato; Paola Modesto; Katia Cappelli; Katia Varello; Simone Peletto; Chiara Brachelente; Isabella Martini; Luca Mechelli; Angelo Ferrari; Alessandro Ghelardi; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) in co-occurring vulvar and gastric lesions of a pony. Research in Veterinary Science 2020, 132, 167 -171.
AMA StyleIlaria Porcellato, Paola Modesto, Katia Cappelli, Katia Varello, Simone Peletto, Chiara Brachelente, Isabella Martini, Luca Mechelli, Angelo Ferrari, Alessandro Ghelardi, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) in co-occurring vulvar and gastric lesions of a pony. Research in Veterinary Science. 2020; 132 ():167-171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Porcellato; Paola Modesto; Katia Cappelli; Katia Varello; Simone Peletto; Chiara Brachelente; Isabella Martini; Luca Mechelli; Angelo Ferrari; Alessandro Ghelardi; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2020. "Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) in co-occurring vulvar and gastric lesions of a pony." Research in Veterinary Science 132, no. : 167-171.
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) has tropism for macrophages, which seems to play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis and viral dissemination. Previous studies showed that ASFV developed mechanisms to evade type I interferon (IFN) responses. Hence, we analyzed the ability of ASFV strains of diverse virulence to modulate IFN-β and IFN-α responses. Porcine monocyte-derived macrophages un-activated (moMΦ) or activated with IFN-α (moMΦ + FN-α) were infected with virulent (22653/14) or attenuated (NH/P68) ASFV strains, and expressions of IFN-β and of 17 IFN-α subtypes genes were monitored over time. ASFV strains of diverse virulence induced different panels of IFN genes: infection of moMΦ with either strains caused statistically significant up-regulation of IFN-α3, -α7/11, whereas only attenuated NH/P68 determined statistically significant up-regulation of IFN-α10, -α12, -α13, -α15, -α17, and IFN-β. Infection of activated moMΦ with either strains resulted in up-regulation of IFN-β and many IFN-α subtypes, but statistical significance was found only for IFN-α1, -α10, -α15, -α16, -α17 in response to NH/P68-infection only. These data revealed differences in type I IFNs expression patterns, with differences between strains of diverse virulence. In addition, virulent 22653/14 ASFV seems to have developed mechanisms to suppress the induction of several type I IFN genes.
Elisabetta Razzuoli; Giulia Franzoni; Tania Carta; Susanna Zinellu; Massimo Amadori; Paola Modesto; Annalisa Oggiano. Modulation of Type I Interferon System by African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2020, 9, 361 .
AMA StyleElisabetta Razzuoli, Giulia Franzoni, Tania Carta, Susanna Zinellu, Massimo Amadori, Paola Modesto, Annalisa Oggiano. Modulation of Type I Interferon System by African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (5):361.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabetta Razzuoli; Giulia Franzoni; Tania Carta; Susanna Zinellu; Massimo Amadori; Paola Modesto; Annalisa Oggiano. 2020. "Modulation of Type I Interferon System by African Swine Fever Virus." Pathogens 9, no. 5: 361.
African swine fever (ASF) poses a severe threat to the global pig industry for which currently there is no available vaccine. The aetiological ASF virus (ASFV) has a predilection for cells of the myeloid lineage, however little is known about its interaction with polarised macrophages. This study focused on the in vitro interactions of porcine monocyte-derived un-activated (moMΦ), classically (moM1), alternatively (moM2), and IFN-α-activated macrophages with two genotype I ASFV strains: virulent 22653/14 and attenuated NH/P68. At a high multiplicity of infection, NH/P68, but not 22653/14, presented a reduced ability to infect moM1 and IFN−α-activated moMΦ compared to moMΦ. IFN-α activation resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the proportion of ASFV-infected cells. Both strains replicated efficiently in all the subsets. While higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 were secreted by NH/P68-infected moM1 compared to 22653/14, both strains negatively affected moMΦ ability to release IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α in response to classical activation or stimulation with a TLR2 agonist. Our results suggest that ASFV 22653/14 covertly replicates in macrophages, compromising the development of effective immune responses. Attenuated NH/P68 has partially lost these mechanisms, which may enhance immune surveillance. A better understating of these mechanisms should aid the rational design of live attenuated ASFV vaccines.
Giulia Franzoni; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Silvia Dei Giudici; Tania Carta; Grazia Galleri; Susanna Zinellu; Mauro Ledda; Pierpaolo Angioi; Paola Modesto; Simon P. Graham; Annalisa Oggiano. Comparison of Macrophage Responses to African Swine Fever Viruses Reveals that the NH/P68 Strain is Associated with Enhanced Sensitivity to Type I IFN and Cytokine Responses from Classically Activated Macrophages. Pathogens 2020, 9, 209 .
AMA StyleGiulia Franzoni, Elisabetta Razzuoli, Silvia Dei Giudici, Tania Carta, Grazia Galleri, Susanna Zinellu, Mauro Ledda, Pierpaolo Angioi, Paola Modesto, Simon P. Graham, Annalisa Oggiano. Comparison of Macrophage Responses to African Swine Fever Viruses Reveals that the NH/P68 Strain is Associated with Enhanced Sensitivity to Type I IFN and Cytokine Responses from Classically Activated Macrophages. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (3):209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiulia Franzoni; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Silvia Dei Giudici; Tania Carta; Grazia Galleri; Susanna Zinellu; Mauro Ledda; Pierpaolo Angioi; Paola Modesto; Simon P. Graham; Annalisa Oggiano. 2020. "Comparison of Macrophage Responses to African Swine Fever Viruses Reveals that the NH/P68 Strain is Associated with Enhanced Sensitivity to Type I IFN and Cytokine Responses from Classically Activated Macrophages." Pathogens 9, no. 3: 209.
Papillomavirus (PV) infection is associated with development of epithelial cancer in different species, including domestic cat (Felis catus). Felis catus PV type-2 (FcaPV-2) is considered the causative agent of a proportion of feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), through the transforming properties of its E6 and E7 oncogenes. However, the possible role of FcaPVs in the aetiology of feline oral SCC (FOSCC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and gene expression of FcaPV-2 in FOSCC samples. We detected FcaPV-2 DNA in 10/32 (31%) of the analysed FOSCC by the use of PCR methods. Importantly, viral mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in 7/10 (70%) of DNA positive samples. In particular, FcaPV-2 L1, E2 and E6E7 genes were found to be expressed in 5/10 (50%), 3/10 (33%) and 5/10 (50%) samples, respectively. Viral DNA was also detected in non neoplastic oral ulcerative lesions (ULs) (4/11, 36%); qPCR suggested a difference in viral load between ULs and FOSCCs, particularly in those expressing E6E7, although it was not statistically significant. These data suggest, but do not definively prove, a possible role of FcaPV-2 in the development of a proportion of FOSCC. Moreover, L1 and E2 gene expression results indicate that FcaPV-2 infection associated with these tumours may possibly be productive.
Gennaro Altamura; Giusy Cardeti; Antonella Cersini; Claudia Eleni; Cristiano Cocumelli; Leticia Elisa Bartolomé Del Pino; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Manuela Martano; Paola Maiolino; Giuseppe Borzacchiello. Detection of Felis catus papillomavirus type‐2 DNA and viral gene expression suggest active infection in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology 2020, 18, 494 -501.
AMA StyleGennaro Altamura, Giusy Cardeti, Antonella Cersini, Claudia Eleni, Cristiano Cocumelli, Leticia Elisa Bartolomé Del Pino, Elisabetta Razzuoli, Manuela Martano, Paola Maiolino, Giuseppe Borzacchiello. Detection of Felis catus papillomavirus type‐2 DNA and viral gene expression suggest active infection in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2020; 18 (4):494-501.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGennaro Altamura; Giusy Cardeti; Antonella Cersini; Claudia Eleni; Cristiano Cocumelli; Leticia Elisa Bartolomé Del Pino; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Manuela Martano; Paola Maiolino; Giuseppe Borzacchiello. 2020. "Detection of Felis catus papillomavirus type‐2 DNA and viral gene expression suggest active infection in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma." Veterinary and Comparative Oncology 18, no. 4: 494-501.
Gut is often subject to infection by different pathogens like Y. enterocolitica. To date, biotypes (BTs) 1A have been considered as non-pathogenic, because they do not express plasmid of virulence pYV; however, BTs 1A strains present other chromosomic virulence genes and recent studies suggest an implication of this microorganism in reactive arthritis. Although many studies highlighted the molecular basis of pathogenesis of Ye infection, scanty data are available about several environmental BTs 1A strains, often isolated in cases of foodborne disease but not included in pathogenicity studies. The aim of our work was to verify the ability of different Ye 1A strains to adhere and penetrate IPEC-J2 cells and to modulate intestinal innate immunity. Our results showed that all strains under study were able to adhere and penetrate enterocytes, causing inflammatory responses. Indeed, adhesion and invasion of enterocytes is an essential step in Ye pathogenesis (Fàbrega and Vila, 2012). Moreover, our data suggest the possible involvement of strains Ye2/O:9 in reactive arthritis, due to their ability (i) to penetrate enterocytes as pathogenic Ye1/O:8 strains do, and (ii) to increase IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and IL-18 release. Lastly, our results confirm that IPEC-J2 cells are a very good model to evaluate host-pathogen interaction, and indicate IL-8, TNF-α, TLRs1 and 4 as possible markers of the ability of Ye strains to penetrate enterocytes. Moreover, we showed that Ye strains differently affect the host's innate immune responses.
Elisabetta Razzuoli; Walter Vencia; Paola Modesto; Giulia Franzoni; Silvia Dei Giudici; Erica Parisi; Angelo Ferrari; Massimo Amadori. Yersinia enterocolitica-specific modulation of innate immune responses in jejunal epithelial cells. Veterinary Microbiology 2020, 242, 108596 .
AMA StyleElisabetta Razzuoli, Walter Vencia, Paola Modesto, Giulia Franzoni, Silvia Dei Giudici, Erica Parisi, Angelo Ferrari, Massimo Amadori. Yersinia enterocolitica-specific modulation of innate immune responses in jejunal epithelial cells. Veterinary Microbiology. 2020; 242 ():108596.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabetta Razzuoli; Walter Vencia; Paola Modesto; Giulia Franzoni; Silvia Dei Giudici; Erica Parisi; Angelo Ferrari; Massimo Amadori. 2020. "Yersinia enterocolitica-specific modulation of innate immune responses in jejunal epithelial cells." Veterinary Microbiology 242, no. : 108596.
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging and widespread zoonosis, worldwide distributed, due to a wide variety of wild and domestic animal species able to act as natural or accidental hosts. During last years, in Europe, as in Italy, wild boar (Sus scrofa) population is increased. This animal represents a reservoir for different etiological agents, such as Leptospira. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in wild boar hunted in Liguria region (Italy) during two-year hunting seasons. From 611 hunted wild boar, kidneys were collected. DNA was extracted from each organ and different targets were used to detect pathogenic (lipL32 gene), intermediate (16S rRNA gene) and saprophytic (23S rRNA gene) Leptospira by Taqman-based RealTime-PCR assays. Overall, kidneys were sampled from 282 adults, 155 sub-adults and 174 young wild boar (in total 314 males and 298 females). By RealTime PCR 77 kidneys were positive and, among these, 74 resulted positive for pathogenic (96.10%) and 3 (3.90%) for intermediate Leptospira. No significant differences in pathogenic Leptospira infection ratio were detected between male (11.50%) and female (12.75%). Only 13 sub-adult animals (8.39%) resulted infected by pathogenic Leptospira; 23 young animals (13.22%) and 38 adult animals (13.47%) were positive. The results of this study confirmed the importance of wild boar in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, which is able to infect other animal species (domestic and wild) including humans. Rarely, intermediate Leptospira could be able to infect wild boar with a renal localization that can contribute to their shedding and circulation.
Giovannni Cilia; Fabrizio Bertelloni; Walter Mignone; Simona Spina; Enrica Berio; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Walter Vencia; Valentina Franco; Francesca Cecchi; Samantha Bogi; Barbara Turchi; Domenico Cerri; Filippo Fratini. Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Liguria region (Italy). Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2019, 68, 101410 .
AMA StyleGiovannni Cilia, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Walter Mignone, Simona Spina, Enrica Berio, Elisabetta Razzuoli, Walter Vencia, Valentina Franco, Francesca Cecchi, Samantha Bogi, Barbara Turchi, Domenico Cerri, Filippo Fratini. Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Liguria region (Italy). Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2019; 68 ():101410.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovannni Cilia; Fabrizio Bertelloni; Walter Mignone; Simona Spina; Enrica Berio; Elisabetta Razzuoli; Walter Vencia; Valentina Franco; Francesca Cecchi; Samantha Bogi; Barbara Turchi; Domenico Cerri; Filippo Fratini. 2019. "Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in Liguria region (Italy)." Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 68, no. : 101410.
The Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line is widely used as epithelial cell model in studies ranging from viral infection to environmental pollutants, and vaccines production. However, little is known about basal expression of genes involved in innate immunity, and the ability to respond to infectious and non-infectious stressors. Therefore, the aims of our study were to evaluate the basal level of expression of pivotal genes in the innate immune response and cell cycle regulation, as well as to evaluate the ability of this cell line to respond to infectious or non-infectious stressors. As surmised in our working hypothesis, we demonstrated the constitutive expression of genes involved in the innate immune response and cell defense alike, including TLRs, Interleukins, Myd88, p65/NF-kB and p53. Moreover, we described the ability of this cell line to respond to LPS and cadmium (Cd2+) in terms of gene expression and cytokine release. These data confirm the possibility of using this cell line as a model in studies of host/pathogen interaction and response to non-infectious stressors.
Francesca Maria Capellini; Walter Vencia; Massimo Amadori; Giulia Mignone; Erica Parisi; Lucia Masiello; Barbara Vivaldi; Angelo Ferrari; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Characterization of MDCK cells and evaluation of their ability to respond to infectious and non-infectious stressors. Cytotechnology 2019, 72, 97 -109.
AMA StyleFrancesca Maria Capellini, Walter Vencia, Massimo Amadori, Giulia Mignone, Erica Parisi, Lucia Masiello, Barbara Vivaldi, Angelo Ferrari, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Characterization of MDCK cells and evaluation of their ability to respond to infectious and non-infectious stressors. Cytotechnology. 2019; 72 (1):97-109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Maria Capellini; Walter Vencia; Massimo Amadori; Giulia Mignone; Erica Parisi; Lucia Masiello; Barbara Vivaldi; Angelo Ferrari; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2019. "Characterization of MDCK cells and evaluation of their ability to respond to infectious and non-infectious stressors." Cytotechnology 72, no. 1: 97-109.
BACKGROUND Peanuts and tree nut allergies pose an increasing food safety problem. The aim of our study was to test the accuracy of different commercial ELISA kits in the detection of the presence of walnuts in untreated and heat exposed food samples. The evaluation of the effects of thermal treatment in samples was tested exposing walnuts to different heat treatments. All samples were firstly analyzed by two different commercial ELISA assays. Then, we performed Skin Prick test (SPT) on nine patients with proven nuts allergy using small walnut pieces from raw and treated samples. RESULTS The presence of nuts proteins in thermally processed foods was not accurately detected by ELISA kits. All patients had a positive SPT reaction with raw walnut, while thermal treatments affected walnut allergenicity. ELISA test gives a negative result in case of strong thermal treatment, but at the same time allergic subjects react positive at the stimulation with the same sample. CONCLUSION This study suggest that commercial ELISA kits may not be able to accurately determine the amount of proteins present in thermally processed foods due to changes in the solubility and immunoreactivity of the target proteins. Finally, the clinical results highlight that thermal treatment might induce a reduction in walnut allergenicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Walter Vencia; Paola Minale; Laura Migone; Fabrizio Lazzara; Guendalina Vito; Angelo Ferrari; Elisabetta Razzuoli. Effects of thermal treatment on walnut detection and allergenicity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2018, 99, 2636 -2640.
AMA StyleWalter Vencia, Paola Minale, Laura Migone, Fabrizio Lazzara, Guendalina Vito, Angelo Ferrari, Elisabetta Razzuoli. Effects of thermal treatment on walnut detection and allergenicity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2018; 99 (5):2636-2640.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalter Vencia; Paola Minale; Laura Migone; Fabrizio Lazzara; Guendalina Vito; Angelo Ferrari; Elisabetta Razzuoli. 2018. "Effects of thermal treatment on walnut detection and allergenicity." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 99, no. 5: 2636-2640.