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Prunus mahaleb L. fruit has long been used in the production of traditional liqueurs. The fruit also displayed scavenging and reducing activity, in vitro. The present study focused on unravelling peripheral and central protective effects, antimicrobial but also anti-COVID-19 properties exerted by the water extract of P. mahaleb. Anti-inflammatory effects were studied in isolated mouse colons exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Neuroprotection, measured as a blunting effect on hydrogen-peroxide-induced dopamine turnover, was investigated in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. Antimicrobial effects were tested against different Gram+ and Gram- bacterial strains. Whereas anti-COVID-19 activity was studied in lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells, where the gene expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was measured after extract treatment. The bacteriostatic effects induced on Gram+ and Gram- strains, together with the inhibition of COX-2, TNFα, HIF1α, and VEGFA in the colon, suggest the potential of P. mahaleb water extract in contrasting the clinical symptoms related to ulcerative colitis. The inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide-induced DOPAC/DA ratio indicates promising neuroprotective effects. Finally, the downregulation of the gene expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in H1299 cells, suggests the potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virus entry in the human host. Overall, the results support the valorization of the local cultivation of P. mahaleb.
Giustino Orlando; Annalisa Chiavaroli; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico Delfino; Luigi Brunetti; Lucia Recinella; Sheila Leone; Gokhan Zengin; Alessandra Acquaviva; Paola Angelini; Giancarlo Flores; Roberto Venanzoni; Simonetta Di Simone; Francesca Di Corpo; Andrei Mocan; Luigi Menghini; Claudio Ferrante. Unravelling the Phytochemical Composition and the Pharmacological Properties of an Optimized Extract from the Fruit from Prunus mahaleb L.: From Traditional Liqueur Market to the Pharmacy Shelf. Molecules 2021, 26, 4422 .
AMA StyleGiustino Orlando, Annalisa Chiavaroli, Sabrina Adorisio, Domenico Delfino, Luigi Brunetti, Lucia Recinella, Sheila Leone, Gokhan Zengin, Alessandra Acquaviva, Paola Angelini, Giancarlo Flores, Roberto Venanzoni, Simonetta Di Simone, Francesca Di Corpo, Andrei Mocan, Luigi Menghini, Claudio Ferrante. Unravelling the Phytochemical Composition and the Pharmacological Properties of an Optimized Extract from the Fruit from Prunus mahaleb L.: From Traditional Liqueur Market to the Pharmacy Shelf. Molecules. 2021; 26 (15):4422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiustino Orlando; Annalisa Chiavaroli; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico Delfino; Luigi Brunetti; Lucia Recinella; Sheila Leone; Gokhan Zengin; Alessandra Acquaviva; Paola Angelini; Giancarlo Flores; Roberto Venanzoni; Simonetta Di Simone; Francesca Di Corpo; Andrei Mocan; Luigi Menghini; Claudio Ferrante. 2021. "Unravelling the Phytochemical Composition and the Pharmacological Properties of an Optimized Extract from the Fruit from Prunus mahaleb L.: From Traditional Liqueur Market to the Pharmacy Shelf." Molecules 26, no. 15: 4422.
Industrial hemp is characterized by a huge amount of by-products, such as inflorescences, that may represent high-quality sources of biomolecules with pharmaceutical interest. In the present study, we have evaluated the phytochemical profile, including terpene and terpenophenolic compounds, of the essential oils (EOs) of Futura 75, Carmagnola selezionata and Eletta campana hemp varieties. The EOs were also tested for antifungal properties toward Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Arthroderma crocatum, Arthroderma quadrifidum, Arthroderma gypseum, Arthroderma curreyi, and Arthroderma insingulare. In parallel, we investigated the inhibitory effects of the EOs against tyrosinase, and the production of prostaglandin E2 in isolated mouse skin exposed to hydrogen peroxide. In human H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells, we also evaluated the influence of the EOs on the gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which are involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry in human host. E-caryophyllene and α-pinene were the prominent terpenes in the EOs, whereas the cannabidiolic acid was the terpenophenol present at higher concentration. The EOs inhibited the growth of all tested dermatophytes species. In isolated skin specimens, EOs prevented the hydrogen-peroxide-induced synthesis of prostaglandin E2, consistent with the intrinsic antityrosinase activity. Finally, in H1299 cells, all tested EOs reduced the gene expression of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2, as well. Therefore, the present findings highlight the rationale for the use of the present EOs against infectious diseases.
Giustino Orlando; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico Delfino; Annalisa Chiavaroli; Luigi Brunetti; Lucia Recinella; Sheila Leone; Marianna D’Antonio; Gokhan Zengin; Alessandra Acquaviva; Mirko Antico; Paola Angelini; Giancarlo Angeles Flores; Roberto Venanzoni; Massimo Tacchini; Simonetta Di Simone; Luigi Menghini; Claudio Ferrante. Comparative Investigation of Composition, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oil from Three Industrial Hemp Varieties from Italian Cultivation. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 334 .
AMA StyleGiustino Orlando, Sabrina Adorisio, Domenico Delfino, Annalisa Chiavaroli, Luigi Brunetti, Lucia Recinella, Sheila Leone, Marianna D’Antonio, Gokhan Zengin, Alessandra Acquaviva, Mirko Antico, Paola Angelini, Giancarlo Angeles Flores, Roberto Venanzoni, Massimo Tacchini, Simonetta Di Simone, Luigi Menghini, Claudio Ferrante. Comparative Investigation of Composition, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oil from Three Industrial Hemp Varieties from Italian Cultivation. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (3):334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiustino Orlando; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico Delfino; Annalisa Chiavaroli; Luigi Brunetti; Lucia Recinella; Sheila Leone; Marianna D’Antonio; Gokhan Zengin; Alessandra Acquaviva; Mirko Antico; Paola Angelini; Giancarlo Angeles Flores; Roberto Venanzoni; Massimo Tacchini; Simonetta Di Simone; Luigi Menghini; Claudio Ferrante. 2021. "Comparative Investigation of Composition, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oil from Three Industrial Hemp Varieties from Italian Cultivation." Antibiotics 10, no. 3: 334.
In previous studies, we isolated the known compound saponin XII from the roots of Dipsacus japonicus Miq. Here, we show that this compound reduced the number of acute myeloid leukemia OCI-AML3 cells as evaluated by a hemocytometer. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that the reported activity was associated with a significant increase of apoptosis and of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, with a decrease of cells in the S and G2/M phases. Thus, the inhibition of cell growth in OCI-AML3 cells was due to antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. Interestingly, the bioactivity of saponin XII exerted its effect at a concentration as low as 1 µg/mL.
Ba Thi Cham; Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh; Do Thi Thao; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Bui Kim Anh; Isabella Muscari; Sabrina Adorisio; Tran Van Sung; Trinh Thi Thuy; Domenico V. Delfino. Cell Growth Inhibition of Saponin XII from Dipsacus japonicus Miq. on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Molecules 2020, 25, 3325 .
AMA StyleBa Thi Cham, Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, Do Thi Thao, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Bui Kim Anh, Isabella Muscari, Sabrina Adorisio, Tran Van Sung, Trinh Thi Thuy, Domenico V. Delfino. Cell Growth Inhibition of Saponin XII from Dipsacus japonicus Miq. on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Molecules. 2020; 25 (15):3325.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBa Thi Cham; Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh; Do Thi Thao; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Bui Kim Anh; Isabella Muscari; Sabrina Adorisio; Tran Van Sung; Trinh Thi Thuy; Domenico V. Delfino. 2020. "Cell Growth Inhibition of Saponin XII from Dipsacus japonicus Miq. on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells." Molecules 25, no. 15: 3325.
Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort (Asteraceae) n-hexane extract displayed high cell proliferation inhibitory activity against acute myeloid leukaemia cells (OCI-AML3) and was therefore subjected to a bioassay-guided multistep separation procedure. Two thymol derivatives, namely 10-acetoxy-8,9-epoxythymol tiglate (1) and 10-acetoxy-9-chloro-8,9-dehydrothymol (2), were isolated and identified by means of NMR spectroscopy. Both of them exhibited a significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation.
Sabrina Adorisio; Laura Giamperi; Anahi Elena Ada Bucchini; Domenico Vittorio Delfino; Maria Carla Marcotullio. Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antiproliferative Compounds from Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort. Molecules 2020, 25, 1893 .
AMA StyleSabrina Adorisio, Laura Giamperi, Anahi Elena Ada Bucchini, Domenico Vittorio Delfino, Maria Carla Marcotullio. Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antiproliferative Compounds from Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort. Molecules. 2020; 25 (8):1893.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabrina Adorisio; Laura Giamperi; Anahi Elena Ada Bucchini; Domenico Vittorio Delfino; Maria Carla Marcotullio. 2020. "Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antiproliferative Compounds from Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort." Molecules 25, no. 8: 1893.
Cladosporium species are endophytic fungi that grow on organic matter and are considered food contaminants. The anti-microbial and anti-tumor naphthoquinones fusarubin (FUS) and anhydrofusarubin (AFU) were isolated using column chromatography from a Cladosporium species residing inside Rauwolfia leaves. The impact of FUS and AFU on cell growth was assessed in acute myeloid leukemia (OCI-AML3) and other hematologic tumor cell lines (HL-60, U937, and Jurkat). Treatment with FUS or AFU reduced the number of OCI-AML3 cells as evaluated by a hemocytometer. Flow cytometry analyses showed that this effect was accompanied by diverse impairments in cell cycle progression. Specifically, FUS (20 or 10 μg/mL significantly decreased the percentage of cells in S phase and increased the percentage of cells in G2/M phase, whereas AFU increased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase (50 and 25 μg/mL) and decreased the percentage of cells in S (50 μg/mL) and G2/M (50 and 25 μg/mL) phases. Both substances significantly increased apoptosis at higher concentrations. The effects of FUS were more potent than those of AFU, with FUS up-regulating p21 expression in a p53-dependent manner, as detected by Western blot analyses, likely the consequence of decreased ERK phosphorylation and increased p38 expression (both of which increase p21 stability). FUS also decreased Akt phosphorylation and resulted in increased Fas ligand production and caspase-8/3-dependent apoptosis. These results suggest that FUS and AFU inhibit proliferation and increase apoptosis in cell lines derived from hematological cancers.
Sabrina Adorisio; Alessandra Fierabracci; Isabella Muscari; Anna Marina Liberati; Lorenza Cannarile; Trinh Thi Thuy; Tran Van Sung; Hossain Sohrab; Choudhury Mahmood Hasan; Emira Ayroldi; Carlo Riccardi; Abdul Mazid; Domenico V. Delfino. Fusarubin and Anhydrofusarubin Isolated from A Cladosporium Species Inhibit Cell Growth in Human Cancer Cell Lines. Toxins 2019, 11, 503 .
AMA StyleSabrina Adorisio, Alessandra Fierabracci, Isabella Muscari, Anna Marina Liberati, Lorenza Cannarile, Trinh Thi Thuy, Tran Van Sung, Hossain Sohrab, Choudhury Mahmood Hasan, Emira Ayroldi, Carlo Riccardi, Abdul Mazid, Domenico V. Delfino. Fusarubin and Anhydrofusarubin Isolated from A Cladosporium Species Inhibit Cell Growth in Human Cancer Cell Lines. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabrina Adorisio; Alessandra Fierabracci; Isabella Muscari; Anna Marina Liberati; Lorenza Cannarile; Trinh Thi Thuy; Tran Van Sung; Hossain Sohrab; Choudhury Mahmood Hasan; Emira Ayroldi; Carlo Riccardi; Abdul Mazid; Domenico V. Delfino. 2019. "Fusarubin and Anhydrofusarubin Isolated from A Cladosporium Species Inhibit Cell Growth in Human Cancer Cell Lines." Toxins 11, no. 9: 503.
Although not a disease itself, aging represents a risk factor for many aging-related illnesses, including cancer. Numerous causes underlie the increased incidence of malignancies in the elderly, for example, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations that occur at cellular level, which also involve the immune cells. The progressive decline of the immune system functions that occurs in aging defines immunosenescence, and includes both innate and adaptive immunity; the latter undergoes major alterations. Aging and chronic stress share the abnormal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation, where altered peripheral glucocorticoids (GC) levels and chronic stress have been associated with accelerated cellular aging, premature immunosenescence, and aging-related diseases. Consequently, changes in GC levels and sensitivity contribute to the signs of immunosenescence, namely fewer naïve T cells, poor immune response to new antigens, decreased cell-mediated immunity, and thymic involution. GC signaling alterations also involve epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, with transcription modifications that may contribute to immunosenescence. Immune cell aging leads to decreased levels of immunosurveillance, thereby providing tumor cells one more route for immune system escape. Here, the contribution of GC secretion and signaling dysregulation to the increased incidence of tumorigenesis in the elderly is reviewed.
Emira Ayroldi; Lorenza Cannarile; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V. Delfino; Carlo Riccardi. Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Cancer in the Elderly. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018, 19, 3774 .
AMA StyleEmira Ayroldi, Lorenza Cannarile, Sabrina Adorisio, Domenico V. Delfino, Carlo Riccardi. Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Cancer in the Elderly. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19 (12):3774.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmira Ayroldi; Lorenza Cannarile; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V. Delfino; Carlo Riccardi. 2018. "Role of Endogenous Glucocorticoids in Cancer in the Elderly." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12: 3774.
Nguyen Hoang Sa; Trinh Thi Thuy; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Tran Duc Quan; Dao Duc Thien; Sabrina Adorisio; Tran Van Sung; Domenico Vittorio Delfino; Nguyễn Thành Tâm. Chemical Constituents of Pinus dalatensis Ferré Wood and their Effect on Proliferation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Letters in Organic Chemistry 2018, 15, 641 -652.
AMA StyleNguyen Hoang Sa, Trinh Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Tran Duc Quan, Dao Duc Thien, Sabrina Adorisio, Tran Van Sung, Domenico Vittorio Delfino, Nguyễn Thành Tâm. Chemical Constituents of Pinus dalatensis Ferré Wood and their Effect on Proliferation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Letters in Organic Chemistry. 2018; 15 (8):641-652.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Hoang Sa; Trinh Thi Thuy; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Tran Duc Quan; Dao Duc Thien; Sabrina Adorisio; Tran Van Sung; Domenico Vittorio Delfino; Nguyễn Thành Tâm. 2018. "Chemical Constituents of Pinus dalatensis Ferré Wood and their Effect on Proliferation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells." Letters in Organic Chemistry 15, no. 8: 641-652.
The obtained results here demonstrate that the 70% ethanolic leaf extract of A. tonkinensis (AT2), traditionally used in Vietnamese folk medicine for treating arthritic symtoms, has beneficial effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and in an experimental arthritic mouse model. LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with AT2 showed a significant decrease in the production of IL-6 and TNFa at concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50 µg/mL (P
Trinh Thi Thuy; Tran Duc Quan; Nguyễn Thành Tâm; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Nguyen Thi Cuc; Nguyen Thi Nga; Tran Van Sung; Le Thi Hong Nhung; Nguyen Hoang Sa; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V. Delfino; Do Thi Thao. INVESTIGATING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM ARTOCARPUS TONKINENSIS LEAVES USING A COLLAGEN ANTIBODY-INDUCED ARTHRITIC MOUSE MODEL. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 2018, 56, 286 .
AMA StyleTrinh Thi Thuy, Tran Duc Quan, Nguyễn Thành Tâm, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Nguyen Thi Cuc, Nguyen Thi Nga, Tran Van Sung, Le Thi Hong Nhung, Nguyen Hoang Sa, Sabrina Adorisio, Domenico V. Delfino, Do Thi Thao. INVESTIGATING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM ARTOCARPUS TONKINENSIS LEAVES USING A COLLAGEN ANTIBODY-INDUCED ARTHRITIC MOUSE MODEL. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology. 2018; 56 (3):286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrinh Thi Thuy; Tran Duc Quan; Nguyễn Thành Tâm; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Nguyen Thi Cuc; Nguyen Thi Nga; Tran Van Sung; Le Thi Hong Nhung; Nguyen Hoang Sa; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V. Delfino; Do Thi Thao. 2018. "INVESTIGATING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM ARTOCARPUS TONKINENSIS LEAVES USING A COLLAGEN ANTIBODY-INDUCED ARTHRITIC MOUSE MODEL." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 3: 286.
A new diterpene, cassipouryl hexadecanoate (2), in addition to the cassipourol (1) and four terpenes (3–6) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. The structures of the two monocyclic diterpenes (1, 2), were elucidated on the basic of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and compared with the literature. These two monocyclic diterpenes (1, 2) were tested for their anti-proliferative activity on acute myeloid leukemia (OCI-AML) cells. The results showed that 1 had significantly anti-proliferative activity whereas 2 was weakly active.
Nguyen Thanh Tam; Tran Duc Quan; Dang Viet Hau; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Thi Thanh Thuy Tran; Nguyen Hoang Sa; Dao Duc Thien; Le Thi Hong Nhung; Dinh Thi Phong; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V Delfino; Trinh Thi Thuy. Anti-proliferative diterpenes from Dacrycarpus imbricatus. Natural Product Research 2018, 33, 3357 -3363.
AMA StyleNguyen Thanh Tam, Tran Duc Quan, Dang Viet Hau, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh, Thi Thanh Thuy Tran, Nguyen Hoang Sa, Dao Duc Thien, Le Thi Hong Nhung, Dinh Thi Phong, Sabrina Adorisio, Domenico V Delfino, Trinh Thi Thuy. Anti-proliferative diterpenes from Dacrycarpus imbricatus. Natural Product Research. 2018; 33 (23):3357-3363.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Thanh Tam; Tran Duc Quan; Dang Viet Hau; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh; Thi Thanh Thuy Tran; Nguyen Hoang Sa; Dao Duc Thien; Le Thi Hong Nhung; Dinh Thi Phong; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V Delfino; Trinh Thi Thuy. 2018. "Anti-proliferative diterpenes from Dacrycarpus imbricatus." Natural Product Research 33, no. 23: 3357-3363.
Seven terpenoids were isolated from the dried leaves of Pinus dalatensis Ferré, including one caryolane sesquiterpenoid (1), five labdane diterpenoids (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and one serratane triterpenoid (7). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basic of spectroscopic methods (ESI-MS, NMR) and comparison with reported data. Among these compounds, the mixture of compounds 2 and 3 showed inhibitory effects on the growth of acute myeloid leukemia (OCI-AML) cells. This is the first report on the chemical compositions of Pinus dalatensis in Vietnam. Keywords. Pinus dalatensis, serratane triterpenoid, caryolane sesquiterpenoid, labdane diterpenoid, acute myeloid leukemia, antiproliferative effect.
Nguyen Hoang Sa; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Tran Duc Quan; Bui Xuan Tinh; Dao Duc Thien; Tran Van Sung; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V Delfino. Chemical constituents and their biological activity of Pinus dalatensis. Part 1. Terpenoids from the leaves. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry 2017, 55, 1 .
AMA StyleNguyen Hoang Sa, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Tran Duc Quan, Bui Xuan Tinh, Dao Duc Thien, Tran Van Sung, Sabrina Adorisio, Domenico V Delfino. Chemical constituents and their biological activity of Pinus dalatensis. Part 1. Terpenoids from the leaves. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 55 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Hoang Sa; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Tran Duc Quan; Bui Xuan Tinh; Dao Duc Thien; Tran Van Sung; Sabrina Adorisio; Domenico V Delfino. 2017. "Chemical constituents and their biological activity of Pinus dalatensis. Part 1. Terpenoids from the leaves." Vietnam Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 4: 1.
Trinh Thi Thuy; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Dang Viet Hau; Dinh Thi Phong; Le Quoc Thang; Sabrina Adorisio; Tran Van Sung; Domenico V. Delfino; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh. 20-Hydroxyecdysone from Dacrycarpus imbricatus bark inhibits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017, 10, 157 -159.
AMA StyleTrinh Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Dang Viet Hau, Dinh Thi Phong, Le Quoc Thang, Sabrina Adorisio, Tran Van Sung, Domenico V. Delfino, Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh. 20-Hydroxyecdysone from Dacrycarpus imbricatus bark inhibits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2017; 10 (2):157-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrinh Thi Thuy; Nguyen Thanh Tam; Dang Viet Hau; Dinh Thi Phong; Le Quoc Thang; Sabrina Adorisio; Tran Van Sung; Domenico V. Delfino; Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh. 2017. "20-Hydroxyecdysone from Dacrycarpus imbricatus bark inhibits the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 10, no. 2: 157-159.