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The use of Internet-connected devices at homes has increased to monitor energy consumption. Furthermore, renewable energy sources have also increased, reducing electricity bills. However, the high cost of the equipment limits the use of these technologies. This paper presents a low-cost secured-distributed Internet of Things (IoT) system to monitor and control devices connected in a polygeneration microgrid, as a combined power system for local loads with renewable sources. The proposed mechanism includes a Wireless Sensor Actuator Networked Control System that links network nodes using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The Internet communication enables the monitor and control of devices using a mobile application to increase the efficiency. In addition, security mechanisms are implemented at several levels including the authentication, encryption, and decryption of the transmitted data. Furthermore, a firewall and a network intrusion detection-and-prevention program are implemented to increase the system protection against cyber-attack. The feasibility of the proposed solution was demonstrated using a DC microgrid test bench consisting of a diverse range of renewable energy sources and loads.
Josué Martínez-Martínez; Diego Aponte-Roa; Idalides Vergara-Laurens; Wayne W. Weaver. A Low-Cost Secure IoT Mechanism for Monitoring and Controlling Polygeneration Microgrids. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8354 .
AMA StyleJosué Martínez-Martínez, Diego Aponte-Roa, Idalides Vergara-Laurens, Wayne W. Weaver. A Low-Cost Secure IoT Mechanism for Monitoring and Controlling Polygeneration Microgrids. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (23):8354.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosué Martínez-Martínez; Diego Aponte-Roa; Idalides Vergara-Laurens; Wayne W. Weaver. 2020. "A Low-Cost Secure IoT Mechanism for Monitoring and Controlling Polygeneration Microgrids." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23: 8354.
This paper addresses the sizing and design problem of a permanent magnet electrical machine power take-off system for a two-body wave energy converter, which is designed to support ocean sensing applications with sustained power. The design is based upon ground truth ocean data bi-spectrums (swell and wind waves) from Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory in the year 2015. According to the ground truth ocean data, the paper presents the optimal harvesting power time series of the whole year. The electrical machine and energy storage static modeling are introduced in the paper. The paper uses the ground truth ocean data in March to discuss the model integration of the buoy dynamic model, the power take-off model, and the energy storage model. Electrical machine operation constraints are applied to ensure the designed machine can fulfill the buoy control requirements. The electrical machine and energy storage systems operation status is presented as well. Furthermore, rule-based control strategies are applied to the electrical machine for fulfilling specific design demands, such as improving power generating efficiency and downsizing the electrical machine scale. The corresponding required capacities of the energy storage system are discussed. This paper relates results to the wave data sets (different combinations of significant wave heights and periods of both swell and wind waves). In this way, the power take-off system rule-based control strategy determinations can rely on current ocean wave measurements instead of a large historical ocean wave database.
Xiang Zhou; Ossama Abdelkhalik; Wayne Weaver. Power Take-off and Energy Storage System Static Modeling and Sizing for Direct Drive Wave Energy Converter to Support Ocean Sensing Applications. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 513 .
AMA StyleXiang Zhou, Ossama Abdelkhalik, Wayne Weaver. Power Take-off and Energy Storage System Static Modeling and Sizing for Direct Drive Wave Energy Converter to Support Ocean Sensing Applications. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (7):513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiang Zhou; Ossama Abdelkhalik; Wayne Weaver. 2020. "Power Take-off and Energy Storage System Static Modeling and Sizing for Direct Drive Wave Energy Converter to Support Ocean Sensing Applications." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7: 513.
The intermittent nature of renewable sources requires the integration of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) with appropriate power and energy densities. One of the applications of Hamiltonian Surface Shaping and Power Flow Control (HSSPFC) is to size ESSs for power and energy densities by employing them as sole actuators of Microgrid (MG) systems. This Article provides a comprehensive yet simplified example of utilization of HSSPFC to size ESSs of inverter-based three-phase MG systems under hierarchical control. Here, the distributed Hamiltonian controller is expanded for control of parallel ESSs and power sharing metrics are defined to distribute power between hybrid storage systems according to their power and energy density capabilities. Simulated hybrid ESSs comprising battery and flywheel systems are used as examples to demonstrate the behaviour of the expanded control, verify the power sharing criteria and illustrate ESS design and specification by utilizing HSSPFC.
Mehrzad M. Bijaieh; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett. Energy Storage Power and Energy Sizing and Specification Using HSSPFC. Electronics 2020, 9, 638 .
AMA StyleMehrzad M. Bijaieh, Wayne W. Weaver, Rush D. Robinett. Energy Storage Power and Energy Sizing and Specification Using HSSPFC. Electronics. 2020; 9 (4):638.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehrzad M. Bijaieh; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett. 2020. "Energy Storage Power and Energy Sizing and Specification Using HSSPFC." Electronics 9, no. 4: 638.
This article proposes a novel distributed control approach for Hamiltonian Surface Shaping and Power Flow Control (HSSPFC) method to determine Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) requirements for three-phase, inverter-based Microgrids (MGs). Here, local system references are obtained through a primary d-q droop control which is supported by a level-zero Hamiltonian controller. ESS devices are the actuators of the system to enforce reference points. The control approach as well as power flow and energy transfer model of the MG enables the ESS capacity and bandwidth to be obtained. As a result, a zero-output ESS element analysis is defined which can further be used to study storage requirements versus additional constraints. Communication network update-rate can affect ESSs and filtering requirements. The developed analysis is demonstrated in parallel and looped nine-bus WSCC reduced-order MG system examples to obtain ESS requirements versus communication network update-rate (bandwidth).
Mehrzad Mohammadi Bijaieh; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett. Energy Storage Requirements for Inverter-Based Microgrids Under Droop Control in d-q Coordinates. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2019, 35, 611 -620.
AMA StyleMehrzad Mohammadi Bijaieh, Wayne W. Weaver, Rush D. Robinett. Energy Storage Requirements for Inverter-Based Microgrids Under Droop Control in d-q Coordinates. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2019; 35 (2):611-620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehrzad Mohammadi Bijaieh; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett. 2019. "Energy Storage Requirements for Inverter-Based Microgrids Under Droop Control in d-q Coordinates." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 35, no. 2: 611-620.
Modern aircraft have an increasing demand for pulse power loads which includes new weapon technologies and advanced avionics. These pulse power loads have thermal properties that couple to the electrical system that can lead to non-linear destabilizing effects at low and high temperatures. These non-linear electrical stability issues carry through to the mechanical and thermal systems of the aircraft and can damage components. The load is characterized by its duty cycle, period and power level. For a given pulse load, the system is defined as metastable if there is a nonlinear limit cycle that remains bounded within the defined bus voltage limits. Regions of stability, metastability, marginal metastability, and instability are determined based on bus voltage transient tolerances. In this paper a reduced-order non-linear model of an aircraft's coupled electrical-mechanical-thermal (EMT) system is used to demonstrate the stability, metastability, and performance caused by the pulse load coupled with the EMT system.
Joshua A. Dillon; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett Iii; David G. Wilson. Electro-Mechanical-Thermal Performance and Stability of Aircraft Energy Networks With Pulse Power Loads. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 2019, 56, 2537 -2547.
AMA StyleJoshua A. Dillon, Wayne W. Weaver, Rush D. Robinett Iii, David G. Wilson. Electro-Mechanical-Thermal Performance and Stability of Aircraft Energy Networks With Pulse Power Loads. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 2019; 56 (4):2537-2547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoshua A. Dillon; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett Iii; David G. Wilson. 2019. "Electro-Mechanical-Thermal Performance and Stability of Aircraft Energy Networks With Pulse Power Loads." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 56, no. 4: 2537-2547.
This paper presents a proof-of-concept for a novel dq droop control technique that applies DC droop control methods to fixed frequency inverter-based AC microgrids using the dq0 transformation. Microgrids are usually composed of distributed generation units (DGUs) that are electronically coupled to each other through power converters. An inherent property of inverter-based microgrids is that, unlike microgrids with spinning machines, the frequency of the parallel-connected DGUs is a global variable independent from the output power since the inverters can control the output waveform frequency with a high level of precision. Therefore, conventional droop control methods that distort the system frequency are not suitable for microgrids operating at a fixed frequency. It is shown that the proposed distributed droop control allows accurate sharing of the active and reactive power without altering the microgrid frequency. The simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed droop control. Indeed, following a load change, the dq droop controller was able to share both active and reactive power between the DGUs, whereas maintaining the microgrid frequency deviation at 0% and the bus voltage deviations below 6% of their respective nominal values.
Mohamed Toub; Mehrzad M. Bijaieh; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett Iii; Mohamed Maaroufi; Ghassane Aniba. Droop Control in DQ Coordinates for Fixed Frequency Inverter-Based AC Microgrids. Electronics 2019, 8, 1168 .
AMA StyleMohamed Toub, Mehrzad M. Bijaieh, Wayne W. Weaver, Rush D. Robinett Iii, Mohamed Maaroufi, Ghassane Aniba. Droop Control in DQ Coordinates for Fixed Frequency Inverter-Based AC Microgrids. Electronics. 2019; 8 (10):1168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Toub; Mehrzad M. Bijaieh; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett Iii; Mohamed Maaroufi; Ghassane Aniba. 2019. "Droop Control in DQ Coordinates for Fixed Frequency Inverter-Based AC Microgrids." Electronics 8, no. 10: 1168.
This paper presents two control strategies: (i) An optimal exergy destruction (OXD) controller and (ii) a decentralized power apportionment (DPA) controller. The OXD controller is an analytical, closed-loop optimal feedforward controller developed utilizing exergy analysis to minimize exergy destruction in an AC inverter microgrid. The OXD controller requires a star or fully connected topology, whereas the DPA operates with no communication among the inverters. The DPA presents a viable alternative to conventional P − ω / Q − V droop control, and does not suffer from fluctuations in bus frequency or steady-state voltage while taking advantage of distributed storage assets necessary for the high penetration of renewable sources. The performances of OXD-, DPA-, and P − ω / Q − V droop-controlled microgrids are compared by simulation.
Michael D. Cook; Eddy H. Trinklein; Gordon G. Parker; Rush D. Robinett; Wayne W. Weaver. Optimal and Decentralized Control Strategies for Inverter-Based AC Microgrids. Energies 2019, 12, 3529 .
AMA StyleMichael D. Cook, Eddy H. Trinklein, Gordon G. Parker, Rush D. Robinett, Wayne W. Weaver. Optimal and Decentralized Control Strategies for Inverter-Based AC Microgrids. Energies. 2019; 12 (18):3529.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael D. Cook; Eddy H. Trinklein; Gordon G. Parker; Rush D. Robinett; Wayne W. Weaver. 2019. "Optimal and Decentralized Control Strategies for Inverter-Based AC Microgrids." Energies 12, no. 18: 3529.
As the number of natural disasters and the duration of their aftermath continues to rise, the use of mobile and autonomous energy sources formed into a temporary and adaptive microgrid will improve response time and decrease overall recovery time. The optimal positioning of energy resources in the operating field is critical. There are many options for choosing an optimization technique but many of these assume specific connections between voltage source nodes and loads.This paper will present a brief overview of the genetic algorithm optimization in microgrid resource positioning in an operating field with obstacles. The indexing of the nodes and loads and the formulation for optimization of a general model of a microgrid system will be presented. Next, the optimization of microgrids using the genetic algorithm approach will be explained, as well as the shortest path algorithm used. The results show the success of optimization applied to a variety of test cases. Further research and expansions of optimization in the test cases are then explained.
Shadi A. Darani; Casey D. Majhor; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett; Ossama Abdelkhalik. Optimal Positioning of Energy Assets in Autonomous Robotic Microgrids for Power Restoration. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2019, 15, 4370 -4380.
AMA StyleShadi A. Darani, Casey D. Majhor, Wayne W. Weaver, Rush D. Robinett, Ossama Abdelkhalik. Optimal Positioning of Energy Assets in Autonomous Robotic Microgrids for Power Restoration. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2019; 15 (7):4370-4380.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShadi A. Darani; Casey D. Majhor; Wayne W. Weaver; Rush D. Robinett; Ossama Abdelkhalik. 2019. "Optimal Positioning of Energy Assets in Autonomous Robotic Microgrids for Power Restoration." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 15, no. 7: 4370-4380.
Reliability is a key consideration when microgrid technology is implemented in military applications. Droop control provides a simple option without requiring communication between microgrid components, increasing the control system reliability. However, traditional droop control does not allow the microgrid to utilize much of the power available from a solar resource. This paper applies an optimal multidimensional droop control strategy for a solar resource connected in a microgrid at a military patrol base. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop experiments of a sample microgrid show that much more power from the solar resource can be utilized, while maintaining the system’s bus voltage around a nominal value, and still avoiding the need for communication between the various components.
Kaitlyn J. Bunker; Michael D. Cook; Wayne W. Weaver; Gordon G. Parker. Multidimensional Optimal Droop Control for DC Microgrids in Military Applications. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1966 .
AMA StyleKaitlyn J. Bunker, Michael D. Cook, Wayne W. Weaver, Gordon G. Parker. Multidimensional Optimal Droop Control for DC Microgrids in Military Applications. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (10):1966.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaitlyn J. Bunker; Michael D. Cook; Wayne W. Weaver; Gordon G. Parker. 2018. "Multidimensional Optimal Droop Control for DC Microgrids in Military Applications." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10: 1966.
The inclusion of electricity generation from wind in microgrids presents an important opportunity in modern electric power systems. Various control strategies can be pursued for wind resources connected in microgrids, and droop control is a promising option since communication between microgrid components is not required. Traditional droop control does have the drawback of not allowing much or all of the available wind power to be utilized in the microgrid. This paper presents a novel droop control strategy, modifying the traditional approach and building an optimal droop surface at a higher dimension. A method for determining the optimal droop control surface in multiple dimensions to meet a given objective is presented. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop experiments of a sample microgrid show that much more wind power can be utilized, while maintaining the system’s bus voltage and still avoiding the need for communication between the various components.
Kaitlyn J. Bunker; Wayne W. Weaver. Optimal Multidimensional Droop Control for Wind Resources in DC Microgrids. Energies 2018, 11, 1818 .
AMA StyleKaitlyn J. Bunker, Wayne W. Weaver. Optimal Multidimensional Droop Control for Wind Resources in DC Microgrids. Energies. 2018; 11 (7):1818.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaitlyn J. Bunker; Wayne W. Weaver. 2018. "Optimal Multidimensional Droop Control for Wind Resources in DC Microgrids." Energies 11, no. 7: 1818.
Microgrids with distributed generation and storage assets often form an underdetermined system of power flow equations for balancing loads and generation. This feature is compounded for networked microgrid topologies. Advanced control strategies offer a solution to this power flow problem and often require a feedforward reference. This provides an opportunity to compute energy optimal references but with the limitation of solution computation time. Therefore, four optimal reference command generators were developed focusing on solution time and scalability to both asset quantity and number of microgrids networked. Strategies explored were pure numerical, closed form, and numerical hybrids, and a Lagrange multiplier method. A tradeoff existed between smaller solution time of the Lagrange multiplier method and guaranteeing a feasible solution intrinsic to the hybrid approaches. Timing trials were performed where generation assets per microgrid ranged from 1 to 130000 and networked microgrid quantity ranged from 1 to 250. These trials quantified the bounds where subsecond updates rates could be achieved for two types of topologies.
Eddy H. Trinklein; Gordon Parker; Rush D. Robinett; Wayne W. Weaver. Toward Online Optimal Power Flow of a Networked DC Microgrid System. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 2017, 5, 949 -959.
AMA StyleEddy H. Trinklein, Gordon Parker, Rush D. Robinett, Wayne W. Weaver. Toward Online Optimal Power Flow of a Networked DC Microgrid System. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2017; 5 (3):949-959.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEddy H. Trinklein; Gordon Parker; Rush D. Robinett; Wayne W. Weaver. 2017. "Toward Online Optimal Power Flow of a Networked DC Microgrid System." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 5, no. 3: 949-959.
This paper presents a decentralized, mode-adaptive (DMA) guidance law for a Hamiltonian-based controller of an N-source, dc microgrid. Droop control is commonly used for decentralized control of microgrids. Unfortunately, droop control lacks the ability to autonomously adapt to the addition or removal of a source without the augmentation of an outer-loop controller. Centralized control methods provide solutions to these limitations, as well as providing the ability to globally optimize the system. To their detriment, centralized control methods are not scalable, and require system-wide information to be funneled through a central controller yielding a single point of failure. The DMA power apportionment scheme presented here aims to reduce the gap between droop control and centralized control by providing a method that can operate autonomously in the event of source and bus load fluctuations as well as reduce communication requirements of centralized control and, thus, increase resiliency and scalability. After development of the DMA, its performance is compared to the centrally controlled optimal exergy destruction power apportionment strategy, as well as a Hamiltonian-based droop control strategy. Finally, it is shown that for a sufficiently large number of converters supplying a microgrid, the presented decentralized, mode-adaptive strategy provides an efficient and practical alternative to both droop control and centralized control schemes.
Michael D. Cook; Gordon Parker; Rush D. Robinett; Wayne W. Weaver. Decentralized Mode-Adaptive Guidance and Control for DC Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2016, 32, 263 -271.
AMA StyleMichael D. Cook, Gordon Parker, Rush D. Robinett, Wayne W. Weaver. Decentralized Mode-Adaptive Guidance and Control for DC Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2016; 32 (1):263-271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael D. Cook; Gordon Parker; Rush D. Robinett; Wayne W. Weaver. 2016. "Decentralized Mode-Adaptive Guidance and Control for DC Microgrid." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 32, no. 1: 263-271.