In this study, the antioxidant properties of total phenolics and flavonoids extracts from different parts (leaves, pods, and seeds) of common bean were evaluated. Specifically, the highest total phenolic content was recorded with methanol extracts of pods (95.41 ± 1.18 mg GAE/g), whereas methanolic extract of seeds contained the lowest content of phenols (6.87 ± 1.45 mg GAE/g). The highest total flavonoid content was found in methanol extracts of leaves (44.59 ± 2.15 mg RE/g). Meanwhile, the methanol extract of seeds and pods contained less flavonoid content (9.29 ± 1.65 mg RE/g and 3.64 ± 0.87 mg RE/g, respectively). The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 29, 18 and 29 different plant compounds in methanol extracts of leaves, seeds and pods, respectively. The methanol extracts of leaves showed the highest antioxidant capacity with an inhibitory percentage of 48.74 ± 0.32% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL and the EC₅₀ value of 137.4 μg/mL. The methanol extracts of seed had the lowest antioxidant capacity with an inhibitory percentage of 13.99 ± 1.22% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL and the EC₅₀ value of 486.2 μg/mL. The results showed that the extract from leaves of common bean had the highest antioxidant activities as well as total contents of flavonoid in comparison with an extract from seeds and pods and the positive relationship between total flavonoids content and antioxidant activities in this plant.

The present study was to analyze the in vitro antibacterial activity and the effects on cholesterol esterase activity of the methanol extract from Basil leaves and its hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous fractions. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded in the methanol extract. Total 92 compounds were determined by using GC-MS belong to hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols, esters, and phenols which reportedly have a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the Basil methanol extract and its fractions based on the inhibitory concentrations of Escherichia coli at 50 mg/mL. The best results were obtained with the methanol extract, hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions, which exhibited anti-cholesterol esterase activity.

Iron toxicity has become a serious issue affecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in many irrigated lowland areas. The selection of Fe2+-tolerant rice cultivars under iron toxicity conditions and the identification of molecular markers are good approaches to obtaining tangible results. This study aimed to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that were associated with iron tolerance traits in a rice backcross population. A total of 117 seedlings from the backcross (BC3F2) of 'OM6830'/'AS996'//'AS996' were phenotyped at the 4-week-seedling stage at Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The rice population was screened in Yoshida nutrient medium supplemented with FeCl2 at a concentration of 150 mg L-1 under greenhouse conditions. Phenotypic analysis was conducted by scoring two parameters, namely, root length and leaf bronzing. Genotypic analysis was carried out on the BC3F2 population by using four markers, i.e., RM6, RM240, RM252, and RM451, for association analysis with iron tolerance. A total of 23 BC3F2 lines were selected on the basis of their higher tolerance (score 1) for Fe2+ compared with the tolerant parental line 'AS996'. The markers RM6 and RM240 were highly polymorphic and identified different Fe2+-tolerant lines in the BC3F2 population. Among the BC3F3 progeny derived from the selected 23 BC3F2 lines, BC3F3-7 was identified as the most Fe2+-tolerant line. BC3F3-15 was also found to be Fe2+ tolerant. Both lines showed good development capability and provided high yields under stress conditions. These tolerant BC3F3 lines could be further screened with additional SSR markers in future breeding programs aiming to increase rice production in iron-contaminated areas of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.

Background The use of direct seeding in lowland rice ecosystems brings many advantages for cultivators such as reducing labor costs, effective water management, early harvesting, and less dependence on herbicides, thus improving tolerance to submergence during germination in rice is the best suggestion. In this study, rice seeds of variety OMCS2000 were treated with different concentrations of Ethyl-methane sulphonate (EMS) (0.1% and 0.125%) and concentration of Methylsalicylate (MeSA) (0.1 mM and 0.125 mM) to examine the positive and negative impact on seed germination, plant height, root length, α-amylase activity, phenolic, and flavonoid content under various water levels for submerged conditions (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm) of plants at 14 days. Results Our data showed that 0.1% EMS significantly increased the germination rate, germination vigor index, morphological (root and shoot lengths), and alpha amylase of rice under waterlogging while MeSA significantly reduced them. But we also recognized that MeSA (0.1 mM) significantly improved in phenolic and flavonoid contents of rice under waterlogging. Conclusion The treatment with 0.1% EMS showed the highest tolerance to anaerobic conditions which could be recommended to apply in a breeding program new OMCS2000 line for waterlogging tolerance.

Velvet bean ( Mucuna pruriens L.), a leguminous plant widely recognised in traditional medicine, has garnered increasing scientific interest due to its diverse pharmacological potential, particularly in relation to its alkaloid‐rich seed composition. This study aimed to investigate the total alkaloid content, phytochemical composition and anti‐inflammatory activity of the methanol extract of M. pruriens seeds and its solvent‐partitioned fractions ( n ‐hexane, ethyl acetate, n ‐butanol and aqueous). Quantitative analysis revealed that the aqueous and n ‐hexane fractions contained notably higher alkaloid levels compared to the other extracts. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified 36 bioactive compounds spanning multiple chemical classes such as alkanes, esters, acids, silanes and amides. Predominant compounds in the methanol extract included 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)‐methyl ester (44.87%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (27.33%) and cis ‐13‐octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.16%). Notably, the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions demonstrated potent anti‐inflammatory effects, with IC ₅₀ values of 69.32 and 83.06 μ g/mL, respectively. The presence of decarine, an isoquinoline alkaloid with known anticancer and anti‐inflammatory properties, further underscores the pharmacological value of this species. These findings highlight the therapeutic promise of white velvet bean seeds and provide a biochemical foundation for future pharmaceutical applications.