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Safety for automotive lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications is of crucial importance, especially for electric vehicle applications using batteries with high capacity and high energy density. In case of a defect inside or outside the cell, serious safety risks are possible including extensive heat generation, toxic and flammable gas generation, and consequently fire and explosion. New regulations (GB 38031-2020) require a warning for passengers at least five minutes before serious incidents. This regulation can hardly be fulfilled with state-of-the-art battery monitoring. In this study, gases produced during battery failure before and during a thermal runaway (TR) are investigated in detail and the use of different gas sensors as early detectors of battery incidents is tested and proposed. The response of several commercially available gas sensors is tested in four battery failure cases: unwanted electrolysis of voltage carrying parts, electrolyte vapor, first venting of the cell and the TR. The experiments show that battery failure detection with gas sensors is possible but depends highly on the failure case. The chosen gas sensor can detect H2 produced by unwanted electrolysis and electrolyte vapor and gases produced by degassing of state-of-the-art LIBs. The results may contribute significantly to failure detection and improvement of battery safety.
Christiane Essl; Lauritz Seifert; Michael Rabe; Anton Fuchs. Early Detection of Failing Automotive Batteries Using Gas Sensors. Batteries 2021, 7, 25 .
AMA StyleChristiane Essl, Lauritz Seifert, Michael Rabe, Anton Fuchs. Early Detection of Failing Automotive Batteries Using Gas Sensors. Batteries. 2021; 7 (2):25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristiane Essl; Lauritz Seifert; Michael Rabe; Anton Fuchs. 2021. "Early Detection of Failing Automotive Batteries Using Gas Sensors." Batteries 7, no. 2: 25.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a dominant state-of-the-art energy storage system and have importance in the automotive sector. Still, LIBs suffer from aging effects and serious hazards from failing batteries are possible. These failures can lead to exothermic chemical reactions inside the cell, ending up in thermal runaway (TR). TR has caused most electric vehicle (EV) fires. Since statistically most accidents with EVs happen after about one year of vehicle usage, in particular, the failing behavior of aged cells needs to be investigated. Little information is available in open literature about the influence of aging paths on the failing behavior and especially on the degassing behavior of large automotive LIBs. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of three different aging paths (cyclic at −10 °C and at 45 °C and calendric at 60 °C) on the thermal behavior, the vent gas emission, and the vent gas composition. The results show a clear effect of aging on the failing behavior. The aged cells showed a less violent failing reaction, reduced maximal temperatures, lower amount of produced gas, significantly lower amount of CO in the vent gas, and lower mass loss than fresh cells in the same overtemperature experiments. The results are valuable for the scientific and industrial community dealing with LIBs.
Christiane Essl; Andrey Golubkov; Anton Fuchs. Influence of Aging on the Failing Behavior of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries. Batteries 2021, 7, 23 .
AMA StyleChristiane Essl, Andrey Golubkov, Anton Fuchs. Influence of Aging on the Failing Behavior of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries. Batteries. 2021; 7 (2):23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristiane Essl; Andrey Golubkov; Anton Fuchs. 2021. "Influence of Aging on the Failing Behavior of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 7, no. 2: 23.
In order to understand the lithium-ion battery (LIB) failing behavior and to prevent failures and their consequences, different LIB safety tests, also called abuse tests, have been developed. This paper focuses on thermal runway (TR) triggered by overtemperature, overcharge and nail-penetration. It shows the setup and the results of the three different TR triggers on two different cell types in a custom-made TR reactor. The investigated cell types are state-of-the-art automotive pouch and hard case cells. The results are discussed in three main categories: thermal behavior, vent gas production and vent gas composition. The results and findings are supposed to be valuable for battery pack designer, car manufacturer and testing institutions for the development of future battery testing facilities and regulations.
Christiane Essl; Andrey W. Golubkov; Anton Fuchs. Comparing Different Thermal Runaway Triggers for Two Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Types. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2020, 167, 130542 .
AMA StyleChristiane Essl, Andrey W. Golubkov, Anton Fuchs. Comparing Different Thermal Runaway Triggers for Two Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Types. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2020; 167 (13):130542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristiane Essl; Andrey W. Golubkov; Anton Fuchs. 2020. "Comparing Different Thermal Runaway Triggers for Two Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Types." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 13: 130542.
Christiane Essl; Andrey Golubkov; Alexander Thaler; Anton Fuchs. Comparing Different Thermal Runway Triggers for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries. ECS Transactions 2020, 97, 167 -183.
AMA StyleChristiane Essl, Andrey Golubkov, Alexander Thaler, Anton Fuchs. Comparing Different Thermal Runway Triggers for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries. ECS Transactions. 2020; 97 (7):167-183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristiane Essl; Andrey Golubkov; Alexander Thaler; Anton Fuchs. 2020. "Comparing Different Thermal Runway Triggers for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Transactions 97, no. 7: 167-183.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are gaining importance in the automotive sector because of the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. However, there are serious hazards resulting from failing battery cells leading to exothermic chemical reactions inside the cell, called thermal runaway (TR). Literature of quantifying the failing behavior of modern automotive high capacity cells is rare and focusing on single hazard categories such as heat generation. Thus, the aim of this study is to quantify several hazard relevant parameters of a failing currently used battery cell extracted from a modern mass-produced EV: the temperature response of the cell, the maximum reached cell surface temperature, the amount of produced vent gas, the gas venting rate, the composition of the produced gases including electrolyte vapor and the size and composition of the produced particles at TR. For this purpose, overtemperature experiments with fresh 41 Ah automotive lithium NMC/LMO—graphite pouch cells at different state-of-charge (SOC) 100%, 30% and 0% are performed. The results are valuable for firefighters, battery pack designers, cell recyclers, cell transportation and all who deal with batteries.
Christiane Essl; Andrey W. Golubkov; Eva Gasser; Manfred Nachtnebel; Armin Zankel; Eduard Ewert; Anton Fuchs. Comprehensive Hazard Analysis of Failing Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries in Overtemperature Experiments. Batteries 2020, 6, 30 .
AMA StyleChristiane Essl, Andrey W. Golubkov, Eva Gasser, Manfred Nachtnebel, Armin Zankel, Eduard Ewert, Anton Fuchs. Comprehensive Hazard Analysis of Failing Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries in Overtemperature Experiments. Batteries. 2020; 6 (2):30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristiane Essl; Andrey W. Golubkov; Eva Gasser; Manfred Nachtnebel; Armin Zankel; Eduard Ewert; Anton Fuchs. 2020. "Comprehensive Hazard Analysis of Failing Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries in Overtemperature Experiments." Batteries 6, no. 2: 30.