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Bernd Frick
Management Department, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany

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Correction
Published: 07 July 2021 in De Economist
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Bernd Frick. Correction to: Gender Differences in Risk‑Taking and Sensation‑Seeking Behavior: Empirical Evidence from “ExtremeSports”. De Economist 2021, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick. Correction to: Gender Differences in Risk‑Taking and Sensation‑Seeking Behavior: Empirical Evidence from “ExtremeSports”. De Economist. 2021; ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick. 2021. "Correction to: Gender Differences in Risk‑Taking and Sensation‑Seeking Behavior: Empirical Evidence from “ExtremeSports”." De Economist , no. : 1-1.

Original article
Published: 06 May 2021 in Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
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For decades, the annual numbers of exits of members from the Catholic Church and Protestant Church have been increasing. Closer inspection of diocese‐level data shows that the time‐series pattern of exits is nonlinear with a series of intermediate peaks. This paper uses an event study approach to model the impacts of various scandals on church exit rates. We find that sexual abuse and financial scandals located in the Catholic Church contribute to increased exit rates not just in that Church but also, by way of spillover effects, to higher exit rates of Protestant Church members.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick; Katharina Moser; Rob Simmons. Spillover Effects of Scandals on Exits from the Catholic and Protestant Churches in Germany. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Bernd Frick, Katharina Moser, Rob Simmons. Spillover Effects of Scandals on Exits from the Catholic and Protestant Churches in Germany. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick; Katharina Moser; Rob Simmons. 2021. "Spillover Effects of Scandals on Exits from the Catholic and Protestant Churches in Germany." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption in the sports industry and has raised the question of whether the football industry is based on a sustainable business model. Using data from the English Premier League (EPL), we develop a regression model to achieve two objectives. First, we examine the relationship between the different revenue sources (TV revenues, match revenues, and commercial revenues) and the main cost drivers of professional football clubs (player salaries and transfer expenses). Second, we seek to predict the likely impact of a major market downturn such as the COVID-19 pandemic in the EPL. Our results suggest that TV revenues are by far the most important source of income for player salaries and market values, followed by match revenues and commercial revenues. We predict that player salaries, market values, and transfer expenses will all decrease in the forthcoming EPL season, 2020/2021. The magnitude of the reduction depends on the coronavirus scenario and ranges from −20.4% to −9.5% for player salaries and −26.7% to −12.4% for player market values. Our study seeks to explore the relative impact of the three main revenue sources in the EPL on the unprecedented growth of player salaries, market values, and net transfer expenses in the last three decades. In addition, our study adds to the understanding of the pandemic’s expected impact on the EPL.

ACS Style

Tommy Quansah; Bernd Frick; Markus Lang; Kieran Maguire. The Importance of Club Revenues for Player Salaries and Transfer Expenses—How Does the Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) Impact the English Premier League? Sustainability 2021, 13, 5154 .

AMA Style

Tommy Quansah, Bernd Frick, Markus Lang, Kieran Maguire. The Importance of Club Revenues for Player Salaries and Transfer Expenses—How Does the Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) Impact the English Premier League? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tommy Quansah; Bernd Frick; Markus Lang; Kieran Maguire. 2021. "The Importance of Club Revenues for Player Salaries and Transfer Expenses—How Does the Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) Impact the English Premier League?" Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5154.

Sociology
Published: 20 January 2021 in Frontiers in Sociology
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Do women shy away from competition while men compete too much? The available, mostly experimental evidence generally supports these assumptions. However, in contrast to laboratory settings, labor markets do not have random assignment of workers. Instead, individuals—professional athletes and corporate executives—self-select into specific occupations. Using data from Alpine and Nordic skiing over 52 and 37 years respectively, we show that career length of men and women is virtually identical. Thus, when adequately controlling for self-selection into a highly competitive environment, differences between men and women with respect to competitiveness completely disappear.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick; Katharina Moser. Are Women Really Less Competitive Than Men? Career Duration in Nordic and Alpine Skiing. Frontiers in Sociology 2021, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Bernd Frick, Katharina Moser. Are Women Really Less Competitive Than Men? Career Duration in Nordic and Alpine Skiing. Frontiers in Sociology. 2021; 5 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick; Katharina Moser. 2021. "Are Women Really Less Competitive Than Men? Career Duration in Nordic and Alpine Skiing." Frontiers in Sociology 5, no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 02 January 2021 in International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics
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The long-term health problems resulting from professional careers in contact sports such as hockey and football have recently received lots of attention. The lawsuits initiated by NFL- and NHL-veterans suffering from repetitive concussions of the brain that eventually lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy are two particularly prominent examples. The question, whether these long-term health problems could have been avoided, remains a highly contested issue. Using detailed career information on every single player drafted in the ten seasons before (1969 thru 1978) and the ten seasons after (1979 thru 1988) the implementation of mandatory helmets, we find that career length in professional hockey has increased by about two years, suggesting that adequate protective equipment contributes to player health and fitness. This positive effect, however, is somewhat reduced by specific forms of ‘offsetting behaviour’.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick. Workplace safety regulations and worker well-being: the impact of mandatory helmet use on career length in the national hockey league. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2021, 13, 159 -173.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick. Workplace safety regulations and worker well-being: the impact of mandatory helmet use on career length in the national hockey league. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2021; 13 (1):159-173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick. 2021. "Workplace safety regulations and worker well-being: the impact of mandatory helmet use on career length in the national hockey league." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 13, no. 1: 159-173.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Sustainability
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This study examines the value of professional winter sports to the Austrian resident population in the context of three major sporting events (the 2017 World Championships in Alpine Skiing, the 2018 Winter Olympics, and the 2019 World Championships in Nordic Skiing). In nationwide population surveys (n = 2289), the contingent valuation method was employed, and the respondents were presented with two scenarios asking for their willingness-to-pay for live broadcasts and long-term athlete development. The aggregate willingness-to-pay amounted to €42 million (for live broadcasts) and about €800 million (for athlete development). However, only about 20% of the residents expressed a positive willingness-to-pay. The respondents’ willingness-to-pay is not only determined by well-studied factors like consumption capital, intangible factors, and socio-demographics, but also by life satisfaction. The willingness-to-pay for live broadcasts is comparably higher for alpine skiing, while the willingness-to-pay for athlete development is higher for Olympic winter sports athletes. The findings have implications for sport policy and sport finance, highlighting the challenge of turning public sport consumption into a willingness to contribute financially to sustainable athlete development.

ACS Style

Pamela Wicker; Bernd Frick. Sustainable Financing of Elite Athlete Development: An Empirical Analysis of Winter Sports in Austria. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9664 .

AMA Style

Pamela Wicker, Bernd Frick. Sustainable Financing of Elite Athlete Development: An Empirical Analysis of Winter Sports in Austria. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9664.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pamela Wicker; Bernd Frick. 2020. "Sustainable Financing of Elite Athlete Development: An Empirical Analysis of Winter Sports in Austria." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9664.

Articles
Published: 01 November 2020 in Journal of Wine Economics
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Changes in winery ratings in leading wine guides, that is, improvements as well as deteriorations, are typically attributed to corresponding changes in the quality of the wines produced by the respective winery. What remains unexplored in this context is changes in editorship and/or changes in the composition of the wine tasting teams working for the respective guide. Using data from two particularly prestigious German wine guides (Gault Millau and Vinum), this paper shows that these latter changes have a rather small, yet statistically significant impact on changes in winery ratings. Thus, consumers are well-advised to consider these changes before making their purchasing decision. (JEL Classifications: L21, M30, Q13)

ACS Style

Bernd Frick. The Legacy of Gurus: The Impact of Armin Diel and Joel Payne on Winery Ratings in Germany. Journal of Wine Economics 2020, 15, 370 -377.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick. The Legacy of Gurus: The Impact of Armin Diel and Joel Payne on Winery Ratings in Germany. Journal of Wine Economics. 2020; 15 (4):370-377.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick. 2020. "The Legacy of Gurus: The Impact of Armin Diel and Joel Payne on Winery Ratings in Germany." Journal of Wine Economics 15, no. 4: 370-377.

Original paper
Published: 15 September 2020 in The European Journal of Health Economics
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We analyze the impact of the positioning of shifts (morning, afternoon, night) on worker absenteeism in a large German automobile plant. Using a completely balanced panel of 153 organizational units over the 2-year-period 2009 to 2010 (i.e. 104 consecutive weeks with 15,912 unit-week-observations) we estimate a series of GLM and Fixed Effects models. Our main finding is that during afternoon shifts absence rates are significantly higher than during either morning or night shifts and that absence rates are particularly high during the afternoon shift immediately following the 3 weeks of consecutive night shifts. We attribute our first finding to the “social opportunity costs” of working and the second one to a “tax evasion effect”. When designing new shift models, firms should try to anticipate their workers’ reaction to avoid unintended incentives.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick; Robert Simmons; Friedrich Stein. Timing matters: worker absenteeism in a weekly backward rotating shift model. The European Journal of Health Economics 2020, 21, 1399 -1410.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick, Robert Simmons, Friedrich Stein. Timing matters: worker absenteeism in a weekly backward rotating shift model. The European Journal of Health Economics. 2020; 21 (9):1399-1410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick; Robert Simmons; Friedrich Stein. 2020. "Timing matters: worker absenteeism in a weekly backward rotating shift model." The European Journal of Health Economics 21, no. 9: 1399-1410.

Article
Published: 10 September 2020 in De Economist
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Do men and women differ with respect to sensation-seeking behavior, an extreme form of risk preferences? In this paper, I use data from two different high-risk sports—cliff diving and free diving—to test for possible differences between the genders. My findings suggest that, first, women are under-represented in both sports, but that, second, for those who self-select into these occupations, no differences with respect to sensation-seeking behavior can be found between men and women.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick. Gender Differences in Risk-Taking and Sensation-Seeking Behavior: Empirical Evidence from “ExtremeSports”. De Economist 2020, 169, 5 -20.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick. Gender Differences in Risk-Taking and Sensation-Seeking Behavior: Empirical Evidence from “ExtremeSports”. De Economist. 2020; 169 (1):5-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick. 2020. "Gender Differences in Risk-Taking and Sensation-Seeking Behavior: Empirical Evidence from “ExtremeSports”." De Economist 169, no. 1: 5-20.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Given the growing demand for sustainable products, producers are faced with the question as to whether the costs of certification are necessary for credibility and associated price premiums. However, current research has not convincingly demonstrated customers’ willingness to pay for organic or biodynamic products, as studies relying on stated preferences have produced results that are difficult, if not impossible to reconcile with observable behavior. Furthermore, no study has so far attempted to understand to what extent signals either reinforce or dilute each other and how this affects prices. To fill these research gaps, the wine industry serves as an example, since a large number of producers have already adopted organic or biodynamic practices. While some of these wineries have successfully applied for third-party certification, others follow strict guidelines without being certified and self-declare themselves to be eco-friendly. Using a large sample of 55,500 wines produced by 1,514 German wineries between 2010 and 2017, this study estimates a series of hedonic models across different price quantiles. The results indicate a statistically significant price premium for organic and biodynamic wines, the magnitude of which is, however, far smaller than the effects usually identified in surveys and laboratory experiments. While self-declaration is only a credible signal for organic practices generating a price premium of 8.6 percent, biodynamic practices require certification for a price premium of 4.1 percent. The results also suggest that the interaction of collective reputation and biodynamic practices has a significantly positive impact on prices. Thus, this study contributes to global sustainability research by showing that the costs of certification can be avoided since in certain cases self-declaration is sufficient to enable a price premium.

ACS Style

Patrizia Fanasch; Bernd Frick. The value of signals: Do self-declaration and certification generate price premiums for organic and biodynamic wines? Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 249, 119415 .

AMA Style

Patrizia Fanasch, Bernd Frick. The value of signals: Do self-declaration and certification generate price premiums for organic and biodynamic wines? Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 249 ():119415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrizia Fanasch; Bernd Frick. 2019. "The value of signals: Do self-declaration and certification generate price premiums for organic and biodynamic wines?" Journal of Cleaner Production 249, no. : 119415.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2019 in Economies
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The predictions that emerge from tournament theory have been tested in a number of sports-related settings. Since sporting events involving individuals (golf, tennis, running, auto racing) feature rank order tournaments with relatively large payoffs and easily observable outcomes, sports is a natural setting for such tests. In this paper, we test the predictions of tournament theory using a unique race-level data set from NASCAR. Most previous tests of tournament theory using NASCAR data used either season level data or race level data from a few seasons. Our empirical work uses race and driver level NASCAR data for 1114 races over the period 1975–2009. Our results support the predictions of tournament theory: the larger the spread in prizes paid in the race, measured by the standard deviation or interquartile range of prizes paid, the higher the average speed in the race. Our results account for the length of the track, number of entrants, number of caution flags, and unobservable year- and week-level heterogeneity.

ACS Style

Brad Humphreys; Bernd Frick. Prize Structure and Performance: Evidence from NASCAR. Economies 2019, 7, 102 .

AMA Style

Brad Humphreys, Bernd Frick. Prize Structure and Performance: Evidence from NASCAR. Economies. 2019; 7 (4):102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brad Humphreys; Bernd Frick. 2019. "Prize Structure and Performance: Evidence from NASCAR." Economies 7, no. 4: 102.

Reference work
Published: 25 October 2018 in Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft
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Die Einkommen professioneller Athleten – seien es Individual- oder Mannschaftssportler – sind immer wieder Gegenstand teils heftiger Kontroversen. Während die Gehälter von Fußballern vielen als „zu hoch“ erscheinen, verdienen andere Sportler mutmaßlich „zu wenig“. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass man die beobachtbare Streuung der Gehälter sowohl zwischen als auch innerhalb einzelner Sportarten mit Hilfe einfacher ökonomischer Konzepte und unter Verwendung geeigneter ökonometrischer Verfahren weitestgehend erklären kann und trägt damit (hoffentlich) zu einer Versachlichung der Diskussion bei. Dieser Beitrag ist Teil der Sektion Sportökonomie, herausgegeben von den Teilherausgebern Eike Emrich und Christian Pierdzioch, innerhalb des Handbuchs Sport und Sportwissenschaft, herausgegeben von Arne Güllich und Michael Krüger.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick. Arbeitsmarkt Profisport. Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft 2018, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick. Arbeitsmarkt Profisport. Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft. 2018; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick. 2018. "Arbeitsmarkt Profisport." Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft , no. : 1-16.

Research article
Published: 07 August 2018 in German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung
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Using a balanced panel of some 400 organizational units in a large automobile plant, we analyse changes in absenteeism following a company innovation intended to improve worker health and well-being. During the period under consideration (January 2009–December 2011) the firm replaced its traditional shift schedule associated with high health risks for workers with an ergonomically more advantageous system. Our findings show that this innovation was accompanied by a statistically significant and economically relevant decrease in absenteeism. However, when workers started to express discontent with the new system, management after a few months implemented another shift system that was, from an ergonomical perspective, again associated with higher health risks than those associated with the second one. Absentee figures quickly returned to their initial levels. This suggests that short-term leisure preferences can override long-term health concerns in worker responses to the implementation of different shift schedules.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick; Robert Simmons; Friedrich Stein. The cost of shift work: Absenteeism in a large German automobile plant. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung 2018, 32, 236 -256.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick, Robert Simmons, Friedrich Stein. The cost of shift work: Absenteeism in a large German automobile plant. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung. 2018; 32 (3-4):236-256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick; Robert Simmons; Friedrich Stein. 2018. "The cost of shift work: Absenteeism in a large German automobile plant." German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung 32, no. 3-4: 236-256.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Journal of Wine Economics
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In comparison with other organizational forms, cooperatives have been found to offer poor product quality and suffer from low reputation. The main reasons discussed in the literature are information asymmetries, which leads to adverse selection and moral hazard, as well as the absence of profit orientation due to poorly specified and diluted property rights. However, although, in reality, many cooperatives indeed perform poorly, and some are apparently able to completely avoid or at least reduce the problems that are considered prototypical for this hybrid organizational form. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics required to reduce the problems resulting from poorly specified property rights and information asymmetries and, hence, to successfully compete in the market. The data we use to identify the characteristics that separate “good” and “bad” cooperatives encompass 136 organizations in Austria, Germany, and northern Italy. Our logistic regression estimations show that older and larger cooperatives (in terms of acreage) have a significantly higher probability to be listed in at least one of two highly respected wine guides. Moreover, German cooperatives have a significantly lower probability of being listed than either Austrian or northern Italian cooperatives. The findings suggest that differences in performance can be explained by the management of cooperatives. (JEL Classifications: D23, D82, D86, J54, L22, L25, L66, P13, Q13)

ACS Style

Patrizia Fanasch; Bernd Frick. What Makes Cooperatives Successful? Identifying the Determinants of Their Organizational Performance. Journal of Wine Economics 2018, 13, 282 -308.

AMA Style

Patrizia Fanasch, Bernd Frick. What Makes Cooperatives Successful? Identifying the Determinants of Their Organizational Performance. Journal of Wine Economics. 2018; 13 (3):282-308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrizia Fanasch; Bernd Frick. 2018. "What Makes Cooperatives Successful? Identifying the Determinants of Their Organizational Performance." Journal of Wine Economics 13, no. 3: 282-308.

Original article
Published: 09 January 2018 in Schmalenbach Business Review
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This study examines the monetary value of having a first division Bundesliga team to local residents of 12 Football Bundesliga teams using the contingent valuation method. In identical online and paper-pencil questionnaires, respondents were confronted with two hypothetical scenarios: the first asked for their willingness-to-pay for a voluntary fund that would save the team from relegation due to financial problems; the second assessed their willingness-to-accept relegation in a decisive match on the last match day of the season. The results of double-hurdle models reveal that both public goods created by the team (e. g., happiness, talking about the team) and intangible benefits of the team’s first division status have a monetary value to respondents. Management and policy implications are discussed.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick; Pamela Wicker. The Monetary Value of Having a First Division Bundesliga Team to Local Residents. Schmalenbach Business Review 2018, 70, 63 -103.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick, Pamela Wicker. The Monetary Value of Having a First Division Bundesliga Team to Local Residents. Schmalenbach Business Review. 2018; 70 (1):63-103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick; Pamela Wicker. 2018. "The Monetary Value of Having a First Division Bundesliga Team to Local Residents." Schmalenbach Business Review 70, no. 1: 63-103.

Articles
Published: 01 November 2017 in Journal of Wine Economics
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Although they have often been found to be technically inefficient, cooperatives not only have survived in the wine industry but continue to play major roles in most European countries. Because the specific advantages of their “organizational architecture” (resource pooling and decentralization) seem to outweigh the disadvantages (vaguely defined property rights and high monitoring costs), this paper discusses organizational measures to improve the performance of cooperatives by addressing three different aspects of “organizational design” (managing entry and exit, motivating members, and investing in corporate culture). (JEL Classifications: D22, D23, L14, L21, L31)

ACS Style

Bernd Frick. Some Cooperatives Produce Great Wines, but the Majority Does Not: Complementary Institutional Mechanisms to Improve the Performance of an Indispensable Organizational Form. Journal of Wine Economics 2017, 12, 386 -394.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick. Some Cooperatives Produce Great Wines, but the Majority Does Not: Complementary Institutional Mechanisms to Improve the Performance of an Indispensable Organizational Form. Journal of Wine Economics. 2017; 12 (4):386-394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick. 2017. "Some Cooperatives Produce Great Wines, but the Majority Does Not: Complementary Institutional Mechanisms to Improve the Performance of an Indispensable Organizational Form." Journal of Wine Economics 12, no. 4: 386-394.

Original articles
Published: 31 January 2017 in Applied Economics Letters
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In Germany, exits from the Catholic and Protestant churches have fluctuated considerably over the last 60 years. Much of the observable variation in these exits can be explained by exogenous shocks such as unpopular encyclicals by the Pope, German reunification, sexual abuse cases and financial scandals.

ACS Style

Bernd Frick; Rob Simmons. The impact of exogenous shocks on exits from the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany, 1953–2015. Applied Economics Letters 2017, 24, 1476 -1480.

AMA Style

Bernd Frick, Rob Simmons. The impact of exogenous shocks on exits from the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany, 1953–2015. Applied Economics Letters. 2017; 24 (20):1476-1480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bernd Frick; Rob Simmons. 2017. "The impact of exogenous shocks on exits from the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany, 1953–2015." Applied Economics Letters 24, no. 20: 1476-1480.