The principals’ leadership is the most important factor in determining the development of schools. In order to improve education quality, the principals’ leadership competences should be improved. The aim of this study is to test the effect of self-evaluation as the technique of the self-development of the principals’ transformational leadership and its effect on teachers’ work motivation, teamwork effectiveness and school improvement. The study was conducted in Malang, Indonesia. It used quasi-experimental research design with non-equivalent comparative group. The subjects of the study were 40 principals and 240 teachers for each experimental groups, and 40 principals and 240 teachers for the controlled group. They were chosen using cluster quota random sampling. The instrument used to collect the data was questionnaires including behaviour observation scale, numerical scale and summated rating, while the data analysis techniques were statistic descriptive, univariate and multivariate analysies of variance. Based on the data analysis, it could be concluded that the self-evaluation technique was effectively proven in improving transformational leadership, teachers’ work motivation, teamwork effectiveness and school improvement. The model of self-evaluation with feedback has a stronger effect compared to self-evaluation without feedback.

The educational landscape has been significantly influenced by the rapid development of technology, especially in the instructional process. Examining teachers’ professional digital competence (TPDC) in Indonesia, a developing country, is of utmost importance. It is vital to comprehend the extent of professional digital competence among teachers to identify potential gaps and areas for improvement through training programs. This investigation aims to shed light on disparities and formulate strategies to bridge the digital divide. In this context, the principal’s instructional e-supervision (PIS) and technology leadership (PTL) play a pivotal role in nurturing a school’s digital culture (SDC). This culture is crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of the collaborative learning process that meets the needs of students in this digital-savvy era. Therefore, this study delves into the structural impact of PIS and PTL on TPDC mediated by SDC. Quantitative methods were employed to address research hypotheses through structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis with AMOS, utilizing inner and outer model techniques. Carried out in seven senior high schools in Indonesia, the research involved 257 productive teachers randomly selected from a population of 450. The findings revealed that PIS directly influences TPDC, albeit with the most negligible coefficient (0.192). Simultaneously, PTL directly impacts SDC (0.663) and TPDC (0.229). Moreover, SDC significantly influences TPDC (0.816). However, the direct coefficient of PTL has a more substantial impact on SDC than on TPDC. Consequently, the structural model suggests that PTL will profoundly influence TPDC when mediated by SDC (0.541). In light of these results, this study recommends the application of principal technology leadership-based humbleness for future research.

The latest "˜freedom to learn' policy, issued by the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, must be implemented by educational institutions at various levels. The principals played significant roles such as community empowerment to utilize all resources in the schools to support the policy. The research aimed to describe the principals' efforts in improving community participation in the school and to describe the social involvement in facilitating the freedom to learn at schools. This study employed a qualitative approach with a multi-case research design, and it was conducted in Indonesia, particularly in Tana Tidung Regency in North Kalimantan, Bondowoso Regency in East Java, and Malang City in East Java. The data collection techniques included in-depth interviews and document studies, and to validate the data used a credibility technique. The data validation through the credibility technique was carried out by conducting triangulation, checking members, and improving the persistence and adequacy of reference materials. The cross-case data analysis in this study applied a constant comparative method. The analysis was conducted in all three cases resulted in the provisional findings, continued by data comparison that would later be found by the three cases. The results of this research were the principals' efforts in enhancing community participation through cooperation with several related parties. The principals were regarded as role models in supporting the "˜freedom to learn' policy and building cooperation with related partners. The kind of community participation varied based on the uniqueness of each region.

This study aims to examine the effect of collaborative supervision approaches and collegial supervision techniques on teacher intensity using performance-based learning in the learning process. In addition, its purpose is also to examine the impact on student learning outcomes. This study was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, with a descriptive correlational research design. The research samples were obtained in three cities, namely Malang, Blitar, and Batu, with a total sample of 146 primary education teachers. The data collection techniques used in this research were questionnaires and documentation, while the data analysis techniques used were descriptive statistics, product-moment correlation, regression and path analysis. The results show that the collaborative supervision approach and collegial supervision techniques have a significant influence on performance-based learning, but has no effect on student learning outcomes, either directly or indirectly. Performance-based learning applied by teachers strongly affects students’ learning outcomes.

Today, it can be seen in the real world that many students are unemployed after graduating from college or university. Two soft skills are taught to determine the success of graduates at work, namely leadership and entrepreneurial spirit. The purpose of this study was to examine the structural effect of achievement motivation and achievement on student leadership and entrepreneurial spirit. This research was conducted in Indonesia, with a total sample of 789 students, through random sampling. Questionnaires and documentation techniques were used to collect the data, and then the data were analysed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling. The results showed that both exogenous variables, namely achievement motivation and achievement, affected both endogenous variables, but that achievement motivation had a stronger influence on student leadership and entrepreneurial spirit. In addition, the effect of achievement motivation was higher on entrepreneurial spirit than on leadership, whereas leadership influenced the entrepreneurial spirit of the students only to a small extent. The influences of these variables were then thoroughly discussed according to the theories and relevant research.