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This paper provides an overview of the Linear Transportation System (LTS) and focuses on the application of a Linear Induction Motor (LIM) as a major constituent of LTS propulsion. Due to their physical characteristics, linear induction motors introduce many physical phenomena and design constraints that do not occur in the application of the rotary motor equivalent. The efficiency of the LIM is lower than that of the equivalent rotary machine, but, when the motors are compared as integrated constituents of the broader transportation system, the rotary motor’s efficiency advantage diminishes entirely. Against this background, several solutions to the problems still existing in the application of traction linear induction motors are presented based on the scientific research of the authors. Thus, solutions to the following problems are presented here: (a) development of new analytical solutions and finite element methods for LIM evaluation; (b) comparison between the analytical and numerical results, performed with commercial and self-developed software, showing an exceptionally good agreement; (c) self-developed LIM adaptive control methods; (d) LIM performance under voltage supply (non-symmetrical phase current values); (e) method for the power loss evaluation in the LIM reaction rail and the temperature rise prediction method of a traction LIM; and (f) discussion of the performance of the superconducting LIM. The addressed research topics have been chosen for their practical impact on the advancement of a LIM as the preferred urban transport propulsion motor.
Ryszard Palka; Konrad Woronowicz. Linear Induction Motors in Transportation Systems. Energies 2021, 14, 2549 .
AMA StyleRyszard Palka, Konrad Woronowicz. Linear Induction Motors in Transportation Systems. Energies. 2021; 14 (9):2549.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyszard Palka; Konrad Woronowicz. 2021. "Linear Induction Motors in Transportation Systems." Energies 14, no. 9: 2549.
The paper deals with nonlinear simulation models of a drive consisting of the four-phase 8/6 doubly salient switched reluctance motor (SRM), the four-phase dissymmetric bridge power converter and the closed-cycle rotor speed control strategy carried out by the pulse width modulation (PWM) with variable angle and combined control scheme with the PI algorithm. All presented considerations are based on a MATLAB-SIMULINK platform. The nonlinear mathematical model of the analyzed SRM drive was obtained as a combination of the two dimensional (2D) finite element model (FEM) of the motor and the nonlinear model of the electrical network of the power supply circuit. The main model and its seven sub-modules, such as the controller module, one phase simulation module, rotor position angle transformation module, power system module, phase current operation module, “subsystem” module, and electromagnetic torque of one phase operation module, are described. MATLAB functions store the magnetization curves data of the motor obtained by the 2D FEM electromagnetic field calculations, as well as the data of magnetic co-energy curves of the motor calculated from the magnetization curves. The 2D specimen insert method is adopted in MATLAB functions for operating the flux linkage and the magnetic co-energy at the given phase current and rotor position. The phase current waveforms obtained during simulations match with the tested experimentally phases current waveforms at the same rotor speed and the same load basically. The simulated rotor speed curves also agree with the experimental rotor speed curves. This means that the method of suggested nonlinear simulation models of the analyzed SRM drive is correct, and the model is accurate.
Xing Wang; Ryszard Palka; Marcin Wardach. Nonlinear Digital Simulation Models of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive. Energies 2020, 13, 6715 .
AMA StyleXing Wang, Ryszard Palka, Marcin Wardach. Nonlinear Digital Simulation Models of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive. Energies. 2020; 13 (24):6715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXing Wang; Ryszard Palka; Marcin Wardach. 2020. "Nonlinear Digital Simulation Models of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive." Energies 13, no. 24: 6715.
The paper deals with the overview of different designs of hybrid excited electrical machines, i.e., those with conventional permanent magnets excitation and additional DC-powered electromagnetic systems in the excitation circuit. The paper presents the most common topologies for this type of machines found in the literature—they were divided according to their electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Against this background, the designs of hybrid excited machines that were the subject of scientific research of the authors are presented.
Marcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Pawel Prajzendanc; Tomasz Zarebski. Modern Hybrid Excited Electric Machines. Energies 2020, 13, 5910 .
AMA StyleMarcin Wardach, Ryszard Palka, Piotr Paplicki, Pawel Prajzendanc, Tomasz Zarebski. Modern Hybrid Excited Electric Machines. Energies. 2020; 13 (22):5910.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Pawel Prajzendanc; Tomasz Zarebski. 2020. "Modern Hybrid Excited Electric Machines." Energies 13, no. 22: 5910.
The paper presents an unconventional approach to control the hybrid excited synchronous machine (HESM), which can be used for drives of pure electric vehicles. The hybrid excitation of the additional control coil placed on the rotor of the machine has been realized by the wireless energy transfer system connected with the rotor shaft. Experimental results of back-EMF characteristics obtained on a prototype of HESM were compared with 3-dimentional finite elements analysis (3D-FEA) predictions. This design, despite some additional complications in the power supply system of the machine, simplifies the mechanical construction and reduces the control coil’s losses compared to the construction with the coil placed on the stator.
Marcin Wardach; Michal Bonislawski; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Pawel Prajzendanc. Hybrid Excited Synchronous Machine with Wireless Supply Control System. Energies 2019, 12, 3153 .
AMA StyleMarcin Wardach, Michal Bonislawski, Ryszard Palka, Piotr Paplicki, Pawel Prajzendanc. Hybrid Excited Synchronous Machine with Wireless Supply Control System. Energies. 2019; 12 (16):3153.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Wardach; Michal Bonislawski; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Pawel Prajzendanc. 2019. "Hybrid Excited Synchronous Machine with Wireless Supply Control System." Energies 12, no. 16: 3153.
Piotr Paplicki; Ryszard Palka; Marcin Wardach; Pawel Prajzendanc; Maria Evelina Mognaschi. Hybrid excited electric machine with axial flux bridges. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2019, 59, 703 -711.
AMA StylePiotr Paplicki, Ryszard Palka, Marcin Wardach, Pawel Prajzendanc, Maria Evelina Mognaschi. Hybrid excited electric machine with axial flux bridges. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2019; 59 (2):703-711.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Paplicki; Ryszard Palka; Marcin Wardach; Pawel Prajzendanc; Maria Evelina Mognaschi. 2019. "Hybrid excited electric machine with axial flux bridges." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 59, no. 2: 703-711.
Background: The paper deals with the modelling of a traction Linear Induction Motor (LIM) for public transportation. Typical problems arising from the electromagnetic finite element model development are described. The end effect causes asymmetry of phase impedances of the LIM. Because of that, if the LIM is supplied from the voltage inverter, which is usually the case, the phase currents become asymmetric. This causes performance calculation discrepancies in models that assume phase current symmetry. Aim: The aim of the paper is to develop a method for calculating the imbalanced three-phase LIM currents to precisely predict the LIM performance. Methods: Here, a method is developed to calculate the LIM phase current asymmetry by means of a self-developed electromagnetic finite element program – ELMAG, capable of adapting mesh generation based on Reynolds, Péclet and skin-depth numbers. Results: The calculated asymmetric currents are used in a real size traction LIM calculation in COMSOL, to derive the performance characteristics for comparison with the results achieved when supplying the LLIM with the symmetric three phase current. Conclusion: These results show that the natural asymmetry of the currents is an important factor that must be considered in appropriately calculating the LIM performance.
Ryszard Palka; Konrad Woronowicz; Jan Kotwas. Current mode performance of a traction linear induction motor driven from the voltage converter. Transportation Systems and Technology 2018, 4, 105 -114.
AMA StyleRyszard Palka, Konrad Woronowicz, Jan Kotwas. Current mode performance of a traction linear induction motor driven from the voltage converter. Transportation Systems and Technology. 2018; 4 (3 suppl. 1):105-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyszard Palka; Konrad Woronowicz; Jan Kotwas. 2018. "Current mode performance of a traction linear induction motor driven from the voltage converter." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 3 suppl. 1: 105-114.
Issue: The potential health risks on passengers and the environment related to electromagnetic fields caused by the operation of electrically driven high speed transportation systems has become a major issue. Especially the magnetic flux density or induction can generate physiological effects in body tissues. Aim: In this paper, we compare calculated and experimental values of electromagnetic fields in rail-wheel systems such as ICE with the Maglev-systems Transrapid and the JR Maglev-system, based on available data. Method: To estimate the impact on passengers, the field contributions generated by the power supply system as well as by the drive and suspension systems are taken into account. For the comparison, the peak values of the electromagnetic fields have been considered. Results: The results show, that there are no health risks from the electric fields. Regarding the magnetic induction, the calculated the peak values remain well below the limits given by national regulations. In the case of the Transrapid and the JR Maglev system, the measured peak values in the environment and inside the vehicle depend on the levitation and the guidance technology and the geometrical parameters. The JR Maglev system requires effective magnetic shielding measures which are connected with heavy materials. Since such materials may have a negative influence on the energy balance and the economics of operation, R&D efforts are focusing on the optimization of materials and the structure of shields. Conclusion: In high speed transportation systems there are no potential risks from electrical fields. Regarding magnetic fields, the induction generated by the power supply and the drive system remain well below the frequency dependent limits. The situation is different for magnetic levitation systems, depending on the suspension and guidance technology. Especially the JR Maglev requires effective shielding measures. The shielding materials may have a negative impact on the energy balance.
Roland Kircher; Johannes Klühspies; Ryszard Palka; Eckert Fritz; Kenji Eiler; Michael Witt. Electromagnetic fields related to high speed transportation systems. Transportation Systems and Technology 2018, 4, 152 -166.
AMA StyleRoland Kircher, Johannes Klühspies, Ryszard Palka, Eckert Fritz, Kenji Eiler, Michael Witt. Electromagnetic fields related to high speed transportation systems. Transportation Systems and Technology. 2018; 4 (2):152-166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoland Kircher; Johannes Klühspies; Ryszard Palka; Eckert Fritz; Kenji Eiler; Michael Witt. 2018. "Electromagnetic fields related to high speed transportation systems." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 2: 152-166.
Marcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Michal Bonislawski. Novel hybrid excited machine with flux barriers in rotor structure. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 2018, 37, 1489 -1499.
AMA StyleMarcin Wardach, Ryszard Palka, Piotr Paplicki, Michal Bonislawski. Novel hybrid excited machine with flux barriers in rotor structure. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering. 2018; 37 (4):1489-1499.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Michal Bonislawski. 2018. "Novel hybrid excited machine with flux barriers in rotor structure." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 4: 1489-1499.
The paper presents selected results of the 3D finite element analysis (3D-FEA) and experimental validations of a hybrid excited synchronous machine which contains magnetic barriers and permanent magnets inside the rotor. In the paper machine torque, no-load magnetic flux linkage, back-EMF, efficiency maps and field control (FC) characteristics have been presented and described. Moreover FC characteristics depending on machine DC control coil excitation have been estimated. Results of the 3D-FEA were compared with real measurements for validation purposes.
Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Marcin Wardach; Michal Bonislawski. Hybrid Excited Machine for Electric Vehicles Propulsion. 2018 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME) 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleRyszard Palka, Piotr Paplicki, Marcin Wardach, Michal Bonislawski. Hybrid Excited Machine for Electric Vehicles Propulsion. 2018 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME). 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Marcin Wardach; Michal Bonislawski. 2018. "Hybrid Excited Machine for Electric Vehicles Propulsion." 2018 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME) , no. : 1-5.
Purpose This paper aims to present a method for calculating electromagnetic fields, eddy currents and forces for a quasi-static two-dimensional (2-D) model of linear induction motors (LIMs) where the primary side is modeled as a collection of individual coils. Design/methodology/approach An analytical solution using Fourier series is derived for a general source with current excitations residing in an airgap and moving relative to a conducting plate and back iron. Ideal magnetic material with infinite permeability is used to model the primary iron above the primary source and the back iron below the conducting plate. Findings The analytical solution is compared to a commercial 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) simulation for validation and then compared to a 2-D FEA model with a more detailed geometry of the LIM. The analytical model accurately predicts LIM thrust even though the geometry of the primary core is simplified as an infinitely long flat slab. 2-D frequency FEA can be used successfully to predict in motion LIM performance. Originality/value The analytical solution presented here models the primary excitations as individual discrete coils instead of current sheets, which all existing models are based on. The discrete coils approach provides a more intuitive and realistic model of the LIM.
Konrad Woronowicz; Majd Abdelqader; Ryszard Palka; Jordan Morelli. 2-D quasi-static Fourier series solution for a linear induction motor. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 2018, 37, 1099 -1109.
AMA StyleKonrad Woronowicz, Majd Abdelqader, Ryszard Palka, Jordan Morelli. 2-D quasi-static Fourier series solution for a linear induction motor. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering. 2018; 37 (3):1099-1109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonrad Woronowicz; Majd Abdelqader; Ryszard Palka; Jordan Morelli. 2018. "2-D quasi-static Fourier series solution for a linear induction motor." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 3: 1099-1109.
In this paper, an U-shape flux barrier rotor concept for a hybrid excited synchronous machine with flux magnetic bridges fixed on the rotor is presented. Using 3D finite element analysis, the influence of axial flux bridges on the field-weakening and -strengthening characteristics, electromagnetic torque, no-load magnetic flux linkage, rotor iron losses and back electromotive force is shown. Three different rotor designs are analyzed. Furthermore, the field control characteristics depending on additional DC control coil currents are shown.
Marcin Wardach; Piotr Paplicki; Ryszard Palka. A Hybrid Excited Machine with Flux Barriers and Magnetic Bridges. Energies 2018, 11, 676 .
AMA StyleMarcin Wardach, Piotr Paplicki, Ryszard Palka. A Hybrid Excited Machine with Flux Barriers and Magnetic Bridges. Energies. 2018; 11 (3):676.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Wardach; Piotr Paplicki; Ryszard Palka. 2018. "A Hybrid Excited Machine with Flux Barriers and Magnetic Bridges." Energies 11, no. 3: 676.
The paper includes simulation results of the Hybrid Excited Claw Pole Generator with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets. The test machine has claw poles on two rotor sections, between which an excitation control coil is placed. The novelty of this machine is existence of non-skewed permanent magnets on claws of one part of the rotor and skewed permanent magnets on the second one. The paper presents the construction of the machine and analysis of the influence of the PM skewing on the cogging torque and back-emf. Simulation studies have shown that during increasing of skew angle the cogging torque first decreases, achieves a minimal value when skew angle is 9°, and then increases.
Marcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka. Hybrid claw pole machine with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets on rotor. 2017 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) Book of Abstracts 2017, 1 -2.
AMA StyleMarcin Wardach, Ryszard Palka. Hybrid claw pole machine with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets on rotor. 2017 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) Book of Abstracts. 2017; ():1-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka. 2017. "Hybrid claw pole machine with skewed and non-skewed permanent magnets on rotor." 2017 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) Book of Abstracts , no. : 1-2.
The paper presents a novel rotor design with U-shape flux barriers concept for a hybrid excited synchronous machine with flux magnetic bridges. Based on 3D finite element analysis the influence of axial flux bridges on the field-weakening characteristics of the machine is estimated and compared with experimental results. Moreover, harmonics spectrum of the air-gap flux density, no-load magnetic flux linkage and back electromotive force for three rotor designs are reported in comparison. Additionally, the field-control characteristics versus DC control coil current of the machine are shown.
Marcin Wardach; Piotr Paplicki; Ryszard Palka. U-shape flux barriers and axial flux magnetic bridges in rotor of hybrid excited machine. 2017 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) Book of Abstracts 2017, 1 -2.
AMA StyleMarcin Wardach, Piotr Paplicki, Ryszard Palka. U-shape flux barriers and axial flux magnetic bridges in rotor of hybrid excited machine. 2017 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) Book of Abstracts. 2017; ():1-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Wardach; Piotr Paplicki; Ryszard Palka. 2017. "U-shape flux barriers and axial flux magnetic bridges in rotor of hybrid excited machine." 2017 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) Book of Abstracts , no. : 1-2.
A technique for stabilization of resonant frequency is proposed in this paper. An additional power circuit, a compensator that allows keeping constant resonance frequency was introduced by the authors. In the presented solution the resonant circuit frequency stabilization is achieved by forcing a zero phase shift between the current and the voltage of the main switching module.
M. Marcinek; M. Hołub; S. Kalisiak; R. Pałka. Resonant frequency stabilization technique in series-series contactless energy transfer systems. Archives of Electrical Engineering 2017, 66, 547 -558.
AMA StyleM. Marcinek, M. Hołub, S. Kalisiak, R. Pałka. Resonant frequency stabilization technique in series-series contactless energy transfer systems. Archives of Electrical Engineering. 2017; 66 (3):547-558.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Marcinek; M. Hołub; S. Kalisiak; R. Pałka. 2017. "Resonant frequency stabilization technique in series-series contactless energy transfer systems." Archives of Electrical Engineering 66, no. 3: 547-558.
M. Marcinek; M. Holub; S. Kalisiak; R. Palka. A primary side compensator for inductive, contactless energy transfer systems with output power stabilization. 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe) 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleM. Marcinek, M. Holub, S. Kalisiak, R. Palka. A primary side compensator for inductive, contactless energy transfer systems with output power stabilization. 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe). 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Marcinek; M. Holub; S. Kalisiak; R. Palka. 2017. "A primary side compensator for inductive, contactless energy transfer systems with output power stabilization." 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe) , no. : 1.
The paper presents an electrical machine prototype with embedded permanent magnets and magnetic barriers for electric motorcycle drive. The selected experimental results in comparison with simulation results carried out by using Ansys Maxwell have also been presented. Individual stages of design and construction of the proposed machine have been reported. The aim of the work was to build and test the electrical machine with permanent magnet dedicated to the electric vehicle drive. The machine should have a high ratio of inductances in the q-axis to the d-axis, low values of cogging torque and low torque ripple. On the basis of simulation study, carried out for different topologies, the selection of rotor structure with the favorite magnetic parameters has been done. The prototype machine was built based on the stator and housing of commercial 6.3 kW induction motor.
Marcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Pawel Grochocki; Pawel Prajzendanc; Lukasz Mackiewicz. Research of IPM electrical machine with flux barriers. 2017 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME) 2017, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMarcin Wardach, Ryszard Palka, Piotr Paplicki, Pawel Grochocki, Pawel Prajzendanc, Lukasz Mackiewicz. Research of IPM electrical machine with flux barriers. 2017 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME). 2017; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcin Wardach; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Pawel Grochocki; Pawel Prajzendanc; Lukasz Mackiewicz. 2017. "Research of IPM electrical machine with flux barriers." 2017 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME) , no. : 1-6.
This paper presents a simulation and experimental results for Dead-Beat predictive controller that have been applied in PMSM control system. Efficiency and current maps have been defined as well as all main parameters that occur in commonly used dq models.
Rafal Piotuch; Ryszard Palka. Dead-Beat predictive current controller for PMSM. 2017 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME) 2017, 1 -5.
AMA StyleRafal Piotuch, Ryszard Palka. Dead-Beat predictive current controller for PMSM. 2017 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME). 2017; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafal Piotuch; Ryszard Palka. 2017. "Dead-Beat predictive current controller for PMSM." 2017 International Symposium on Electrical Machines (SME) , no. : 1-5.
A method is presented for calculating the electromagnetic fields, forces and current density distribution using Fourier series for a two dimensional quasi steady state model consisting of a conducting uniform plate moving relative to an arbitrary current source with time harmonic excitation. The presented solution is valid for an arbitrary source. A specific source is chosen consisting of a single coil made up of two time-harmonic current filaments. The solutions are derived and presented in a form that allows its expansion to include an arbitrary number of spatially shifted coils conducting arbitrary harmonic currents. The analytical solution is compared to simulations produced using commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ANSYS Maxwell2D and COMSOL, and is found to be in good agreement. The analytical solution provides a direct method to analyze the spatial harmonics in the system, and can be computationally significantly faster especially at high relative speeds between the primary source and conducting plate. The presented Fourier series solution is applied to simple 2-D model of a single coil with AC current excitation moving relative to a conducting plate. An analytical solution and analysis of this system has not been presented before, to our knowledge, using Fourier series or any other method.
Majd Abdelqader; Jordan Morelli; Ryszard Palka; Konrad Woronowicz. 2-D quasi-static solution of a coil in relative motion to a conducting plate. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 2017, 36, 1 .
AMA StyleMajd Abdelqader, Jordan Morelli, Ryszard Palka, Konrad Woronowicz. 2-D quasi-static solution of a coil in relative motion to a conducting plate. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering. 2017; 36 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajd Abdelqader; Jordan Morelli; Ryszard Palka; Konrad Woronowicz. 2017. "2-D quasi-static solution of a coil in relative motion to a conducting plate." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 36, no. 4: 1.
Paolo Di Barba; Maria Evelina Mognaschi; Michal Bonislawski; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Rafal Piotuch; Marcin Wardach. Hybrid excited synchronous machine with flux control possibility. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2016, 52, 1615 -1622.
AMA StylePaolo Di Barba, Maria Evelina Mognaschi, Michal Bonislawski, Ryszard Palka, Piotr Paplicki, Rafal Piotuch, Marcin Wardach. Hybrid excited synchronous machine with flux control possibility. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2016; 52 (3-4):1615-1622.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaolo Di Barba; Maria Evelina Mognaschi; Michal Bonislawski; Ryszard Palka; Piotr Paplicki; Rafal Piotuch; Marcin Wardach. 2016. "Hybrid excited synchronous machine with flux control possibility." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 52, no. 3-4: 1615-1622.
Ryszard Pałka. Loss calculation method for hybrid excited machines. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 2016, 1, 127 -130.
AMA StyleRyszard Pałka. Loss calculation method for hybrid excited machines. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY. 2016; 1 (12):127-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyszard Pałka. 2016. "Loss calculation method for hybrid excited machines." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 12: 127-130.