This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, body weight gain, carcass yield, physiological and urinary parameters, and creep-feeding method effectiveness. For this trial, 43 male lambs were used, Dorper × Santa Inês, with an average initial body weight of 7.95 kg, 15 days old. Lambs were distributed in a randomized block design. Five experimental diets were provided: Without supplementation, with supplementation but without the use of castor bean meal, and with gradual levels of replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal (33%, 67%, and 100%). Higher values of DMI and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) were observed for animals that received supplements. The milk intake did not differ among the diets. The DMD showed a linear effect, while NDFD had a quadratic effect, depending on castor bean meal inclusion. The carcass yield did not differ between experimental diets. There was no significant effect on the urinary volume and metabolites investigated. In conclusion, the replacement of soybean meal by detoxified castor bean meal does not compromise animals’ development. Besides, the creep-feeding method positively affects lamb development, with higher body weight gain for supplemented animals.

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not changed by inclusion of castor meal in the diet. Feed efficiency, expressed in grams DM and NDF per hour, was not influenced by castor meal inclusion in the diet. Rumination efficiency expressed in g DM h?1 decreased, but was not affected when expressed in g NDF h?1. Total replacement of soybean meal by castor meal in the concentrate does not affect the feeding time or feed efficiency of feedlot sheep, but leads to a small reduction of their rumination efficiency. Thus, we recommend the inclusion of castor meal in sheep diets at the levels tested in this study.

A produção de gado de leiteiro no sul do Brasil ocorre em grande parte em sistema de semi ou completo confinamento dos animais, o que gera uma produção significativa de resíduos. Os resíduos gerados vêm sendo utilizados como única fonte de nutrientes ou associados a fontes minerais na produção de grãos e silagem, mas sua influência nas características de solo não tem sido bem caracterizada. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de doses de adubação com esterco líquido de gado leiteiro, associadas com adubação mineral, sobre os níveis de P, K, C e condutividade elétrica (CE) de um Latossolo Bruno, em sistema plantio direto e rotação de culturas de inverno e verão (sorgo/aveia-preta/milho/azevém/milho/azevém), para produção de silagem, nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-50 e 50-80 cm de profundidade. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em três blocos casualizados, divididos em 12 parcelas cada bloco, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 4, sendo três níveis de adubação mineral (0, 50 e 100 % da dose recomendada para as culturas) e quatro níveis de adubação orgânica (0, 30, 60 e 90 m³ ha-1 ano-1). A adubação mineral proporcionou maiores valores de P disponível (Mehlich-1 e resina) até a profundidade de 10 cm, dada a adição em profundidade pela plantadeira, enquanto, com esterco aplicado em superfície, os maiores valores ficaram restritos à profundidade de 0-5 cm. Constatou-se esgotamento de K ao longo do perfil devido à elevada extração via silagem, tendo o esterco líquido aplicado uma relação linear com teor de K disponível, em todas as profundidades analisadas. A ausência de efeito da adubação mineral sobre o K deve-se, provavelmente, à baixa dose de K adicionada. Foi observada relação direta entre doses de esterco e teores de C orgânico na camada de 0-5 cm, o mesmo não sendo observado quando do uso de adubo mineral. Baixos valores de CE sugerem grande exportação de nutrientes pela produção de silagem. Os resultados obtidos indicam que não houve movimentação significativa de P no perfil do Latossolo, mesmo após seis anos sob altas doses de esterco de gado leiteiro, e que o K aplicado via esterco e adubação mineral não é suficiente para manter os níveis deste nutriente em sistemas em que a extração de K pela silagem é alta. Nessas situações, o aumento dos teores de C orgânico é restrito à camada superficial do solo em plantio direto e diretamente relacionado com a dose de esterco aplicada.

The aim of this study was to analyze the economic viability of producing dairy goat kids fed liquid diets in alternative of goat milk and slaughtered at two different ages. Forty-eight male newborn Saanen and Alpine kids were selected and allocated to four groups using a completely randomized factorial design: goat milk (GM), cow milk (CM), commercial milk replacer (CMR) and fermented cow colostrum (FC). Each group was then divided into two groups: slaughter at 60 and 90 days of age. The animals received Tifton hay and concentrate ad libitum. The values of total costs of liquid and solid feed plus labor, income and average gross margin were calculated. The data were then analyzed using the Monte Carlo techniques with the @Risk 5.5 software, with 1000 iterations of the variables being studied through the model. The kids fed GM and CMR generated negative profitability values when slaughtered at 60 days (US$ −16.4 and US$ −2.17, respectively) and also at 90 days (US$ −30.8 and US$ −0.18, respectively). The risk analysis showed that there is a 98% probability that profitability would be negative when GM is used. In this regard, CM and FC presented low risk when the kids were slaughtered at 60 days (8.5% and 21.2%, respectively) and an even lower risk when animals were slaughtered at 90 days (5.2% and 3.8%, respectively). The kids fed CM and slaughtered at 90 days presented the highest average gross income (US$ 67.88) and also average gross margin (US$ 18.43/animal). For the 60-day rearing regime to be economically viable, the CMR cost should not exceed 11.47% of the animal-selling price. This implies that the replacer cannot cost more than US$ 0.39 and 0.43/kg for the 60- and 90-day feeding regimes, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the variables with the greatest impact on the final model’s results were animal selling price, liquid diet cost, final weight at slaughter and labor. In conclusion, the production of male dairy goat kids can be economically viable when the kids diet consists mainly of either cow milk or fermented colostrum, especially when kids are slaughtered at 90 days of age.