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Davood Moshir Panahi
School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran

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Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Estimating evapotranspiration (ET), the main water output flux within basins, is an important step in assessing hydrological changes and water availability. However, direct measurements of ET are challenging, especially for large regions. Global products now provide gridded estimates of ET at different temporal resolution, each with its own method of estimating ET based on various data sources. This study investigates the differences between ERA5, GLEAM, and GLDAS datasets of estimated ET at gridded points across Iran, and their accuracy in comparison with reference ET. The spatial and temporal discrepancies between datasets are identified, as well as their co-variation with forcing variables. The ET reference values used to check the accuracy of the datasets were based on the water balance (ETwb) from Iran’s main basins, and co-variation of estimated errors for each product with forcing drivers of ET. The results indicate that ETERA5 provides higher base average values and lower maximum annual average values than ETGLEAM. Temporal changes at the annual scale are similar for GLEAM, ERA5, and GLDAS datasets, but differences at seasonal and monthly time scales are identified. Some discrepancies are also recorded in ET spatial distribution, but generally, all datasets provide similarities, e.g., for humid regions basins. ETERA5 has a higher correlation with available energy than available water, while ETGLEAM has higher correlation with available water, and ETGLDAS does not correlate with none of these drivers. Based on the comparison of ETERA5 and ETGLEAM with ETwb, both have similar errors in spatial distribution, while ETGLDAS provided over and under estimations in northern and southern basins, respectively, compared to them (ETERA5 and ETGLEAM). All three datasets provide better ET estimates (values closer to ETWB) in hyper-arid and arid regions from central to eastern Iran than in the humid areas. Thus, the GLEAM, ERA5, and GLDAS datasets are more suitable for estimating ET for arid rather than humid basins in Iran.

ACS Style

Davood Moshir Panahi; Sadegh Sadeghi Tabas; Zahra Kalantari; Carla Ferreira; Bagher Zahabiyoun. Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Global Gridded Evapotranspiration Datasets across Iran. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1816 .

AMA Style

Davood Moshir Panahi, Sadegh Sadeghi Tabas, Zahra Kalantari, Carla Ferreira, Bagher Zahabiyoun. Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Global Gridded Evapotranspiration Datasets across Iran. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (9):1816.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davood Moshir Panahi; Sadegh Sadeghi Tabas; Zahra Kalantari; Carla Ferreira; Bagher Zahabiyoun. 2021. "Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Global Gridded Evapotranspiration Datasets across Iran." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9: 1816.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Water
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Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran is the largest lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world. The water level in Lake Urmia has decreased dramatically in recent years, due to drought, climate change, and the overuse of water resources for irrigation. This shrinking of the lake may affect local climate conditions, assuming that the lake itself affects the local climate. In this study, we quantified the lake’s impact on the local climate by analyzing hourly time series of data on climate variables (temperature, vapor pressure, relative humidity, evaporation, and dewpoint temperature for all seasons, and local lake/land breezes in summer) for the period 1961–2016. For this, we compared high quality, long-term climate data obtained from Urmia and Saqez meteorological stations, located 30 km and 185 km from the lake center, respectively. We then investigated the effect of lake level decrease on the climate variables by dividing the data into periods 1961–1995 (normal lake level) and 1996–2016 (low lake level). The results showed that at Urmia station (close to the lake), climate parameters displayed fewer fluctuations and were evidently affected by Lake Urmia compared with those at Saqez station. The effects of the lake on the local climate increased with increasing temperature, with the most significant impact in summer and the least in winter. The results also indicated that, despite decreasing lake level, local climate conditions are still influenced by Lake Urmia, but to a lesser extent.

ACS Style

Amir Hossein Dehghanipour; Davood Moshir Panahi; Hossein Mousavi; Zahra Kalantari; Massoud Tajrishy. Effects of Water Level Decline in Lake Urmia, Iran, on Local Climate Conditions. Water 2020, 12, 2153 .

AMA Style

Amir Hossein Dehghanipour, Davood Moshir Panahi, Hossein Mousavi, Zahra Kalantari, Massoud Tajrishy. Effects of Water Level Decline in Lake Urmia, Iran, on Local Climate Conditions. Water. 2020; 12 (8):2153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Hossein Dehghanipour; Davood Moshir Panahi; Hossein Mousavi; Zahra Kalantari; Massoud Tajrishy. 2020. "Effects of Water Level Decline in Lake Urmia, Iran, on Local Climate Conditions." Water 12, no. 8: 2153.

Preprint
Published: 09 July 2020
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Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran is the largest lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world. The water level in Lake Urmia has decreased dramatically in recent years, due to drought, climate change, and overuse of water resources for irrigation. This shrinking of the lake may affect local climate conditions, assuming that the lake itself affects the local climate. In this study, we quantified the lake’s impact on the local climate by analyzing hourly time series of data on climate variables (temperature, vapor pressure, relative humidity, evaporation, and dewpoint temperature for all seasons, and local lake/land breezes in summer) for the period 1961-2016. For this, we compared high quality, long-term climate data obtained from Urmia and Saqez meteorological stations, located 30 km and 185 km from the lake center, respectively. We then investigated the effect of lake level decrease on the climate variables by dividing the data into 1961-1995 (normal lake level) and 1996-2016 (low lake level). The results showed that at Urmia station (close to the lake), climate parameters displayed fewer fluctuations and were evidently affected by Lake Urmia compared with those at Saqez station. The effects of the lake on the local climate increased with increasing temperature, with the most significant impact in summer and the least in winter. The results also indicated that, despite decreasing lake level, local climate conditions are still influenced by Lake Urmia, but to a lesser extent.

ACS Style

Amir Hossein Dehghanipour; Davood Moshir Panahi; Hossein Mousavi; Zahra Kalantari; Massoud Tajrishy. Effects of Water Level Decline in Lake Urmia, Iran, on Local Climate Conditions. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Amir Hossein Dehghanipour, Davood Moshir Panahi, Hossein Mousavi, Zahra Kalantari, Massoud Tajrishy. Effects of Water Level Decline in Lake Urmia, Iran, on Local Climate Conditions. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Hossein Dehghanipour; Davood Moshir Panahi; Hossein Mousavi; Zahra Kalantari; Massoud Tajrishy. 2020. "Effects of Water Level Decline in Lake Urmia, Iran, on Local Climate Conditions." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Comprehensive assessment of hydro-climatic variations and change trends is essential for understanding, mitigating, and adapting to key water resource changes in different parts of the world. We performed such an assessment on Iran, as representative of an arid/semi-arid and geopolitically important world region. We acquired and calculated data time series of surface temperature (T), precipitation (P), runoff (R), evapotranspiration (ET), and water storage change (DS), to determine their status and changes in and among the 30 main hydrological basins in Iran over the period 1986–2016. From 1986–2000 to 2001–2016, the country warmed, P mostly decreased and R even more so, while water storage was depleted (DS < 0) and ET increased in some basins. Overall, the extra water provided from primarily groundwater depletion has fed and kept ET at levels beyond those sustained by the annually renewable water input from P. This indicates unsustainable use of water for maintaining and expanding human activities, such as irrigated agriculture, in this part of the world.

ACS Style

Davood Moshir Panahi; Zahra Kalantari; Navid Ghajarnia; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Georgia Destouni. Variability and change in the hydro-climate and water resources of Iran over a recent 30-year period. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 7450 -9.

AMA Style

Davood Moshir Panahi, Zahra Kalantari, Navid Ghajarnia, Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Georgia Destouni. Variability and change in the hydro-climate and water resources of Iran over a recent 30-year period. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):7450-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davood Moshir Panahi; Zahra Kalantari; Navid Ghajarnia; Samaneh Seifollahi-Aghmiuni; Georgia Destouni. 2020. "Variability and change in the hydro-climate and water resources of Iran over a recent 30-year period." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 7450-9.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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The status of natural water bodies in terms of water quality and quantity can be considered a criterion for the environmental status of their upstream catchment. The presence of natural water bodies with good condition can be a sign proper of water resource management activities in the upstream catchment for sustainable development. Iran has been undergoing a rapid development process in recent decades. Nowadays, in most water bodies in Iran, the water level has been decreased and even disappeared in some cases. Lake Urmia is a well-known example of drying lakes in Iran. This study aims at identifying the main effective drivers in drying up of the main lakes in Iran.

Iran is a country with an approximate area of 1,648,000 km2 that has an arid and semi-arid climate with an average precipitation of 311 mm/year. The most important water bodies in Iran are Lake Urmia and Maharloo, Hoor-al-Azim and Gavkhuni Wetlands, and Gorgan Bay. This study focuses on the mentioned waterbodies and upstream catchment information.

At first, climate conditions and changes such as drought and changes in their properties are studied to find the answer to this question. Then, non-climatic factors and their changes such as urban/rural population changes, industrial growth, agricultural changes such as land area, crop yield, and the type of irrigation were studied. To achieve this purpose, the time series of the surface level of these five waterbodies was measured using satellite images. Then the time of significant changes in the time series of the surface level of each waterbody was determined using the Pettit test. As a result, the time interval for each waterbody was divided into a two-time span, before and after the change point. This created a time interval for climatic and non-climatic comparisons to identify effective factors.

The climatic data from the synoptic stations located in and around each waterbody catchment have been used to study the climatic conditions, and the sum of precipitation and mean temperature have been evaluated as the main climate parameters along with the SPIE drought index and characteristic changes. In order to evaluate effective non-climatic factors, changes in urban/rural population factors, agricultural land level, the number of agricultural products, and industrial units were used based on official statistics.

The results of this study indicate that the year of significant changes in the time series of lakes was between 1996 and 2001. Crop yield change growth was the main factor in the upstream catchment of all lakes as a result of changes in the irrigation patterns.

ACS Style

Davood Moshir Panahi; Saeid Aminjafari; Bagher Zahabiyon. Why water bodies of Iran have been dried up? 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Davood Moshir Panahi, Saeid Aminjafari, Bagher Zahabiyon. Why water bodies of Iran have been dried up? . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davood Moshir Panahi; Saeid Aminjafari; Bagher Zahabiyon. 2020. "Why water bodies of Iran have been dried up?" , no. : 1.