Spices have been known for their various health activities; however, they also possess the allergic potential for the respiratory system and the skin as they are fine particulate matter. Persons involved in spice agriculture and food industries are at greater risk since they are exposed to a considerable amount of combustible dust, which may be the cause of fire and explosion and adversely affect the health. These workers may experience allergy, long-term and short-term respiratory issues including occupational asthma, dermatitis, etc. Some spices induce T cell-based inflammatory reaction upon contact recognition of the antigen. Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) on binding to the causative metabolite results in activation of macrophages by allergen cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 and tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF). Cross-reactivity for protein allergens is another factor which seems to be a significant trigger for the stimulation of allergic reactions. Thus, it was imperative to perform a systematic review along with bioinformatics based representation of some evident allergens has been done to identify the overall conservation of epitopes. In the present manuscript, we have covered a multifold approach, i.e., to categorize the spice particles based on a clear understanding about nature, origin, mechanisms; to assess metabolic reactions of the particles after exposure as well as knowledge on the conditions of exposure along with associated potential health effects. Another aim of this study is to provide some suggestions to prevent and to control the exposure up to some extent.

Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), is a major global health concern, contributing to various acute and chronic diseases. PM₂.₅ induces oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. In India, energy practices significantly contribute to both indoor and outdoor air pollution, highlighting the need for sustainable solutions. Increasing interest in natural therapeutics, particularly medicinal plants, has emerged due to their anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties. This review explores the therapeutic potential of nine selected medicinal plants (Passiflora incarnata, Withania somnifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spinacia oleracea, Piper betle, Annona squamosa, Aegle marmelos, Matricaria chamomilla, Ocimum sanctum) and their phytoconstituents in mitigating inflammation and anxiety related to air pollution exposure. Through bibliometric analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis, we evaluate their mechanisms of action, focusing on molecular pathways like cytokine modulation, NF-κB signaling, antioxidant defense, and neurophysiological regulation. The findings highlight the potential of these plants in addressing both systemic and neurological effects of pollution. However, challenges remain in standardizing dosages and conducting long-term clinical studies. Future research should prioritize dosage standardization, synergistic phytochemical interactions, and extensive clinical trials to optimize their therapeutic use in air pollution-related health issues.