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T. Kokolakakis
Sport Industry Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK

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Journal article
Published: 02 August 2021 in Public Health
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This study aimed to evaluate whether the falls prevention programme Dance to Health provides the health system with an effective and cost-effective means to address the issue of older people's falls. This study used a pre-post design; that is, the same assessment measures were used both before and after the programme. Analysis and modelling were conducted using monitoring data (frequencies including session attendance, falls, general practitioner (GP) and hospital visits), comprehensive financial information (including all costs related to the delivery of Dance to Health), and the Public Health England economic model: ‘A return on investment tool for falls prevention programmes in older people based in the community’. Findings from the research show that under the suggested health intervention, there was a 58% reduction in the number of falls. Furthermore, the results also demonstrate that Dance to Health offers a potential cost saving of more than £196m over a 2-year period, of which £158m is a potential cost saving for the NHS. The evidence outlines that Dance to Health offers the health system a cost-effective means to address the issue of older people's falls and most importantly a method that produces strong results in terms of falls prevention.

ACS Style

S. Goldsmith; T. Kokolakakis. A cost-effectiveness evaluation of Dance to Health: a dance-based falls prevention exercise programme in England. Public Health 2021, 198, 17 -21.

AMA Style

S. Goldsmith, T. Kokolakakis. A cost-effectiveness evaluation of Dance to Health: a dance-based falls prevention exercise programme in England. Public Health. 2021; 198 ():17-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Goldsmith; T. Kokolakakis. 2021. "A cost-effectiveness evaluation of Dance to Health: a dance-based falls prevention exercise programme in England." Public Health 198, no. : 17-21.

Research article
Published: 17 June 2021 in European Sport Management Quarterly
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Can evidence of trickle-down-effects be observed among youth living in the hometowns of Canadian athletes that competed and/or won medals at the London 2012 Olympic Games? Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) rates of male and female youth were extracted from the Canadian Community Health Survey (n > 1,000,000) for 110 health regions during the pre-Olympic (2009/2010), Olympic (2011/2012), and post-Olympic (2013/2014) year periods. The health regions were treated as panel units and, beyond Canadian athletes and medallists, the panel data analysis incorporated population size and previous Olympic hosting as control variables in the model. The panel analysis revealed that the number of Canadian athletes representing youths’ hometowns at the London 2012 Olympic Games was negatively associated with LTPA rates when considering the full sample of youth, and male youth in particular. Interestingly however, winning medals (of any colour) was positively associated with hometown LTPA rates among the full sample of youth and male youth. Hometown population size was negatively associated with LTPA rates for the full sample of youth and female youth specifically. Winning a gold medal and hosting previous Olympic/Paralympic Games were not significantly associated with hometown LTPA rates when considering the full sample of youth or male and female youth separately. Our study demonstrates a need for researchers and sport managers to consider the spatial reach and scope of trickle-down-effects beyond that which can occur within a host nation. These effects have the potential to be a global phenomenon.

ACS Style

Luke Potwarka; Girish Ramchandani; Pablo Castellanos-García; Themistocles Kokolakakis; Georgia Teare; Kai Jiang. Beyond the host nation: an investigation of trickle-down effects in the ‘Hometowns’ of Canadian athletes who competed at the London 2012 Olympic Games. European Sport Management Quarterly 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Luke Potwarka, Girish Ramchandani, Pablo Castellanos-García, Themistocles Kokolakakis, Georgia Teare, Kai Jiang. Beyond the host nation: an investigation of trickle-down effects in the ‘Hometowns’ of Canadian athletes who competed at the London 2012 Olympic Games. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luke Potwarka; Girish Ramchandani; Pablo Castellanos-García; Themistocles Kokolakakis; Georgia Teare; Kai Jiang. 2021. "Beyond the host nation: an investigation of trickle-down effects in the ‘Hometowns’ of Canadian athletes who competed at the London 2012 Olympic Games." European Sport Management Quarterly , no. : 1-20.

Research article
Published: 02 January 2021 in International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics
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Investments in elite sport and major sporting events are often justified in sport policy by various rationales, one of which is a ‘trickle-down’ effect whereby successful athletes have a positive impact on general sport participation rates. This effect is likely to be greater when hosting events, as home advantage can contribute to sporting success. The purpose of this research is to explore the possibility of a trickle-down effect on sports club membership in the United Kingdom in the context of the 2012 London Olympic Games. Secondary data were collected on sports club membership levels in 33 sports, over a ten-year period, from 2007–2016 (n = 330). Sporting success was measured by the number of gold medals won in international competitions, the number of major sport events hosted in the UK, and the results of the BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year award (SPOTY). The outcomes of a dynamic panel regression analysis show a causal relationship between the trickle-down effect and sports club membership over a four-year period.

ACS Style

Pablo Castellanos-García; Themis Kokolakakis; Simon Shibli; Paul Downward; Jerry Bingham. Membership of English sport clubs: A dynamic panel data analysis of the trickle-down effect. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2021, 13, 105 -122.

AMA Style

Pablo Castellanos-García, Themis Kokolakakis, Simon Shibli, Paul Downward, Jerry Bingham. Membership of English sport clubs: A dynamic panel data analysis of the trickle-down effect. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2021; 13 (1):105-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Castellanos-García; Themis Kokolakakis; Simon Shibli; Paul Downward; Jerry Bingham. 2021. "Membership of English sport clubs: A dynamic panel data analysis of the trickle-down effect." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 13, no. 1: 105-122.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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A substantial amount of attention has been devoted towards the potential sport legacy of the Olympic Games. In spite of the increasing academic interest in this topic, there is a knowledge gap as far as sport legacy is concerned by types of different sports. The authors bridge this gap by analysing the evolution of 43 different Olympic/Paralympic sport modalities in the two-year period after the London 2012 Olympics. By using data from the Active People Survey with a sample of 165,000 people annually, and considering some demographic variables and the effect of the economic environment, the paper aims to test the existence of a sport legacy. We have applied time series analysis and ARIMA models for controlling for economic influence and seasonal adjustment and for making comparisons among participation rates. The results show, for the total of the sports analysed, that there were 336,000 individuals who increased their frequency of participation, while there was no significant increase in the number of new participants in these sports. When we develop the analysis for types of sports, London 2012 is positively associated not only with the frequency of participation in some types of sport but also with an increase in the number of new sport participants. Gender and age differences are also detected. The results show the differences of sport legacy by type of sports. Moreover, this research has elucidated an important unrecognised aspect of the effect of the Olympic Games and perhaps major events: that they can become a major policy tool for reversing sporting inequalities.

ACS Style

Themistocles Kokolakakis; Fernando Lera-Lopez. Sport Promotion through Sport Mega-Events. An Analysis for Types of Olympic Sports in London 2012. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6193 .

AMA Style

Themistocles Kokolakakis, Fernando Lera-Lopez. Sport Promotion through Sport Mega-Events. An Analysis for Types of Olympic Sports in London 2012. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Themistocles Kokolakakis; Fernando Lera-Lopez. 2020. "Sport Promotion through Sport Mega-Events. An Analysis for Types of Olympic Sports in London 2012." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6193.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2019 in Sport Management Review
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Despite the increasing academic interest in the analysis of the Olympic legacy, there is a relative knowledge gap as far as sports participation legacy is concerned. The authors bridge this gap by analysing the short-term sports participation legacy of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the adult population in England. By using data from the Active People Survey and considering different sports participation variables and the effect of the economic climate, results demonstrate a positive association with participation from hosting the Games. Participation rates were adjusted to take into account seasonality and changes in the gross domestic product (GDP), accounting in this way for the effect of the recent economic recession. The biggest effect was observed in relation to frequent participation (at least three times per week for at least 30 min) in the year immediately after the Games. In 2014, the sports participation rates fell relative to 2013 but remained higher than pre-Olympic levels. The sport participation legacy of the Olympic Games appeared to have significant differences between socio-demographic groups.

ACS Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Fernando Lera-Lopez; Girish Ramchandani. Did London 2012 deliver a sports participation legacy? Sport Management Review 2019, 22, 276 -287.

AMA Style

Themis Kokolakakis, Fernando Lera-Lopez, Girish Ramchandani. Did London 2012 deliver a sports participation legacy? Sport Management Review. 2019; 22 (2):276-287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Fernando Lera-Lopez; Girish Ramchandani. 2019. "Did London 2012 deliver a sports participation legacy?" Sport Management Review 22, no. 2: 276-287.

Standard articles
Published: 13 February 2017 in International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics
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The aim of the article is to provide a regional approach to analyse sports participation in two different contexts: organised/formal versus non-organised/informal participation, using Sport England’s Active People Survey national data set. We have estimated two models: first, a general model to explain differences in regional informal and formal participation rates; second, an econometric model dealing with formal participation at a regular frequency. The results emphasise the different roles played by some correlates depending on the context of sports participation under study. Only economic and cultural variables seem to have a general influence throughout all the sports participation contexts. The results reinforce the role played by sport supply and sport funding in some sports participation levels, offering interesting implications for sport policy. The urban environment, for example, appears to be positively related to the transition from informal to formal sport participation. The distinct analyses of the sports participation contexts provide the opportunity to evaluate ways of boosting participation as well as to suggest some interesting policy implications towards this aim. For example, sporting infrastructure is only influential for the transition from non-participation to formal participation, implying that in general the key question about sport funding and supply is not the amount of funds but rather the direction and aims of sport policy. Finally, the article offers some explanations about the gender inequality detected in some forms of sports participation.

ACS Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Pablo Castellanos-García; Fernando Lera-Lopez. Differences in formal and informal sports participation at regional level in England. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2017, 9, 491 -504.

AMA Style

Themis Kokolakakis, Pablo Castellanos-García, Fernando Lera-Lopez. Differences in formal and informal sports participation at regional level in England. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2017; 9 (3):491-504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Pablo Castellanos-García; Fernando Lera-Lopez. 2017. "Differences in formal and informal sports participation at regional level in England." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 9, no. 3: 491-504.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2015 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the introduction of the Free Swimming Programme (FSP) in a local community (not identified to preserve anonymity) in the South East of England. The question has been approached in a variety of ways: by using primary quantitative data from leisure centres and logistic regressions based on the Active People Survey (APS). Problems are identified related to the introduction of the FSP in this community and suggestions are made for future policy. A brief examination of swimming participation in England enables researchers to place this community into a national context. The problems and policies of sport organisation developed in this community are not dissimilar to a more general application reflecting the English experience; in this sense it is anticipated that the findings will enable managers of sport organisations, along with public health policy makers, to focus more effectively on raising sport participation. The unique selling points of this article are the examination of FSP for adult participants, the local analysis of junior and senior participation, and the overall assessment of the policy based on APS.

ACS Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Athanasios (Sakis) Pappous; Steve Meadows. The Impact of the Free Swimming Programme in a Local Community in the South East of England: Giving with One Hand, Taking Away with the Other. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2015, 12, 4461 -4480.

AMA Style

Themis Kokolakakis, Athanasios (Sakis) Pappous, Steve Meadows. The Impact of the Free Swimming Programme in a Local Community in the South East of England: Giving with One Hand, Taking Away with the Other. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12 (4):4461-4480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Athanasios (Sakis) Pappous; Steve Meadows. 2015. "The Impact of the Free Swimming Programme in a Local Community in the South East of England: Giving with One Hand, Taking Away with the Other." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 4: 4461-4480.

Research papers
Published: 03 April 2015 in World Leisure Journal
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This paper examines the Natural England database of registered walkers to identify patterns of attendance in organized walks and differences in walking behaviour based on the profile of participants in Walking for Health (WfH), one of the largest public health interventions for physical activity in the UK. The investigation is informed by walk-history data relating to more than 79,000 participants over a two-year period. Methods used include measures of participant adherence and chi-squared automatic interaction detector analysis. The results indicate that absolute participation numbers have a strong seasonal element, with a marked decline occurring around the Christmas period. Age emerges as the most significant determinant of organized walking behaviour, with older age groups exhibiting higher intensity of participation relative to younger age groups. The research facilitates a better understanding of participation in WfH and can serve to inform future delivery and the marketing of organized walking initiatives.

ACS Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Girish Ramchandani; Richard Coleman. Attendance patterns and factors affecting participation in organized walks: an investigation of Natural England'sWalking for Healthprogramme. World Leisure Journal 2015, 57, 104 -117.

AMA Style

Themis Kokolakakis, Girish Ramchandani, Richard Coleman. Attendance patterns and factors affecting participation in organized walks: an investigation of Natural England'sWalking for Healthprogramme. World Leisure Journal. 2015; 57 (2):104-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Girish Ramchandani; Richard Coleman. 2015. "Attendance patterns and factors affecting participation in organized walks: an investigation of Natural England'sWalking for Healthprogramme." World Leisure Journal 57, no. 2: 104-117.

Book review
Published: 24 January 2014 in European Sport Management Quarterly
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ACS Style

Themis Kokolakakis. Critical thinking for sports students. European Sport Management Quarterly 2014, 14, 320 -321.

AMA Style

Themis Kokolakakis. Critical thinking for sports students. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2014; 14 (3):320-321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Themis Kokolakakis. 2014. "Critical thinking for sports students." European Sport Management Quarterly 14, no. 3: 320-321.

Original articles
Published: 09 June 2011 in Applied Economics
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This article investigates the role of sociodemographic characteristics, educational and economic variables on sports participation in a comparative way in two European countries: Spain and England. Adopting a broad concept of sport, as in the common European approach, we analyse the determinants of sports participation in 40 different professional and nonprofessional sports and recreational activities in both countries. The research involves a comparative analysis between the data of England and Spain based on two logistic regressions. The regression equation of every country tests the effect of 17 binary explanatory variables on a dependent binary variable for participation. Higher education level, professional occupation, younger age and being male are all factors associated with more sports participation. Although there is no difference in the direction of the factor effects on participation between England and Spain, there is considerable variation in their relative strength, which has sport policy implications in the two nations.

ACS Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Fernando Lera-López; Thanos Panagouleas. Analysis of the determinants of sports participation in Spain and England. Applied Economics 2011, 44, 2785 -2798.

AMA Style

Themis Kokolakakis, Fernando Lera-López, Thanos Panagouleas. Analysis of the determinants of sports participation in Spain and England. Applied Economics. 2011; 44 (21):2785-2798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Themis Kokolakakis; Fernando Lera-López; Thanos Panagouleas. 2011. "Analysis of the determinants of sports participation in Spain and England." Applied Economics 44, no. 21: 2785-2798.