Using bank-level data on 491 Italian banks over the period 2006-2012, we investigate the impact of functional and geographic diversification on bank performance during 2008’s financial and 2010’s sovereign debt crises. Both scenarios negatively affect bank profitability while discordant effects emerge in case of the Z-Score analysis. Italian banks’ risk stays unaffected by the 2008’s episode, while the sovereign debt crisis increases such risk. Results differ for the sample of mutual and not-mutual banks being the different banking groups characterised by different size and business models

We use panel data from 52 Italian Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) over the period of 2006 to 2011 to test how revenue diversification affects bank performance. Unlike studies of diversification that focus on its effect on equity and debt values and risk return portfolio strategies, we investigate how various nontraditional revenues mix impact performance. Diversification increases bank profitability on a risk-adjusted basis; however, no statistical effect in terms of risk is observed. We also argue that the results of previous research on the impact of diversification may differ because of its interaction with asset size and degree of capitalization. Our models are robust to different measures of performance, endogeneity tests and the effect of the financial crisis. The results have strategic implications for the consequences of bank performance and stability that are relevant to bank managers, regulators and supervisors.

The study investigates the effects of ESG washing on banks' reputational exposure. We define ESG washing as a disparity between a bank's environmental and social disclosure level and the practical implementation of the relative measures. The analysis involves an international sample of 120 banks operating across 35 countries from 2014 to 2020. The results evidence a different effect based on the pillar considered: the higher the inconsistency on environmental issues, the higher a bank's reputational exposure. Conversely, higher levels of disclosure compared to performance on social issues appear to reduce reputational exposure. In addition, citizen movements and the country's legal system play a significant role in amplifying or mitigating a bank's reputational exposure. Our findings offer insight into the phenomenon of ESG washing in the banking industry, supporting the need for more verified information across countries and all economic sectors.

Crowdfunding is helping to drive financial inclusion by expanding the availability of funds to traditionally excluded and underserved groups of individuals, such as ethnic minority and female entrepreneurs. This study verifies how ethnic and gender similarity between investor and entrepreneur can affect the invested amount in an equity crowdfunding campaign. Using an integrated approach with linear regression and Shapley decomposition, we analyze 8600 investments made by 5996 unique personal shareholder investors in 81 equity crowdfunding campaigns. Results show that similarity patterns seem to significantly influence the amount invested in a campaign but their effects change according to investor’s gender and ethnic origin. In fact, even if female investors give a higher amount to men-led companies, their preference changes if the company is run by a female founder belonging to the same ethnic minority group. Results emphasize equity crowdfunding’s potential as a tool for the financial inclusion of ethnic minority groups of investors and entrepreneurs.