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Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging process to dewater whey streams energy efficiently. The driving force for the process is the concentration gradient between the feed (FS) and the concentrated draw (DS) solution. Here we investigate not only the effect of the DS concentration on the performance, but also that of the FS is varied to maintain equal driving force at different absolute concentrations. Experiments with clean water as feed reveal a flux increase at higher osmotic pressure. When high product purities and thus low reverse salt fluxes are required, operation at lower DS concentrations is preferred. Whey as FS induces severe initial flux decline due to instantaneous protein fouling of the membrane. This is mostly due to reversible fouling, and to a smaller extent to irreversible fouling. Concentration factors in the range of 1.2–1.3 are obtained. When 0.5 M NaCl is added to whey as FS, clearly lower fluxes are obtained due to more severe concentration polarization. Multiple runs over longer times show though that irreversible fouling is fully suppressed due to salting in/out effects and flux decline is the result of reversible fouling only.
Pelin Oymaci; Pauline Offeringa; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Whey Protein Concentration in Forward Osmosis. Membranes 2021, 11, 573 .
AMA StylePelin Oymaci, Pauline Offeringa, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Whey Protein Concentration in Forward Osmosis. Membranes. 2021; 11 (8):573.
Chicago/Turabian StylePelin Oymaci; Pauline Offeringa; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2021. "Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Whey Protein Concentration in Forward Osmosis." Membranes 11, no. 8: 573.
The time-dependent CO2-induced plasticization behavior of glassy Matrimid® 5218 polymer membranes at supercritical conditions up to 120 bar was investigated. Glassy polyimide membranes were conditioned with both gaseous CO2 and liquid-like sc-CO2. The plasticization behavior during permeation and sorption was correlated with the intrinsic membrane properties and the CO2 fluid properties. In the gaseous region the CO2 concentration increased slightly over time, while in the liquid-like sc-CO2 region the CO2 concentration remained constant over time and showed no hysteresis, indicating an induced glass transition. Contrary to the CO2 sorption the CO2 permeability showed more pronounced time-dependent behavior which increases with feed pressure because of polymer membrane plasticization. Despite the strong time-dependency, the CO2 permeability was independent of the feed pressure in the liquid-like sc-CO2 region. This difference in time-dependent behavior between sorption and permeation is due to the presence of a concentration gradient during permeation experiments. In addition, the permeability showed significant hysteresis. Exposure to liquid-like sc-CO2 resulted in a highly plasticized membrane and changed the permeation behavior at all subsequent feed pressures, due to slow polymer chain relaxation rates. Clearly, these relationships proof that the permeation history is a critical aspect for time-dependent plasticization phenomena at high CO2 pressures.
Menno Houben; Machiel van Essen; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. Time-dependent plasticization behavior of polyimide membranes at supercritical conditions. Journal of Membrane Science 2021, 635, 119512 .
AMA StyleMenno Houben, Machiel van Essen, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. Time-dependent plasticization behavior of polyimide membranes at supercritical conditions. Journal of Membrane Science. 2021; 635 ():119512.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenno Houben; Machiel van Essen; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2021. "Time-dependent plasticization behavior of polyimide membranes at supercritical conditions." Journal of Membrane Science 635, no. : 119512.
Nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes are attractive to remove multivalent ions. As ion retention in NF membranes is determined by both size and charge exclusion, negatively charged membranes are required to reject negatively charged ions. Layer‐by‐layer assembly of alternating polycation (PC) and polyanion layers on top of a support is a versatile method to produce membranes. Especially the polyelectrolyte (PE) couple polydiallyldimethylammoniumchloride and poly(sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate) (PDADMAC/PSS) is extensively investigated. This PE couple cannot form highly negatively charged membrane surfaces, due to interdiffusion and charge overcompensation of PDADMAC into the PSS layers, which limits the operational window to tailor membrane properties. We propose the use of asymmetric layer formation and show how combining two charge densities of one PC can produce negatively charged NF membranes. Starting from hollow fiber ultrafiltration supports coated with base layers of PDADMAC/PSS, they are coated with PDADMAC/PSS or poly(acrylamide‐co‐diallyldimethylammoniumchloride), P(AM‐co‐DADMAC)/PSS layers. P(AM‐co‐DADMAC) has a charge density of only 32% compared to 100% for PDADMAC. The particular novel membranes coated with P(AM‐co‐DADMAC) have a highly negatively charged surface and high permeabilities (7–19 L/[m2hbar]), with high retentions for Na2SO4 of up to 95%. These values position the developed membranes in the top range compared to commercial and other layer‐by‐layer membranes.
Daniëlle Scheepers; Benjamin Chatillon; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. Asymmetric layer‐by‐layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes with tunable retention. Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 59, 1293 -1304.
AMA StyleDaniëlle Scheepers, Benjamin Chatillon, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. Asymmetric layer‐by‐layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes with tunable retention. Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; 59 (12):1293-1304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniëlle Scheepers; Benjamin Chatillon; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2021. "Asymmetric layer‐by‐layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes with tunable retention." Journal of Polymer Science 59, no. 12: 1293-1304.
Cost-effective dense membranes were developed by blending proton-conductive sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) with inert, mechanically stable poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries (HBFBs). Wire-electrospinning followed by hot-pressing was employed to prepare dense membranes. Their properties and performance were compared to solution-cast membranes of similar composition and thickness. Electrospinning improved the ionic conductivity and bromine diffusion properties by providing interconnected ion-conductive SPEEK nanofiber pathways through a PVDF matrix. Relatively thin (~50–60 μm) electrospun membranes with a SPEEK/PVDF ratio (wt%/wt%) of 90/10 and 80/20 showed comparable Br3− diffusion rates as the relatively thick and commercially available perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane (~100 μm) at a 35%–42% lower proton conductivity. The latter can be attributed to the poorer ion conductivity of SPEEK compared to PFSA and the presence of PVDF. The HBFB single cell featured the best polarization behavior and ohmic area resistance with the electrospun membrane containing 80/20 (wt%/wt%) SPEEK/PVDF. However, the low thickness and insufficient chemical/mechanical stability of the ES 80/20 causes a rapid decay in the HBFB cycling performance. This study promotes a life-time comparison study between the low-cost wire-electrospun SPEEK/PVDF blend membranes (~€100 m−2) and the typically used PFSA membranes (~€400 m−2) for a long-term HBFB performance.
Sanaz Abbasi; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Wiebrand Kout; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. Low-cost wire-electrospun sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries. Journal of Membrane Science 2021, 628, 119258 .
AMA StyleSanaz Abbasi, Antoni Forner-Cuenca, Wiebrand Kout, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. Low-cost wire-electrospun sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries. Journal of Membrane Science. 2021; 628 ():119258.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanaz Abbasi; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Wiebrand Kout; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2021. "Low-cost wire-electrospun sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries." Journal of Membrane Science 628, no. : 119258.
Transitioning to a renewable energy economy requires the widespread integration of solar and wind power, which are intermittent, into the electricity grid. To this goal, it is paramount to develop cost-competitive, reliable, location-independence, and large-scale energy storage technologies. The hydrogen bromine flow battery (HBFB) is a promising technology given the abundant material availability and its high power density. Here, the aim is to perform a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of a 500 kW nominal power/5 MWh HBFB storage system, based on the levelized cost of storage approach. Then, we systematically analyze stack and system components costs for both the current base and a future scenario (2030). We find that, for the base case, HBFB capital investments are competitive to Li-ion battery technology, highlighting the potential of large-scale HBFB market introduction. Improving the stack performance and reducing the stack and system costs are expected to result in ~62% reduction potential in capital investments. The base-case levelized cost of storage, $0.074/kWh, is sufficiently low for a wind-solar storage system to compete with a fossil-based power plant, with potential for reduction to $0.034/kWh in the future scenario. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the levelized cost of storage is most sensitive towards the stack lifetime, which motivates research efforts into advanced electrocatalysts with higher durability and ion-exchange membranes with improved selectivity.
Yohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Guido Dalessi; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Kilo-Watt Scale Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Battery System for Sustainable Energy Storage. Processes 2020, 8, 1492 .
AMA StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo, Wiebrand Kout, Guido Dalessi, Antoni Forner-Cuenca, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Kilo-Watt Scale Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Battery System for Sustainable Energy Storage. Processes. 2020; 8 (11):1492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Guido Dalessi; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a Kilo-Watt Scale Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Battery System for Sustainable Energy Storage." Processes 8, no. 11: 1492.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as additives in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for gas separation have gained significant attention over the past decades. Many design parameters have been investigated for MOF based MMMs, but the spatial distribution of the MOF throughout MMMs lacks investigation. Therefore, magnetically aligned and enriched pathways of zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF−8) in Matrimid MMMs were synthesized and investigated by means of their N2 and CO2 permeability. Magnetic ZIF−8 (m–ZIF−8) was synthesized by incorporating Fe3O4 in the ZIF−8 structure. The presence of Fe3O4 in m–ZIF−8 showed a decrease in surface area and N2 and CO2 uptake, with respect to pure ZIF−8. Alignment of m–ZIF−8 in Matrimid showed the presence of enriched pathways of m–ZIF−8 through the MMMs. At 10 wt.% m–ZIF−8 incorporation, no effect of alignment was observed for the N2 and CO2 permeability, which was ascribed anon-ideal tortuous alignment. However, alignment of 20 wt.% m–ZIF−8 in Matrimid showed to increase the CO2 diffusivity and permeability (19%) at 7 bar, while no loss in ideal selectivity was observed, with respect to homogeneously dispersed m–ZIF−8 membranes. Thus, the alignment of MOF particles throughout the matrix was shown to enhance the CO2 permeability at a certain weight content of MOF.
Machiel Van Essen; Esther Montrée; Menno Houben; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Magnetically Aligned and Enriched Pathways of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 in Matrimid Mixed Matrix Membranes for Enhanced CO2 Permeability. Membranes 2020, 10, 155 .
AMA StyleMachiel Van Essen, Esther Montrée, Menno Houben, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Magnetically Aligned and Enriched Pathways of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 in Matrimid Mixed Matrix Membranes for Enhanced CO2 Permeability. Membranes. 2020; 10 (7):155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachiel Van Essen; Esther Montrée; Menno Houben; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Magnetically Aligned and Enriched Pathways of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 in Matrimid Mixed Matrix Membranes for Enhanced CO2 Permeability." Membranes 10, no. 7: 155.
Application of forward osmosis (FO) is limited due to membrane fouling and, most importantly, high reverse salt fluxes that deteriorate the concentrated product. Polydopamine (PDA) is a widely used, easily applicable, hydrophilic, adhesive antifouling coating. Among the coating parameters, surprisingly, the effect of PDA coating temperature on the membrane properties has not been well studied. Polyethersulfone (PES) 30 kDa ultrafiltration membranes were PDA-coated with varying dopamine concentrations (0.5–3 g/L) and coating temperatures (4–55 °C). The quality of the applied coating has been determined by surface properties, water permeability and reverse salt flux using a 1.2 M MgSO4 draw solution. The coating thickness increased both with the dopamine concentration and coating temperature, the latter having a remarkably stronger effect resulting in a higher PDA deposition speed and smaller PDA aggregates. In dead-end stirred cell, the membranes coated at 55 °C with 2.0 g/L dopamine showed NaCl and MgSO4 retentions of 41% and 93%, respectively. In crossflow FO, a low reverse MgSO4 flux (0.34 g/m2·h) was found making a very low specific reverse salt flux (Js/Jw) of 0.08 g/L, which outperformed the commercial CTA FO membranes, showing the strong benefit of high temperature PDA-coated PES membranes to assure high quality products.
Pelin Oymaci; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. Development of Polydopamine Forward Osmosis Membranes with Low Reverse Salt Flux. Membranes 2020, 10, 94 .
AMA StylePelin Oymaci, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. Development of Polydopamine Forward Osmosis Membranes with Low Reverse Salt Flux. Membranes. 2020; 10 (5):94.
Chicago/Turabian StylePelin Oymaci; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2020. "Development of Polydopamine Forward Osmosis Membranes with Low Reverse Salt Flux." Membranes 10, no. 5: 94.
A variety of biomedical applications requires tailored membranes; fabrication through a mix‐and‐match approach is simple and desired. Polymers based on supramolecular bis‐urea (BU) moieties are capable of modular integration through directed non‐covalent stacking. Here, it is proposed that non‐cell adhesive properties can be introduced in polycaprolactone‐BU‐based membranes by the addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐BU during immersion precipitation membrane fabrication, while unmodified PEG is not retained in the membrane. PEG‐BU addition results in denser membranes with a similar pore size compared to pristine membranes, while PEG addition induces defect formation. Infrared spectroscopy and surface hydrophobicity measurements indicate that PEG‐BU is retained during membrane processing. Additionally, PEG‐BU incorporation successfully leads to poor cell adhesive surfaces. No evidence is observed to indicate PEG retention. The results obtained indicate that the BU system enables intimate mixing of BU‐modified polymers after processing. Collectively, the results provide the first steps toward BU‐based immersion precipitated supramolecular membranes for biomedical applications.
Ronald C. Van Gaal; Johnick F. Van Sprang; Zandrie Borneman; Patricia Y. W. Dankers. Development of Poor Cell Adhesive Immersion Precipitation Membranes Based on Supramolecular Bis‐Urea Polymers. Macromolecular Bioscience 2019, 20, e1900277 .
AMA StyleRonald C. Van Gaal, Johnick F. Van Sprang, Zandrie Borneman, Patricia Y. W. Dankers. Development of Poor Cell Adhesive Immersion Precipitation Membranes Based on Supramolecular Bis‐Urea Polymers. Macromolecular Bioscience. 2019; 20 (3):e1900277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRonald C. Van Gaal; Johnick F. Van Sprang; Zandrie Borneman; Patricia Y. W. Dankers. 2019. "Development of Poor Cell Adhesive Immersion Precipitation Membranes Based on Supramolecular Bis‐Urea Polymers." Macromolecular Bioscience 20, no. 3: e1900277.
When harvesting salinity gradient energy via reverse electrodialysis (RED), stack performance is monitored using DC characterizations, which does not provide information about the nature and mechanisms underlying fouling inside the stack. In order to assess the potential of natural salinity gradients as renewable energy source, progress in the fields of fouling monitoring and controlling is vital. To improve fouling and cleaning monitoring, experiments with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) were carried out while at the same time the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was measured at the RED stack level. EIS showed how SDBS affected the ohmic resistance of the stack, the non-ohmic resistance of the AEM and the non-ohmic resistance of the CEM on different time scales. Such detailed investigation into the effect of SDBS on different stack elements offered by EIS is not possible with traditional DC characterization. The results presented in this work illustrate the potential of EIS at the stack level for fouling monitoring. The knowledge presented shows the possibility to include EIS in up-scaled natural salinity gradient RED applications for fouling monitoring purposes.
Diego Pintossi; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a reverse electrodialysis stack: A new approach to monitoring fouling and cleaning. Journal of Power Sources 2019, 444, 227302 .
AMA StyleDiego Pintossi, Michel Saakes, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a reverse electrodialysis stack: A new approach to monitoring fouling and cleaning. Journal of Power Sources. 2019; 444 ():227302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Pintossi; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2019. "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a reverse electrodialysis stack: A new approach to monitoring fouling and cleaning." Journal of Power Sources 444, no. : 227302.
Water vapor permeation under supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) conditions through dense polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was investigated up to pressure of 185 bars to evaluate the regenerability of scCO2 as desiccant to dehydrate fresh products that are prone to product deterioration during conventional drying. This study experimentally examined the impact of concentration polarization on the H2O vapor permeation through dense PDMS membranes in the presence of sub- and supercritical CO2. The results were compared to a system containing N2 instead of CO2. For the CO2 system, the residual mass transfer resistance, which excludes the membrane layer resistance, decreased down to zero with increasing feed pressure, at 90 bar. This is the result of the convergence of the H2O contents of the feed bulk and permeate, which leads to a change of the main H2O transport mechanism within the feed boundary layer from diffusion to convection. Here the H2O and CO2 molecules are transported with comparable speed towards the membrane surface. For the system with N2, the opposite trend was found, due to the maintained significant difference in transport speed between H2O and N2 even at elevated pressures. Consequently, the water vapor transport rate through the PDMS membrane is governed by the type of matrix fluid (CO2 or N2).
Andrew Shamu; Henk Miedema; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. The effect of supercritical CO2 on the permeation of dissolved water through PDMS membranes. Journal of CO2 Utilization 2019, 35, 145 -152.
AMA StyleAndrew Shamu, Henk Miedema, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. The effect of supercritical CO2 on the permeation of dissolved water through PDMS membranes. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2019; 35 ():145-152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew Shamu; Henk Miedema; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2019. "The effect of supercritical CO2 on the permeation of dissolved water through PDMS membranes." Journal of CO2 Utilization 35, no. : 145-152.
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is used in the food industry as a water-extracting drying agent. Once saturated with water, the scCO2 needs to be regenerated. A promising way of drying scCO2 is by using H2O permeable membranes. Ideally, these membranes demonstrate low CO2 permeability. Here, we investigated the CO2 permeability of three types of dense membranes, Nafion, Natural Rubber and PDMS, of which the latter in more detail because of its ease of handling. The experimental conditions, temperature and pressure, resulting in minimum CO2 permeability (=losses) were explored. Even though the absolute CO2 permeability depends on the intrinsic membrane material properties, its trend with increasing feed pressure is defined by the (supercritical) behavior of CO2, notably its density as a function of temperature and pressure. The data points to transitions within the supercritical regime, from the gaseous-like supercritical state to the liquid-like supercritical state, graphically visualized by the Widom line for CO2 density. Sorption measurements with PDMS membranes confirm this behavior that follows the diffusion-solution theory. In the gaseous state, the (normalized) permeability follows the (normalized) solubility, indicating a constant CO2 diffusivity. With increasing pressure and when entering the liquid-like (supercritical) regime, the diffusivity drops, resulting in a (normalized) permeability that starts to lag behind the (normalized) solubility.
Andrew Shamu; Marije Dunnewold; Henk Miedema; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Permeation of supercritical CO2 through dense polymeric membranes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2018, 144, 63 -70.
AMA StyleAndrew Shamu, Marije Dunnewold, Henk Miedema, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Permeation of supercritical CO2 through dense polymeric membranes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2018; 144 ():63-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew Shamu; Marije Dunnewold; Henk Miedema; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2018. "Permeation of supercritical CO2 through dense polymeric membranes." The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 144, no. : 63-70.
Electricity storage is essential for the transition to sustainable energy sources. Hydrogen-bromine flow batteries (HBFBs) are promising cost-effective energy storage systems. In HBFB’s, proton exchange membranes are required to separate the two reactive materials, enabling proton transport for charge balancing. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the key properties and an experimental performance map of cation exchange membranes for HBFBs. Our study shows that membrane water uptake is an important property due to its strong correlation with membrane resistance and bromide species crossover. Long chain perfluorosulfonic acid (LC PFSA) membranes are shown to have a better power density–crossover tradeoff and a higher stability than other types of functionalized membranes. The good power density-crossover tradeoff of LC PFSA membranes is the result of the high level of separation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains in the membrane, leading to well-connected ionic pathways for proton transport. Reinforcement of long chain LC PFSA membranes further improves their tradeoff because it mechanically constrains the swelling (lower water uptake), resulting in a lower crossover but a similar peak power density. Consequently, reinforced LC PFSA membranes are the most promising option for HBFBs.
Yohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Friso Sikkema; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Performance mapping of cation exchange membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries for energy storage. Journal of Membrane Science 2018, 566, 406 -414.
AMA StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo, Wiebrand Kout, Friso Sikkema, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Performance mapping of cation exchange membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries for energy storage. Journal of Membrane Science. 2018; 566 ():406-414.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Friso Sikkema; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2018. "Performance mapping of cation exchange membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries for energy storage." Journal of Membrane Science 566, no. : 406-414.