Objectives: This study investigated regional dietary patterns and their association with hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity among older Chinese adults. Methods: Data from 13,809 individuals (aged ≥ 65 years) were extracted from the 2015–2017 China Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity was defined as concurrent hypertension and dyslipidemia. Four dietary patterns were identified via exploratory factor analysis using 3-day 24 h dietary records. Results: Four dietary patterns were extracted: traditional southern, diverse, high oil and salt, and animal oil–other animal meat–coarse grain pattern. The national prevalence of hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity was 31.9%, with significant regional variation (highest in North China: 36.4%; lowest in Central China: 27.9%; p < 0.0001). Regional dietary dominance included: the traditional southern pattern in South China (75.9%); the traditional southern (35.8%) and diversified (28.8%) patterns in East China; animal oil–other animal meat–coarse grain (38.4%) and traditional southern (37.9%) patterns in Southwest China; high oil and salt (36.8%) and traditional southern (25.9%) in Central China; diversified (47.7%) and high oil and salt (26.3%) patterns in North China; high oil and salt (44.9%) and diversified (37.9%) patterns in Northwest China; and the diversified (46.9%) pattern in Northeast China. In the highest scoring group of the animal oil–other animal meat–coarse grain pattern, the risk of hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity was 1.179 times greater compared with the lowest scoring group (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.179, 95% CI: 1.032–1.316, p < 0.001). Region-specific analyses highlighted: increased risks with the traditional southern pattern in South/East China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.080, 95% CI: 1.036–4.175, p < 0.001) and (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.734, 95% CI: 1.052–2.859, p < 0.001); protective effects of the diversified pattern in Northwest China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.377, 95% CI: 0.173–0.824, p < 0.001); elevated risks with the high oil and salt pattern in Central/North China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.343, 95% CI: 1.107-4.955, p < 0.001) and (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.837, 95% CI: 1.019–3.312, p < 0.001); and higher risks with the animal oil–other animal meat–coarse grain pattern in Southwest China (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.009, 95% CI: 1.004–4.021, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, dietary patterns among elderly Chinese are diversified and should be optimized based on local food resources to control hypertensive dyslipidemia multimorbidity.

The association between physical activity (PA) and dyslipidemia is well known, but the relationship between a temporal pattern of PA and dyslipidemia remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify the intensity and temporal patterns of PA clustered by the trajectory model and their relationship with dyslipidemia. The participants were 701 adults (305 males) aged 18–60 years undergoing continuous measurement of PA with Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers for at least 3 days. A trajectory analysis was applied based on moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) accumulated values over every period per day. The association between PA and dyslipidemia was estimated using a logistic regression model. Four distinct PA trajectory groups in the population were identified (continued low, stable and moderate, late increasing, and early increasing). Specifically, the “moderate and stable group” was associated with a decreased rate of high TG (p < 0.05) and the “moderate and stable group” and “late increasing group” were associated with decreased rates of low HDL-C (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were four activity trajectory groups in this population and the continued low PA trajectory was associated with a high prevalent rate of an abnormal lipid profile, and continued and moderate activity or late afternoon increasing activity might have lower HDL-C distribution.

Twenty-four-hour urine sample collection is regarded as the gold standard for sodium intake evaluation, but the implementation can be difficult. The objective was to validate and evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of estimating sodium intake by four methods. A group of 268 healthy volunteers aged 18–25 years was enrolled in this study. Twenty-four-hour urine samples as well as timed (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) urine samples were randomly collected in summer and winter. The sodium intake was estimated by four published methods—Kawasaki, INTERSALT, Tanaka, and Sun’s. The consistencies between estimated sodium intake and real measured values of 24-h urinary sodium excretion were compared by Bland–Altman plots in each of the methods. The 24-h urinary sodium analysis result indicated that average daily sodium intake was 3048.4 ± 1225.9 mg in summer and 3564.7 ± 1369.9 mg in winter. At the population level, the bias (estimated value-measured value) was the least with the INTERSALT method with afternoon (−39.7 mg; 95%CI: −164.7, 85.3 mg) and evening (−43.5 mg; 95%CI: −166.4, 79.5 mg) samples in summer. In winter, the Kawasaki method (162.1 mg; 95%CI: 13.5, 310.7 mg) was superior to others. Estimation of sodium intake using the four methods is affected by the time and temperature. In summer, the INTERSALT method provides the best estimation of the population’s mean sodium intake. The Kawasaki method is superior to other methods in winter.

Background: The Lingnan region is characterized by a hot and humid climate and abundant, diverse natural resources, while the Central Plains region experiences distinct four seasons and has a rich agricultural culture. Both regions possess unique dietary traditions and preferences. This study aims to investigate the differences in dietary structure between the Lingnan region (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan) and the Central Plains region (Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan) and their impact on health. Methods: Using cross-sectional survey data from the 2015–2017 China National Nutrition and Health Survey, this study selected residents aged 18 and above as the research subjects. Generalized linear models were employed to analyze differences in the intake of various food groups between the two regions, while logistic regression models were used to examine regional differences in the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Results: A total of 14,484 adults were included in this study. Lingnan participants consumed significantly more rice products, red meat, poultry, seafood, and dark-colored vegetables, while Central Plains residents had higher intakes of wheat products, other cereals, soybeans, and eggs. Lingnan exhibited lower prevalence rates of obesity (8.6% vs. 18.1%), diabetes (7.6% vs. 9.8%), and hypertension (33.0% vs. 46.9%) compared to the Central Plains, with no significant difference in hyperlipidemia prevalence. Adjusted analyses confirmed that Lingnan residents had significantly reduced risks of obesity (OR = 0.431, 95% CI: 0.388–0.479), diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.841, 95% CI: 0.744–0.950), and hypertension (OR = 0.564, 95% CI: 0.523–0.608). Conclusions: The dietary structure in the Lingnan region plays a positive role in cardiometabolic health. Further analysis of the combined effects of different foods on health could provide a scientific basis for future nutrition and health management.

Background/Objectives: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission recently proposed distinguishing preclinical obesity from clinical obesity, in which excess adiposity is accompanied by obesity-related disease. Using data from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015, we estimated the prevalence and comorbidity burden of clinical obesity among Chinese adults and further explored the association between physical activity and clinical obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included adults aged 18–79 years from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015 (N = 180,480). Excess adiposity was identified using body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Participants were classified as having no obesity, preclinical obesity, or clinical obesity, defined as excess adiposity plus at least one obesity-related comorbidity. We estimated the prevalence of clinical obesity overall and across sociodemographic subgroups. In secondary analyses, we examined the association of physical activity (MET-min/week) with clinical obesity prevalence and ordered obesity status using fully adjusted proportional-odds models. Results: Overall, 33.9% of adults had excess adiposity, and 26.9% met the criteria for clinical obesity. The prevalence of clinical obesity increased from 15.3% among adults aged 18–39 years to 33.3% among those aged ≥60 years and varied across sociodemographic subgroups. Among individuals with clinical obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes were the most common comorbidities, indicating a substantial cardiometabolic burden. Higher physical activity was associated with a lower prevalence of clinical obesity and lower odds of more severe ordered obesity status. Conclusions: Clinical obesity affects more than one quarter of Chinese adults and is associated with a substantial cardiometabolic burden. Higher physical activity was associated with a lower prevalence of clinical obesity and less severe obesity status. These findings provide nationally relevant evidence to inform prevention and clinical management in China.

Limited knowledge exists on trends in niacin consumption and the prevalence of inadequate intakes in China. Understanding trends and the spatial distribution of the prevalence of inadequate niacin intake is crucial to identifying high-risk areas and sub-populations. The dietary intakes of niacin between 1991 and 2018 were analyzed using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data. The estimated average requirement cut point was applied to estimate inadequacy. The geographic information system’s ordinary kriging method was used to estimate the spatial distribution of the prevalence of inadequate niacin intakes. However, between 1991 and 2018, the prevalence of inadequate niacin intake increased from 13.00% to 28.40% in females and from 17.75% to 29.46% in males. Additionally, the geographically significant clusters of high and low prevalence were identified and remained stable over almost three decades. The high prevalence of insufficient niacin intake was more pronounced in Henan and Shandong over 27 years. Further, effective and tailored nutrition interventions are required to address inadequate niacin intake in China.