Natural gas is used for the production of almost 20% of total energy today. The natural gas security of the Republic of Serbia is an urgent strategic, political and security issue. Serbia is one of the most vulnerable countries in Southeast Europe, because it only has one supply route. This study is a contribution to efforts to better understand the factors affecting energy security through the implementation of a new methodology based on the fuzzy–AHP synthesis model for measuring energy security. This new methodology was used to identify the energy, economic, environmental, social and technical indicators that accompany energy security analysis. The fuzzy–AHP synthesis model uses the asymmetric fuzzy inference approach for an outcome finding with the asymmetric position of fuzzy sets. The most important characteristic of the proposed model is its ability to operate with numerical and linguistic data and universality of application. The result of the proposed model shows a quantified assessment of energy security and its trend in the future of the natural gas sector. It indicates an unacceptably low level of present energy security and a gas system very vulnerable to supply cuts if the current gas infrastructure remains as it is in the future.

By joining the Energy Community and obtaining candidate status for accession to the European Union (EU), Serbia has committed to harmonize its energy policy to the legislation of the EU. The backbone of this policy is the power sector, which will continue to be the foundation of future development. In fact, the power sector is probably the closest to EU standards. This paper presents the energy resources in Serbia and the potentials that can be used to define the power sector policy. It is expected that lignite and large hydropower plants (HPPs) will become the basis of the energy system in the future, but with a significant increase in the share of renewable sources, primarily wind energy and biomass. One of the main objectives is to reach a 50:50 ratio of electricity produced from renewable and non-renewable sources in the period 2020–2030.

Due to its complexity and heterogeneity, the household sector represents an essential point in energy transition policies. In the European Union, household energy consumption accounts for about 26% of final energy consumption, while in Serbia, this sector has the largest share in final consumption, accounting for about one-third of final consumption. By implementing energy efficiency measures, significant energy savings can be achieved, which, together with the reduction and substitution of the use of fossil fuels, contribute to a lesser impact on climate change and significant reduction in air pollution. The package of legislative measures "Clean Energy for All Europeans" is a comprehensive set of laws defining European climate and energy policy after 2020. This package encompasses and links a series of topics related to the household sector. Through this package, member states are required to set high goals for energy efficiency and decarbonisation in the construction and revitalization of residential buildings, while simultaneously implementing measures concerning households affected by energy poverty. The Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings, the Energy Efficiency Directive, the Renewable Energy Directive, the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, and the Regulation on the Establishment of a Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality cover the main issues related to energy transition policy in households in the European Union. As a member of the Energy Community and a candidate for membership in the European Union, Serbia has committed to harmonizing its energy policy and legislation, accepting technical assistance and support in implementing reforms to adapt the national energy system to European standards. The aim of this paper is to present the regulatory and strategic framework "Clean Energy for All Europeans" in the part related to the household sector and to analyse its transposition into key legal provisions dealing with this topic in the Republic of Serbia

Even in the third decade of the 21st century, large power plants are still responsible for more than half of the electricity production in Europe. They predominantly use fossil fuels in their work, which results in the emission of pollutants into the air. Nevertheless, thanks to EU directives, as well as disturbances on the market, emissions of carbon dioxide from large combustion plants in the EU-27 are intensively decreasing in the last two decades. Although the use of coal, especially in the countries of the European Union, is in constant decline, there is space for additional reduction. Through this paper, the authors wanted to present the completely actual situation of emissions of CO2 from thermal power plants in Europe, that have used coal for electricity production, as well as to compare such plants with those operating in the Republic of Serbia. The CO2 emission was analysed in relation to the installed capacity, as well as compared to the energy produced and supplied to the system. By analysing the obtained values of the ratio of emissions to the number of inhabitants, the area of the territory, production and consumption of electricity, as well as to the GDP, it is noticeable that a much larger amount of CO2 is generated on the territory of the Republic of Serbia to achieve a similar energy, industrial and economic effect compared to the EU-27. By researching location data of coal burning in the production of electricity in the Republic of Serbia revealed the existence of a large difference in the amount of CO2 emissions, which is a consequence of the composition of the coal used and the combustion modes in thermal power plants.

Energija, ekonomija, ekologija, 1, XXXIII, Mart 2021, (str. 11-15)

Households are among the key players in the energy transition process. This sector accounts for the main share of final energy consumption, providing a great possibility for reduction of energy intensity, emissions of pollutants and GHG, a shift to renewable energy sources (RES), and an increase in energy self-sufficiency. Still, the transition process in households is followed by a high level of uncertainty along the progress path. Therefore, this paper aims to extend a knowledge base about energy transition in households. The policy and legal framework define the energy transition environment, and therefore, the main policy and legal EU and Serbian documents related to the roles of households in the energy sector are presented. In addition, to provide deeper insight into Serbian household sector energy habits, behaviours, and attitudes, a comprehensive household survey was conducted. The results identify key drivers and barriers that shape household energy consumption, providing a robust framework for decision-makers and relevant stakeholders. This framework facilitates the development of strategies that encourage the energy transition, taking into account Serbia’s specific socio-cultural context. The paper emphasizes the importance of aligning national policies with EU standards and utilizing reliable and credible household-level data to address energy challenges effectivel.