Natural gas is used for the production of almost 20% of total energy today. The natural gas security of the Republic of Serbia is an urgent strategic, political and security issue. Serbia is one of the most vulnerable countries in Southeast Europe, because it only has one supply route. This study is a contribution to efforts to better understand the factors affecting energy security through the implementation of a new methodology based on the fuzzy–AHP synthesis model for measuring energy security. This new methodology was used to identify the energy, economic, environmental, social and technical indicators that accompany energy security analysis. The fuzzy–AHP synthesis model uses the asymmetric fuzzy inference approach for an outcome finding with the asymmetric position of fuzzy sets. The most important characteristic of the proposed model is its ability to operate with numerical and linguistic data and universality of application. The result of the proposed model shows a quantified assessment of energy security and its trend in the future of the natural gas sector. It indicates an unacceptably low level of present energy security and a gas system very vulnerable to supply cuts if the current gas infrastructure remains as it is in the future.

By joining the Energy Community and obtaining candidate status for accession to the European Union (EU), Serbia has committed to harmonize its energy policy to the legislation of the EU. The backbone of this policy is the power sector, which will continue to be the foundation of future development. In fact, the power sector is probably the closest to EU standards. This paper presents the energy resources in Serbia and the potentials that can be used to define the power sector policy. It is expected that lignite and large hydropower plants (HPPs) will become the basis of the energy system in the future, but with a significant increase in the share of renewable sources, primarily wind energy and biomass. One of the main objectives is to reach a 50:50 ratio of electricity produced from renewable and non-renewable sources in the period 2020–2030.

Due to its complexity and heterogeneity, the household sector represents an essential point in energy transition policies. In the European Union, household energy consumption accounts for about 26% of final energy consumption, while in Serbia, this sector has the largest share in final consumption, accounting for about one-third of final consumption. By implementing energy efficiency measures, significant energy savings can be achieved, which, together with the reduction and substitution of the use of fossil fuels, contribute to a lesser impact on climate change and significant reduction in air pollution. The package of legislative measures "Clean Energy for All Europeans" is a comprehensive set of laws defining European climate and energy policy after 2020. This package encompasses and links a series of topics related to the household sector. Through this package, member states are required to set high goals for energy efficiency and decarbonisation in the construction and revitalization of residential buildings, while simultaneously implementing measures concerning households affected by energy poverty. The Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings, the Energy Efficiency Directive, the Renewable Energy Directive, the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, and the Regulation on the Establishment of a Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality cover the main issues related to energy transition policy in households in the European Union. As a member of the Energy Community and a candidate for membership in the European Union, Serbia has committed to harmonizing its energy policy and legislation, accepting technical assistance and support in implementing reforms to adapt the national energy system to European standards. The aim of this paper is to present the regulatory and strategic framework "Clean Energy for All Europeans" in the part related to the household sector and to analyse its transposition into key legal provisions dealing with this topic in the Republic of Serbia

Energija, ekonomija, ekologija, 1, XXXIII, Mart 2021, (str. 11-15)

Households are among the key players in the energy transition process. This sector accounts for the main share of final energy consumption, providing a great possibility for reduction of energy intensity, emissions of pollutants and GHG, a shift to renewable energy sources (RES), and an increase in energy self-sufficiency. Still, the transition process in households is followed by a high level of uncertainty along the progress path. Therefore, this paper aims to extend a knowledge base about energy transition in households. The policy and legal framework define the energy transition environment, and therefore, the main policy and legal EU and Serbian documents related to the roles of households in the energy sector are presented. In addition, to provide deeper insight into Serbian household sector energy habits, behaviours, and attitudes, a comprehensive household survey was conducted. The results identify key drivers and barriers that shape household energy consumption, providing a robust framework for decision-makers and relevant stakeholders. This framework facilitates the development of strategies that encourage the energy transition, taking into account Serbia’s specific socio-cultural context. The paper emphasizes the importance of aligning national policies with EU standards and utilizing reliable and credible household-level data to address energy challenges effectivel.

Natural gas is considered as the most environmentally acceptable fossil fuel, thus it is an alternative to petroleum derivate, dominantly used in internal combustion engines. Physical properties of a fuel as well as behavior during combustion process are affected by its composition. This article presents analysis of effect of natural gas composition on methane number (MN), conducted for natural gas deposits in Serbia. For empirically determination of MN: California air resources board (CARB) method and Linear and Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen list (AVL) method have been applied. Effect of reactive hydrogen and carbon ratio, Wobbe index and content of inert matter on MN is discussed. For compositions characterized with total share of inert compounds higher than 5%, impact of inert components becomes significant, without observed dependency between reactive hydrogen and carbon and MN. An analysis has shown that carbon dioxide and nitrogen have differently affect MN. Carbon dioxide affects the increase of MN due to higher molar specific heat, appearance of dissociation, and higher activation energy.