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As a valuable food base and safe shelter, large agricultural fields create favourable living conditions for wild boars for most of the year. The occurrence of mould in these fields, causing hormonal disturbances, may lead to a lower age of sexual maturity and a prolonged breeding season, and therefore, the population growth in farmlands can be markedly higher than that in extensive woodlands. This study was initiated because of reproductive cycle disturbances in wild boar populations, which were presumably linked with habitat and food types, especially rotten maize. To determine if the major sources of zearalenone (ZEN) in female wild boars are maize cobs infected with mycotoxins, we compared the concentrations of ZEN and its metabolites in organs, tissues and body fluids of wild boars hunted in extensive maize fields and in extensive woodlands where no large maize fields were located within a distance of several km. Samples of blood, bile, liver, kidneys, muscles, urine, stomach and colon contents as well as ovaries from young female wild boars (40–60 kg) were collected in 2011–2014 and prepared for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that ZEN was present in most of the samples, from both farmlands and woodlands, but its concentration within individual types of the analysed body fluids or tissues differed depending mainly on habitat type. In nearly all the analysed cases, higher concentrations of ZEN and its derivatives were detected in the samples collected from wild boars in farmlands, suggesting that wild boars living and feeding in extensive maize fields take in markedly higher amounts of mycoestrogens.
Jakub Pałubicki; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Iwona Ałtyn; Jan Grajewski. Concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites in female wild boars from woodlands and farmlands. Toxicon 2021, 196, 19 -24.
AMA StyleJakub Pałubicki, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Iwona Ałtyn, Jan Grajewski. Concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites in female wild boars from woodlands and farmlands. Toxicon. 2021; 196 ():19-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakub Pałubicki; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Iwona Ałtyn; Jan Grajewski. 2021. "Concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites in female wild boars from woodlands and farmlands." Toxicon 196, no. : 19-24.
The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of European soy seeds. A mycological and toxigenic screening was carried out on 18 varieties of soy seeds harvested in Poland. Moreover, the level of soybean meal (SBM) substitution by raw soybean seeds was analysed in terms of its effect on young pigs’ performance (body weight gain, feed intake, feed utilisation) along with apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and crude protein in the diets. In a 28-day trial, 48 male pigs were tested using a marker method with TiO2. In their diets, SBM was replaced by soy seeds in the amounts of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. In the last 3 days of the experiment, samples of excreta from each animal separately were collected three times per day. The chemical composition of soybean seeds differed in terms of their contents of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and raffinose family oligosaccharides, as well as the trypsin inhibitor activity. Seeds were also contaminated with fungi, yeast and mycotoxins, mainly zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. The ATTD of crude protein ranged from 70.6% to 77.6% and that of dry matter from 93.5% to 94.6%, with no differences between the groups being found (p > 0.05). Pigs’ performance parameters were reduced strongly with increasing amounts of raw seeds in the diets (p < 0.05). The results indicate that only a 5% addition of raw soy seeds in pigs‘ diet is recommended.
Anita Zaworska-Zakrzewska; Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Zuzanna Wiśniewska; Andrzej Rutkowski. A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs’ Diets. Animals 2020, 10, 1972 .
AMA StyleAnita Zaworska-Zakrzewska, Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Zuzanna Wiśniewska, Andrzej Rutkowski. A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs’ Diets. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):1972.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Zaworska-Zakrzewska; Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Zuzanna Wiśniewska; Andrzej Rutkowski. 2020. "A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs’ Diets." Animals 10, no. 11: 1972.
The aim of this study was to determine the degree of mold contamination and mycotoxin levels in commercially available green coffee products and dietary supplements with green coffee extract. The study included 34 samples from green coffee products: raw beans (n = 16), ground coffee (n = 15) and instant coffee (n = 3), as well as 22 samples from dietary supplements in form of capsules (n = 19), tablets (n = 2) and sachets (n = 1). Total mold count was determined with spread-plate method. Anamorphic mold were identified based on their microscopic morphology and the type of sporulation. Concentrations of mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and citrinin, were quantified by means of HPLC-fluorescence detection. Molds, typically Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., were found in 94% of green coffee beans, 100% of ground and instant coffee samples, and 55% of dietary supplement samples. None of the samples contained detectable levels of citrinin. Ochratoxin A (0.4 ng/g) was detected in only one sample of raw green coffee beans, but in up to 40% and 67% of ground and instant coffee samples, respectively. Mean concentrations of ochratoxin A in ground and instant coffee samples were 3.28 ng/g and 4.09 ng/g, respectively, and maximum concentrations amounted to 6.65 ng/g and 7.44 ng/g, respectively. Ochratoxin A (mean concentration 9.60 ng/g, maximum level 31.4 ng/g) was also detected in up to 58% of the supplement capsules, but in none of tablets and sachets.
Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Justyna Kwiatkowska-Giżyńska; Jan Grajewski; Iwona Ałtyn. Ochratoxin A and citrinin in green coffee and dietary supplements with green coffee extract. Toxicon 2020, 188, 172 -177.
AMA StyleMagdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Justyna Kwiatkowska-Giżyńska, Jan Grajewski, Iwona Ałtyn. Ochratoxin A and citrinin in green coffee and dietary supplements with green coffee extract. Toxicon. 2020; 188 ():172-177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Justyna Kwiatkowska-Giżyńska; Jan Grajewski; Iwona Ałtyn. 2020. "Ochratoxin A and citrinin in green coffee and dietary supplements with green coffee extract." Toxicon 188, no. : 172-177.
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone), as well as ochratoxin A, in 60 winter rye samples of four varieties (KWS Binntto, KWS Serafino, Dańkowskie Granat and Farm Saved Seed) cultivated in three consecutive growing seasons in five different regions of Poland was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection. Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone had the highest occurrence in samples (90%, 63%, 57%, and 45% positive results, respectively). The mean concentrations of these analytes were 28.8 µg/kg (maximum 354.1 µg/kg), 0.98 µg/kg (maximum 6.63 µg/kg), 2.98 µg/kg (maximum 29.8 µg/kg), and 0.69 µg/kg (maximum 10.2 µg/kg), respectively. The mean concentrations for individual mycotoxins were highest in the 2016/2017 growing season. In the 2016/2017 growing season, at least two mycotoxins were detected in 95% of the samples, while in the 2018/2019 growing season, 70% of samples contained one or no mycotoxins. The frequencies of mycotoxin occurrence in different rye varieties were similar. Although a high frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was noted (especially deoxynivalenol), their concentrations were low, and none of the analyzed rye samples exceeded the maximum acceptable mycotoxin level set by the European Commission.
Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Paweł Dopierała; Bartosz Rudzki; Jan Grajewski. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019). Toxins 2020, 12, 423 .
AMA StyleRobert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Paweł Dopierała, Bartosz Rudzki, Jan Grajewski. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019). Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):423.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Paweł Dopierała; Bartosz Rudzki; Jan Grajewski. 2020. "Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019)." Toxins 12, no. 6: 423.
One of the solutions for decreasing the workers' exposure to bioburden is the use of Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices (FRPD). As such it is important to determine whether these devices are fulfilling their protective role. This is the basis of the current study, aimed at characterizing bioburden retained by 120 FRPD (both in interior layers and in exhalation valves) through culture based-methods and molecular tools and also via analysis of antifungal resistance and mycotoxins profile. Our results show that Gram – Bacteria are present at a higher prevalence than total bacteria in both matrixes. Regarding fungal identification, Chrysonilia sitophila presented the highest prevalence on interior layers (55.1% on malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (0.05%); 59.6% on dichloran-glycerol agar (DG18)), whereas on exhalation valves Aspergillus sp. presented the highest prevalence on MEA (6.8%) and C. sitophila on DG18 (36.3%). Among Aspergillus genera, section Fumigati was the one with the highest prevalence in both matrices. Aspergillus sp. was the most prevalent on exhalation valves (75.0% ITRA) in the screening of azole resistance. Fumigati section was the most abundant Aspergillus sp. detected on the interior layers (33.33%, 40 samples out of 120) and on the exhalation valves (1.66%, 2 samples out of 120). The interior layers and exhalation valves from workers with more waste contact showed an increased exposure to bioburden. This study showed that FRPD can have high levels of bioburden, toxigenic fungal strains and Aspergillus sections with reduced susceptibility to the tested azoles and can be used as a passive sampling method since it mimics the results obtained by active methods in previous studies. The gathered information will be useful to prioritize multiple interventions on workers’ education or even on FRPD replacement frequency.
Carla Viegas; Marta Dias; Beatriz Almeida; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Geneviève Marchand; Susana Viegas. Are workers from waste sorting industry really protected by wearing Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices? The gap between the myth and reality. Waste Management 2019, 102, 856 -867.
AMA StyleCarla Viegas, Marta Dias, Beatriz Almeida, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Elisabete Carolino, Anita Quintal Gomes, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Geneviève Marchand, Susana Viegas. Are workers from waste sorting industry really protected by wearing Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices? The gap between the myth and reality. Waste Management. 2019; 102 ():856-867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Viegas; Marta Dias; Beatriz Almeida; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Geneviève Marchand; Susana Viegas. 2019. "Are workers from waste sorting industry really protected by wearing Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices? The gap between the myth and reality." Waste Management 102, no. : 856-867.
The bioburden in a Hospital building originates not only from patients, visitors and staff, but is also disseminated by several indoor hospital characteristics and outdoor environmental sources. This study intends to assess the exposure to bioburden in one central Hospital with a multi-approach protocol using active and passive sampling methods. The microbial contamination was also characterized through molecular tools for toxigenic species, antifungal resistance and mycotoxins and endotoxins profile. Two cytotoxicity assays (MTT and resazurin) were conducted with two cell lines (Calu-3 and THP-1), and in vitro pro-inflammatory potential was assessed in THP-1 cell line. Out of the 15 sampling locations 33.3% did not comply with Portuguese legislation regarding bacterial contamination, whereas concerning fungal contamination 60% presented I/O > 1. Toxigenic fungal species were observed in 27% of the sampled rooms (4 out of 15) and qPCR analysis successfully amplified DNA from the Aspergillus sections Flavi and Fumigati, although mycotoxins were not detected. Growth of distinct fungal species was observed on Sabouraud dextrose agar with triazole drugs, such as Aspergillus section Versicolores on 1 mg/L VORI. The highest concentrations of endotoxins were found in settled dust samples and ranged from 5.72 to 23.0 EU.mg−1. While a considerable cytotoxic effect (cell viability < 30%) was observed in one HVAC filter sample with Calu-3 cell line, it was not observed with THP-1 cell line. In air samples a medium cytotoxic effect (61–68% cell viability) was observed in 3 out of 15 samples. The cytokine responses produced a more potent average cell response (46.8 ± 12.3 ρg/mL IL-1β; 90.8 ± 58.5 ρg/mL TNF-α) on passive samples than air samples (25.5 ± 5.2 ρg/mL IL-1β and of 19.4 ± 5.2 ρg/mL TNF-α). A multi-approach regarding parameters to assess, sampling and analysis methods should be followed to characterize the biorburden in the Hospital indoor environment. This study supports the importance of considering exposure to complex mixtures in indoor environments.
Carla Viegas; Beatriz Almeida; Ana Monteiro; Inês Paciência; João Rufo; Lívia Aguiar; Bruna Lage; Lídia Maria Diogo Gonçalves; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; João Paulo Teixeira; Susana Viegas; Cristiana Pereira. Exposure assessment in one central hospital: A multi-approach protocol to achieve an accurate risk characterization. Environmental Research 2019, 181, 108947 .
AMA StyleCarla Viegas, Beatriz Almeida, Ana Monteiro, Inês Paciência, João Rufo, Lívia Aguiar, Bruna Lage, Lídia Maria Diogo Gonçalves, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Elisabete Carolino, Anita Quintal Gomes, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, João Paulo Teixeira, Susana Viegas, Cristiana Pereira. Exposure assessment in one central hospital: A multi-approach protocol to achieve an accurate risk characterization. Environmental Research. 2019; 181 ():108947.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Viegas; Beatriz Almeida; Ana Monteiro; Inês Paciência; João Rufo; Lívia Aguiar; Bruna Lage; Lídia Maria Diogo Gonçalves; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; João Paulo Teixeira; Susana Viegas; Cristiana Pereira. 2019. "Exposure assessment in one central hospital: A multi-approach protocol to achieve an accurate risk characterization." Environmental Research 181, no. : 108947.
Dairy farming feed can be contaminated with mycotoxins affecting animals’ health and milk quality. Additionally, dairy farming is an environment prone to occupational exposure to mycotoxins and feed is recognized as a contamination source of the workplace environment. An exploratory study was developed in a dairy farm located in Portugal intending to assess the mycotoxins present in the feed. All the samples analyzed presented at least contamination by two mycotoxins to a maximum of 13 mycotoxins in the same sample. ZEA was detected in all the samples (n=10) followed by DON that was reported in 8 samples and OTA in 5 samples. The obtained results point out to the possible contamination of milk by several mycotoxins and for the possible occupational exposure to mycotoxins due to feed contamination. An adequate One Health approach for dairy production should address these issues through effective preventive actions such as avoiding the use of feed contaminated with mycotoxins. This represents an important aspect of the foreseen challenges due to climate change that requires proper attention and accurate management measures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Susana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Carla Viegas. Mycotoxins feed contamination in a dairy farm – potential implications for milk contamination and workers' exposure in a One Health approach. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2019, 100, 1118 -1123.
AMA StyleSusana Viegas, Ricardo Assunção, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Carla Viegas. Mycotoxins feed contamination in a dairy farm – potential implications for milk contamination and workers' exposure in a One Health approach. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2019; 100 (3):1118-1123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Carla Viegas. 2019. "Mycotoxins feed contamination in a dairy farm – potential implications for milk contamination and workers' exposure in a One Health approach." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100, no. 3: 1118-1123.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential use of selected species of soil fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, F. sulphureum, F. verticillioides, and Penicillium expansum) for the bioregulation of the dispersive stages of a parasitic nematode – the large roundworm of pig (Ascaris suum). Experimental cultures containing A. suum eggs with soil fungi and control cultures without fungi were incubated at 26°C for 28 days. Microscopic observations of the developmental stages of the A. suum eggs (zygote, 2-8 blastomeres, morula/blastula, gastrula, and larva) were performed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The API-ZYM test was used to semi-quantitatively determine the activity of 19 hydrolytic fungal enzymes. The cytotoxicity of the fungi was determined with a tetrazole salt MTT assay. Microscopic observations of A. suum eggs incubated in the presence of fungi up to day 28 did not show any signs of destruction to egg shells and/or penetration of the fungi into the eggs. The ovistatic effect of all tested fungi (F. sulphureum, P. expansum, F. verticillioides, and F. oxysporum; pF. verticillioides and F. oxysporum showed an inhibitory effect on the embryogenesis of A. suum, and by the 28th day, only P. expansum. The API-ZYM test showed differences in the hydrolytic activity of the tested strains, while the MTT assay showed the high cytotoxicity of F. sulphureum, the moderate cytotoxicity of F. verticillioides and P. expansum, and the low cytotoxicity of F. oxysporum. Among the fungal strains studied, F. sulphureum showed the highest ovistatic effect, which may be related to its enzymatic activity and cytotoxicity.
Lidia Kołodziejczyk; Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Łukasz Łopusiewicz; Aleksandra Rybińska; Ewa Dzika; Bogumiła Pilarczyk. The Ovistatic Effect of Saprotrophic Soil Fungi on Ascaris suum Eggs. Folia Biologica 2019, 67, 109 -118.
AMA StyleLidia Kołodziejczyk, Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, Magdalena Twarużek, Jan Grajewski, Łukasz Łopusiewicz, Aleksandra Rybińska, Ewa Dzika, Bogumiła Pilarczyk. The Ovistatic Effect of Saprotrophic Soil Fungi on Ascaris suum Eggs. Folia Biologica. 2019; 67 (3):109-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLidia Kołodziejczyk; Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Łukasz Łopusiewicz; Aleksandra Rybińska; Ewa Dzika; Bogumiła Pilarczyk. 2019. "The Ovistatic Effect of Saprotrophic Soil Fungi on Ascaris suum Eggs." Folia Biologica 67, no. 3: 109-118.
African swine fever – (ASF) is a disease affecting both farm pigs as well as wild boars, characterised by very high mortality of the animals. Therefore, in the light of possible losses to the farmers, the problem seems of key importance. Options of the virus spread control, prevention and plausible management have been numerous, even controversial at times. Farmers’ societies have tried to attribute the whole blame to wild boars and advocated the urge to depopulate the species, buy means of intensified, group hunt of the sows. Is this solutions truly reasonable, sensible and eco-friendly?
Jakub Pałubicki; Jan Grajewski; Magdalena Twarużek. PROBLEM RACJONALNEJ GOSPODARKI POPULACJĄ DZIKA W CELU OGRANICZENIA ROZPRZESTRZENIANIA SIĘ WIRUSA ASF. Zarządzanie ochroną przyrody w lasach 2019, XII, 1 -1.
AMA StyleJakub Pałubicki, Jan Grajewski, Magdalena Twarużek. PROBLEM RACJONALNEJ GOSPODARKI POPULACJĄ DZIKA W CELU OGRANICZENIA ROZPRZESTRZENIANIA SIĘ WIRUSA ASF. Zarządzanie ochroną przyrody w lasach. 2019; XII ():1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakub Pałubicki; Jan Grajewski; Magdalena Twarużek. 2019. "PROBLEM RACJONALNEJ GOSPODARKI POPULACJĄ DZIKA W CELU OGRANICZENIA ROZPRZESTRZENIANIA SIĘ WIRUSA ASF." Zarządzanie ochroną przyrody w lasach XII, no. : 1-1.
Poland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8–1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0–7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1–6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14–21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between “scenarios” in the HT-2 case (mean—5.0–7.5% of TDI; maximum—6.5–9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.
Jan Grajewski; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Anna Błajet-Kosicka. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption. Toxins 2019, 11, 254 .
AMA StyleJan Grajewski, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Anna Błajet-Kosicka. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption. Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):254.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Grajewski; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Anna Błajet-Kosicka. 2019. "Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption." Toxins 11, no. 5: 254.
The aim of the study was the evaluation of selected species of meadow plants obtained from the first cut from the area covered by the agri-environmental program 'Natura 2000' in terms of the presence of cytotoxic compounds detected by the MTT test and the level of fungal contamination. The research was carried out on plant species that were evaluated differently in previously used methods for quality assessment of pasture feeds according to Klapp and Filipek. Twenty-six plant species were harvested in 2014 from meadows located in the valley of the Bydgoszcz Canal. Mycological examination of meadow plant samples was carried out according to PN-ISO 7954:1999. Cytotoxicity evaluation was performed using the MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] test. Selected samples were also subjected to evaluation of the endophytes occurrence in grasses using PCR. Natural meadow positions included in the study were dominated by moulds belonging to Humicola spp., Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Torula spp., Fusarium spp. and Mucor spp. The highest level of fungal contamination was observed for Carex acutiformis Ehrh. The most infested grasses were Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P.Beauv., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne L. The MTT test showed that the most cytotoxic species were Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.Beauv. (IC50 1.563 mg/mL) and Ranunculus repens L. (IC50 3.125 mg/mL). Epichloë endophytes were detected in one of 13 examined grass samples. Our own research suggests that previously used feed quality assessments should be verified by introducing modern methods of molecular biology and instrumental analysis. Results of this study may broaden the knowledge of the causes of problems resulting from feeding of roughage, mainly from natural meadows, and help in creating new rankings of the feed value of meadow sward components.
Magdalena Twarużek; Romuald Dembek; Dariusz Pańka; Ewelina Soszczyńska; Ewa Zastempowska; Jan Grajewski. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Mould Contamination of Selected Plants from Meadows Covered by the Agri-Environmental Program. Toxins 2019, 11, 228 .
AMA StyleMagdalena Twarużek, Romuald Dembek, Dariusz Pańka, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Ewa Zastempowska, Jan Grajewski. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Mould Contamination of Selected Plants from Meadows Covered by the Agri-Environmental Program. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Twarużek; Romuald Dembek; Dariusz Pańka; Ewelina Soszczyńska; Ewa Zastempowska; Jan Grajewski. 2019. "Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Mould Contamination of Selected Plants from Meadows Covered by the Agri-Environmental Program." Toxins 11, no. 4: 228.
Aquaculture has been a growing sector of food production worldwide in the last decades, and now starts to include new, unconventional species from the Phylum Echinodermata, such as sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) and sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa). However, little is known in this context with regard to food safety aspects arising from toxigenic fungi. In this study, samples of feed (n = 7) and water (n = 8) or water filters (n = 4) from experimental aquaculture systems, producing sea urchin and sea cucumber, were analyzed by culture-based microbiological methods to assess fungal associations. Additionally, a search using molecular techniques for toxigenic sections within the genus Aspergillus in these materials was done. Finally, samples were analyzed for 37 mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS. In feed samples, Fusarium verticillioides and F. culmorum were detected. In water and water filter samples, Aureobasidium spp., Penicillium spp., and Cladosporium spp. were found. No genes of species from toxigenic Aspergillus sections were detected. Some feed samples were contaminated by multiple mycotoxins, namely deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A (OTA), and mycophenolic acid (MPA). This is the first one study dealing with toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in echinoderm-producting aquaculture. Although no clear evidence for adverse effects on the production systems could be found, the confirmed environmental association of mycotoxins and echinoderms requires further consideration. Studies on the consequences of introducing cereal-based fungi and their mycotoxins via feeds into aquaculture systems for echinoderm production seem to be advisable, to assess possible adverse effects on production and to clarify the potential impact on public health.
Carla Viegas; Liliana Esteves; Tiago Faria; Ana Pombo; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Anita Quintal-Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Susana Viegas. Fungal diversity and mycotoxin distribution in echinoderm aquaculture. Mycotoxin Research 2019, 35, 253 -260.
AMA StyleCarla Viegas, Liliana Esteves, Tiago Faria, Ana Pombo, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Anita Quintal-Gomes, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Susana Viegas. Fungal diversity and mycotoxin distribution in echinoderm aquaculture. Mycotoxin Research. 2019; 35 (3):253-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Viegas; Liliana Esteves; Tiago Faria; Ana Pombo; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Anita Quintal-Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Susana Viegas. 2019. "Fungal diversity and mycotoxin distribution in echinoderm aquaculture." Mycotoxin Research 35, no. 3: 253-260.
Patulin (PAT) is a highly genotoxic mycotoxin still found as the common contaminant of various kinds of spoiled fruits and related commodities which are often endorsed as the health-enhancing products. Thus, a fast and convenient liquid-solid extraction followed by a solid-phase cleanup with the MycoSep®228 AflaPat multifunctional column was used for the highly efficient isolation of PAT with an average recovery of 112.7% from commercial dietary supplements and herbal blends formulated with dried hawberry. Analysis of the PAT content was carried out using gradient elution with a Synergi Polar C18 column (150 × 2 mm, 4 μm) and UHPLC system equipped with a mass spectrometer. PAT was detected in all (n=14) commercial single-component dietary supplements formulated with dried hawberry belonging to Crataegus monogyna and/or Crataegus laevigata. Similarly, PAT was detected in 67% of the studied multicomponent commercial herbal blends (n=6) that contained—in addition to hawberry—different amounts of apple, chokeberry, elderberry, hibiscus, or mallow. Moreover, the PAT content was determined in the hawberry collected from the mature wild hawthorn trees belonging to three botanical species, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC, and Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand, growing in the recreational forest areas and in the law-protected state national forest park in Poland. In conclusion, to prevent PAT accumulation and reduce the health risk of consumers in globalizing markets, the implementation of improved cultivation/processing practices of hawthorn trees and hawberry as well as increased analytical control related to the presence of PAT in dietary supplements and herbal blends formulated with fresh, dried, or frozen hawberry should be urgently recommended.
Anna Przybylska; Grzegorz Bazylak; Robert Kosicki; Iwona Altyn; Magdalena Twaruzek; Jan Grajewski; Anna Soltys-Lelek. Advantageous Extraction, Cleanup, and UHPLC-MS/MS Detection of Patulin Mycotoxin in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Blends Containing Hawberry from Crataegus spp. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019, 2019, 1 -13.
AMA StyleAnna Przybylska, Grzegorz Bazylak, Robert Kosicki, Iwona Altyn, Magdalena Twaruzek, Jan Grajewski, Anna Soltys-Lelek. Advantageous Extraction, Cleanup, and UHPLC-MS/MS Detection of Patulin Mycotoxin in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Blends Containing Hawberry from Crataegus spp. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2019; 2019 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Przybylska; Grzegorz Bazylak; Robert Kosicki; Iwona Altyn; Magdalena Twaruzek; Jan Grajewski; Anna Soltys-Lelek. 2019. "Advantageous Extraction, Cleanup, and UHPLC-MS/MS Detection of Patulin Mycotoxin in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Blends Containing Hawberry from Crataegus spp." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019, no. : 1-13.
Swine production workers are exposed simultaneously to multiple contaminants. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Portuguese swine production farms has already been reported. However, besides AFB1, data regarding fungal contamination showed that exposure to other mycotoxins could be expected in this setting. The present study aimed to characterize the occupational exposure to multiple mycotoxins of swine production workers. To provide a broad view on the burden of contamination by mycotoxins and the workers’ exposure, biological (urine) samples from workers (n = 25) and 38 environmental samples (air samples, n = 23; litter samples, n = 5; feed samples, n = 10) were collected. The mycotoxins biomarkers detected in the urine samples of the workers group were the deoxynivalenol-glucuronic acid conjugate (60%), aflatoxin M1 (16%), enniatin B (4%), citrinin (8%), dihydrocitrinone (12%) and ochratoxin A (80%). Results of the control group followed the same pattern, but in general with a lower number of quantifiable results (
Susana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Martins; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Edna Ribeiro; Carla Viegas. Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches. Toxins 2019, 11, 78 .
AMA StyleSusana Viegas, Ricardo Assunção, Carla Martins, Carla Nunes, Bernd Osteresch, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Edna Ribeiro, Carla Viegas. Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches. Toxins. 2019; 11 (2):78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Martins; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Edna Ribeiro; Carla Viegas. 2019. "Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches." Toxins 11, no. 2: 78.
Mycotoxins are toxic mold metabolites that can persist in environment long after the fungi species responsible for their production disappear. Critical workplace for mycotoxins presence has already been studied and nowadays it is possible to recognize that exposure to mycotoxins through inhalation occurs due to their presence in dust. This study aimed to assess occupational co-exposure to multiple mycotoxins in a fresh bread dough company, an occupational setting not studied until now. Occupational exposure assessment to mycotoxins was done using a LC-MS/MS urinary multi-biomarker approach. Twenty-one workers and nineteen individuals that were used as controls participated in the study. Workers/controls (spot-urine) and environment (settled dust) samples were collected and analyzed. Concerning workers group, DON-GlcA, and OTA were the most prevalent biomarkers (>LOD), 66% and 90.5%, respectively. In the control group, OTA was also one of the most detected (68%) followed by CIT (58%) and DON-GlcA (58%). DON was the mycotoxin measured in high amounts in the settled dust sample (58.2 ng/g). Both workers and controls are exposed to several mycotoxins simultaneously. The workers group, due to their high contact with flour dust, revealed a higher exposure to DON. Considering these results, risk management measures must be applied including specific and adequate health surveillance programs in order to avoid exposure and consequently the associated health consequences.
Susana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Carla Martins; Paula Alvito; Ana Almeida; Carla Viegas. Exposure Assessment to Mycotoxins in a Portuguese Fresh Bread Dough Company by Using a Multi-Biomarker Approach. Toxins 2018, 10, 342 .
AMA StyleSusana Viegas, Ricardo Assunção, Carla Nunes, Bernd Osteresch, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Carla Martins, Paula Alvito, Ana Almeida, Carla Viegas. Exposure Assessment to Mycotoxins in a Portuguese Fresh Bread Dough Company by Using a Multi-Biomarker Approach. Toxins. 2018; 10 (9):342.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Carla Martins; Paula Alvito; Ana Almeida; Carla Viegas. 2018. "Exposure Assessment to Mycotoxins in a Portuguese Fresh Bread Dough Company by Using a Multi-Biomarker Approach." Toxins 10, no. 9: 342.
Rates of hybridization between wild and domesticated animals appear to be increasing worldwide. Recent results suggest that genetic introgression from domestic swine into European wild boar is much more common in local populations than expected, based on pan-European studies. Thus, we screened the genetic purity of 265 free-living wild boars from two hunting areas in Poland by genotyping the melanocortin receptor 1 gene (MC1R) for polymorphism. Unexpectedly, high numbers of individuals with domestic genes (24%) were identified. This suggests that mixed ancestry may be common in Polish wild boar. Among admixed individuals, backcrosses with domestic pig and/or introgressed wild boars were detected (2%). Multiple commercial domestic pig breeds are possibly involved in the introgression observed in the study populations. In addition, the absence of significant differences in the frequency of wild-type allele among two hunting areas suggests high dispersal of individuals and gene flow among populations. We conclude that further study is needed to better understand the mechanisms and sources of introgression in wild boars in Poland.
Artur Dzialuk; Ewa Zastempowska; Radosław Skórzewski; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski. High domestic pig contribution to the local gene pool of free-living European wild boar: a case study in Poland. Mammal Research 2017, 63, 65 -71.
AMA StyleArtur Dzialuk, Ewa Zastempowska, Radosław Skórzewski, Magdalena Twarużek, Jan Grajewski. High domestic pig contribution to the local gene pool of free-living European wild boar: a case study in Poland. Mammal Research. 2017; 63 (1):65-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArtur Dzialuk; Ewa Zastempowska; Radosław Skórzewski; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski. 2017. "High domestic pig contribution to the local gene pool of free-living European wild boar: a case study in Poland." Mammal Research 63, no. 1: 65-71.
We investigated incidences of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and concentrations of six mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and zearalenone) in wheat from 2010 to 2013. Field trials were conducted at the Experimental Station of Cultivar Testing in Chrząstowo, Poland (53o11’N, 17o35’E). We examined the effects of four agronomic factors, including pre-crop type (corn, sugar beets and wheat), date of sowing (late autumn: November 8–December 9 or spring: March 29–April 19), fungicidal application (untreated or treated with two applications) and cultivar (Monsun, Cytra), on FHB index (FHBi) and mycotoxin levels in order to minimize the risk of wheat grain contamination by mycotoxins via integrated pest management methods. The dominant Fusarium species observed on wheat heads were F. culmorum, F. avenaceum (Gibberella avenacea) and F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), at 21.1%, 17.2% and 7.1%, respectively. A monthly rainfall sum of 113.9 mm and a relatively low air temperature (monthly average 15.5 °C) resulted in the highest FHBi in untreated wheat (25.1%). Agronomic factors crucial for the FHB incidence were the pre-crop, fungicidal treatments and cultivar selection. In wheat planted after wheat or corn, the FHBi was higher compared with a pre-crop of sugar beet. A double application of fungicides at BBCH 30–32 with prothioconazole and spiroxamine and at a BBCH 65 with fluoxastrobin and prothioconazole effectively reduced the FHBi and mycotoxin concentrations, respectively, in grain. The cultivar ‘Cytra’ had a greater FHBi (10.4%) than ‘Monsun’ (4.6%), and grain infestations by Fusarium species were also greater in ‘Cytra’, at 16.5%, than in ‘Monsun’, at 11.2%. Untreated cv. Cytra grown after corn in spring produced grains with the highest amounts of the mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, zearalenone and HT-2 (605, 103, 17.5 and 5.53 μg/kg, respectively). Total mycotoxin levels in wheat were correlated with five determinants: duration of the period between the end of flowering and the beginning of kernel abscission, FHBi, F. culmorum isolation, G. zeae isolation and Fusarium ratio (FR) as a % of total mould isolations. Although, the mean concentration of mycotoxins in grain did not exceed the maximum permissible values for unprocessed wheat our study suggests necessity to monitor and mitigate FHB risk for susceptible cultivars, when wheat spring sowing follows corn or wheat.
A. Wenda-Piesik; G. Lemańczyk; Magdalena Twarużek; A. Błajet-Kosicka; M. Kazek; Jan Grajewski. Fusarium head blight incidence and detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat in relation to agronomic factors. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2017, 149, 515 -531.
AMA StyleA. Wenda-Piesik, G. Lemańczyk, Magdalena Twarużek, A. Błajet-Kosicka, M. Kazek, Jan Grajewski. Fusarium head blight incidence and detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat in relation to agronomic factors. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2017; 149 (3):515-531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Wenda-Piesik; G. Lemańczyk; Magdalena Twarużek; A. Błajet-Kosicka; M. Kazek; Jan Grajewski. 2017. "Fusarium head blight incidence and detection of Fusarium toxins in wheat in relation to agronomic factors." European Journal of Plant Pathology 149, no. 3: 515-531.
Recently it was reported that potato pulp, a side product of starch industry, is potentially applicable for the decontamination of phenol-polluted wastewater, due to its high peroxidase content. Regarding the toxicity and the persistence in the environment, the phenol is surpassed by its chlorinated derivatives, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). In this study we demonstrated that potato pulp may be used for the decontamination of 2,4-DCP solutions in a peroxidase-catalyzed reaction. Due to its peroxidase activity, potato pulp displayed a very high potential for 2,4-DCP removal, with the reaction’s efficiency reaching 98% under optimal conditions. The peroxidase activity towards 2,4-DCP was maintained over a wide temperature and pH range, and characterized by relatively low H2O2 demand, with respect to other peroxidase-based systems of 2,4-DCP removal. The toxicity of the post-reaction solutions was compared to the toxicity of the unreacted 2,4-DCP solutions using phytotest and the MTT test. The results of both tests proved that the 2,4-DCP toxicity was effectively alleviated if the pollutant was depleted from solution in the course of the incubation with potato pulp and H2O2.
Katarzyna Kurnik; Krzysztof Treder; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Andrzej Tretyn; Jarosław Tyburski. Potato Pulp as the Peroxidase Source for 2,4-Dichlorophenol Removal. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2017, 9, 1061 -1071.
AMA StyleKatarzyna Kurnik, Krzysztof Treder, Magdalena Twarużek, Jan Grajewski, Andrzej Tretyn, Jarosław Tyburski. Potato Pulp as the Peroxidase Source for 2,4-Dichlorophenol Removal. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2017; 9 (6):1061-1071.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Kurnik; Krzysztof Treder; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Andrzej Tretyn; Jarosław Tyburski. 2017. "Potato Pulp as the Peroxidase Source for 2,4-Dichlorophenol Removal." Waste and Biomass Valorization 9, no. 6: 1061-1071.
In northwest Poland, 163 blood and 53 fecal samples of wild boars were collected in winter 2012/13 and 2013/14. All blood samples were tested for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) by two reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based methods and by anti-HEV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). About 17.2% of blood samples were seropositive. One-step nested RT-PCR turned out to be too insensitive (11.6% were positive). Therefore a two-step nested RT-PCR was applied where 25.8% of the blood samples were tested positive for HEV RNA. About 50.0% of blood samples positive in ELISA were also positive in two-step nested RT-PCR. The prevalence of HEV RNA in feces was 9.4%. Based on the results of blood (ELISA, PCR) and fecal (PCR) tests, the overall prevalence of HEV in wild boars in northwest Poland was 36.8%. There was no correlation between the ELISA results and the presence of HEV RNA in plasma or in feces. According to the sequencing results of 348 bp PCR products of HEV, there were four different subtypes identified. Reports on the prevalence of HEV in wild boar populations are varying due to different sensitivities of the detection methods. However, this study reveals based on a highly sensitive method that HEV is widely spread in wild boar populations in the northwestern region of Poland and posing a potential risk to the consumer of game meat.
Samart Dorn-In; Karin Schwaiger; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar in Northwest Poland: Sensitivity of Methods of Detection. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2017, 14, 103 -108.
AMA StyleSamart Dorn-In, Karin Schwaiger, Magdalena Twarużek, Jan Grajewski, Christoph Gottschalk, Manfred Gareis. Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar in Northwest Poland: Sensitivity of Methods of Detection. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2017; 14 (2):103-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamart Dorn-In; Karin Schwaiger; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. 2017. "Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar in Northwest Poland: Sensitivity of Methods of Detection." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 14, no. 2: 103-108.
Mycotoxins and selected hazardous alkaloids in the medicinal plants (Panax ginseng, Angelica sinensis, and Withania somnifera) and dietary supplements were determined. Purine alkaloids were found in majority of samples; however, isoquinoline alkaloids were less abundant than indole. The predominant alkaloids appear to be caffeine (purine group), harman (indole group) and berberine (isoquinoline). Examined medicinal plants and dietary supplements were contaminated by mycotoxins (especially ochratoxin A 1.72–5.83 µg kg−1), and many species of mold (e.g. Cladosporium, Eurotium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium). MTT cytotoxicity tests revealed that plant and supplements extracts exhibited medium or high cytotoxicity (only Dong quai—low). Moreover, antioxidant activity, total phenolics content and selected phytochemicals were analyzed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Quercetin and rutin were predominant flavonols (1.94-9.51 and 2.20–7.28 mg 100 g−1, respectively). Analysis of phenolic acids revealed—gallic acid, as the most abundant, except Panax ginseng, where ferulic acid was prevailing. The results were analyzed by chemometric methods (cluster analysis, ANOVA).
Anna Filipiak-Szok; Marzanna Kurzawa; Edward Szłyk; Magdalena Twarużek; A. Błajet-Kosicka; Jan Grajewski. Determination of mycotoxins, alkaloids, phytochemicals, antioxidants and cytotoxicity in Asiatic ginseng (Ashwagandha, Dong quai, Panax ginseng). Chemical Papers 2016, 71, 1073 -1082.
AMA StyleAnna Filipiak-Szok, Marzanna Kurzawa, Edward Szłyk, Magdalena Twarużek, A. Błajet-Kosicka, Jan Grajewski. Determination of mycotoxins, alkaloids, phytochemicals, antioxidants and cytotoxicity in Asiatic ginseng (Ashwagandha, Dong quai, Panax ginseng). Chemical Papers. 2016; 71 (6):1073-1082.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Filipiak-Szok; Marzanna Kurzawa; Edward Szłyk; Magdalena Twarużek; A. Błajet-Kosicka; Jan Grajewski. 2016. "Determination of mycotoxins, alkaloids, phytochemicals, antioxidants and cytotoxicity in Asiatic ginseng (Ashwagandha, Dong quai, Panax ginseng)." Chemical Papers 71, no. 6: 1073-1082.