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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. It occurs naturally in many products of plant origin and in animals because of the carry-over from feed to meat or milk. Ochratoxin A has nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic properties. Data on ochratoxin concentrations in blood or serum from patients with different kidney disorders are available for several European countries, as well as for Africa and Asia. In this study, we determined OTA concentrations in serum samples from chronic renal failure patients receiving dialysis and from healthy controls, collected in central Poland. Ochratoxin A was analyzed after extraction and purification using immunoaffinity columns by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (limit of quantification: 0.1 ng/mL) in 88 patients and 16 healthy volunteers. The dialysis group consisted of 40 women and 48 men aged between 23 and 85 years. The mean OTA concentrations were 0.75 ng/mL (maximum 2.78 ng/mL) in dialysis patients and 0.70 ng/mL (maximum 1.44 ng/mL) in healthy controls. The mean concentrations in patients treated by dialysis were 0.76 and 0.74 ng/ml for women and men, respectively (maximum 2.53 ng/ml for women and 2.78 ng/ml for men). Statistical analysis using Student's t-test showed no statistically significant differences between the control group (non-dialysis patients) and all dialysis patients.
Robert Kosicki; Joanna Buharowska-Donten; Magdalena Twarużek. Ochratoxin A levels in serum of Polish dialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Toxicon 2021, 200, 183 -188.
AMA StyleRobert Kosicki, Joanna Buharowska-Donten, Magdalena Twarużek. Ochratoxin A levels in serum of Polish dialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Toxicon. 2021; 200 ():183-188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert Kosicki; Joanna Buharowska-Donten; Magdalena Twarużek. 2021. "Ochratoxin A levels in serum of Polish dialysis patients with chronic renal failure." Toxicon 200, no. : 183-188.
Citrinin (CIT) is secondary metabolite of filamentous molds. This mycotoxin has nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, embryocidal, and fetotoxic properties. It is also produced by several species of the three genera Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Monascus spp., which are used to make red yeast rice (RYR). The material for this study consisted of 15 dietary supplements containing an extract of fermented red rice, available on the Polish market. Samples were extracted using a MeOH–H2O mixture, cleaned-up with an immunoaffinity CitriTest HPLC column, and quantified by HPLC–FLD. None of the analyzed samples contained CIT above the established limit of detection (LOD). Studies on the presence of toxic metabolites in red yeast rice show the importance of regulating this product and of clear information on the label regarding the standardized amounts of monacolin.
Magdalena Twarużek; Iwona Ałtyn; Robert Kosicki. Dietary Supplements Based on Red Yeast Rice—A Source of Citrinin? Toxins 2021, 13, 497 .
AMA StyleMagdalena Twarużek, Iwona Ałtyn, Robert Kosicki. Dietary Supplements Based on Red Yeast Rice—A Source of Citrinin? Toxins. 2021; 13 (7):497.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Twarużek; Iwona Ałtyn; Robert Kosicki. 2021. "Dietary Supplements Based on Red Yeast Rice—A Source of Citrinin?" Toxins 13, no. 7: 497.
As a valuable food base and safe shelter, large agricultural fields create favourable living conditions for wild boars for most of the year. The occurrence of mould in these fields, causing hormonal disturbances, may lead to a lower age of sexual maturity and a prolonged breeding season, and therefore, the population growth in farmlands can be markedly higher than that in extensive woodlands. This study was initiated because of reproductive cycle disturbances in wild boar populations, which were presumably linked with habitat and food types, especially rotten maize. To determine if the major sources of zearalenone (ZEN) in female wild boars are maize cobs infected with mycotoxins, we compared the concentrations of ZEN and its metabolites in organs, tissues and body fluids of wild boars hunted in extensive maize fields and in extensive woodlands where no large maize fields were located within a distance of several km. Samples of blood, bile, liver, kidneys, muscles, urine, stomach and colon contents as well as ovaries from young female wild boars (40–60 kg) were collected in 2011–2014 and prepared for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that ZEN was present in most of the samples, from both farmlands and woodlands, but its concentration within individual types of the analysed body fluids or tissues differed depending mainly on habitat type. In nearly all the analysed cases, higher concentrations of ZEN and its derivatives were detected in the samples collected from wild boars in farmlands, suggesting that wild boars living and feeding in extensive maize fields take in markedly higher amounts of mycoestrogens.
Jakub Pałubicki; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Iwona Ałtyn; Jan Grajewski. Concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites in female wild boars from woodlands and farmlands. Toxicon 2021, 196, 19 -24.
AMA StyleJakub Pałubicki, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Iwona Ałtyn, Jan Grajewski. Concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites in female wild boars from woodlands and farmlands. Toxicon. 2021; 196 ():19-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakub Pałubicki; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Iwona Ałtyn; Jan Grajewski. 2021. "Concentrations of zearalenone and its metabolites in female wild boars from woodlands and farmlands." Toxicon 196, no. : 19-24.
Tea has been consumed for thousands of years. Despite the different varieties, particular emphasis has been placed on green tea (GT), considering the associated health benefits following its regular consumption, some of which are due to its polyphenol constituents, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Tea is not prone to the growth of microorganisms, except fungus, when proper storage, handling, and packing conditions are compromised. Consequently, mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of fungi, could contaminate tea samples, affecting human health. In the present study, we aimed to assess the balance between risks (due to mycotoxins and high levels of EGCG) and benefits (due to moderate intake of EGCG) associated with the consumption of GT. For this, 20 GT samples (10 in bulk and 10 in bags) available in different markets in Lisbon were analyzed through a LC–MS/MS method, evaluating 38 different mycotoxins. Six samples revealed detectable values of the considered toxins. Current levels of mycotoxins and EGCG intake were not associated with health concerns. Scenarios considering an increasing consumption of GT in Portugal showed that drinking up to seven cups of GT per day should maximize the associated health benefits. The present study contributes to the future establishment of GT consumption recommendations in Portugal.
Ricardo Assunção; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Carla Viegas; Susana Viegas. Drinking Green Tea: Despite the Risks Due to Mycotoxins, Is It Possible to Increase the Associated Health Benefits? Toxins 2021, 13, 119 .
AMA StyleRicardo Assunção, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Carla Viegas, Susana Viegas. Drinking Green Tea: Despite the Risks Due to Mycotoxins, Is It Possible to Increase the Associated Health Benefits? Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicardo Assunção; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Carla Viegas; Susana Viegas. 2021. "Drinking Green Tea: Despite the Risks Due to Mycotoxins, Is It Possible to Increase the Associated Health Benefits?" Toxins 13, no. 2: 119.
The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of European soy seeds. A mycological and toxigenic screening was carried out on 18 varieties of soy seeds harvested in Poland. Moreover, the level of soybean meal (SBM) substitution by raw soybean seeds was analysed in terms of its effect on young pigs’ performance (body weight gain, feed intake, feed utilisation) along with apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and crude protein in the diets. In a 28-day trial, 48 male pigs were tested using a marker method with TiO2. In their diets, SBM was replaced by soy seeds in the amounts of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. In the last 3 days of the experiment, samples of excreta from each animal separately were collected three times per day. The chemical composition of soybean seeds differed in terms of their contents of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and raffinose family oligosaccharides, as well as the trypsin inhibitor activity. Seeds were also contaminated with fungi, yeast and mycotoxins, mainly zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. The ATTD of crude protein ranged from 70.6% to 77.6% and that of dry matter from 93.5% to 94.6%, with no differences between the groups being found (p > 0.05). Pigs’ performance parameters were reduced strongly with increasing amounts of raw seeds in the diets (p < 0.05). The results indicate that only a 5% addition of raw soy seeds in pigs‘ diet is recommended.
Anita Zaworska-Zakrzewska; Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Zuzanna Wiśniewska; Andrzej Rutkowski. A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs’ Diets. Animals 2020, 10, 1972 .
AMA StyleAnita Zaworska-Zakrzewska, Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Zuzanna Wiśniewska, Andrzej Rutkowski. A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs’ Diets. Animals. 2020; 10 (11):1972.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Zaworska-Zakrzewska; Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Zuzanna Wiśniewska; Andrzej Rutkowski. 2020. "A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs’ Diets." Animals 10, no. 11: 1972.
The aim of this study was to determine the degree of mold contamination and mycotoxin levels in commercially available green coffee products and dietary supplements with green coffee extract. The study included 34 samples from green coffee products: raw beans (n = 16), ground coffee (n = 15) and instant coffee (n = 3), as well as 22 samples from dietary supplements in form of capsules (n = 19), tablets (n = 2) and sachets (n = 1). Total mold count was determined with spread-plate method. Anamorphic mold were identified based on their microscopic morphology and the type of sporulation. Concentrations of mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and citrinin, were quantified by means of HPLC-fluorescence detection. Molds, typically Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., were found in 94% of green coffee beans, 100% of ground and instant coffee samples, and 55% of dietary supplement samples. None of the samples contained detectable levels of citrinin. Ochratoxin A (0.4 ng/g) was detected in only one sample of raw green coffee beans, but in up to 40% and 67% of ground and instant coffee samples, respectively. Mean concentrations of ochratoxin A in ground and instant coffee samples were 3.28 ng/g and 4.09 ng/g, respectively, and maximum concentrations amounted to 6.65 ng/g and 7.44 ng/g, respectively. Ochratoxin A (mean concentration 9.60 ng/g, maximum level 31.4 ng/g) was also detected in up to 58% of the supplement capsules, but in none of tablets and sachets.
Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Justyna Kwiatkowska-Giżyńska; Jan Grajewski; Iwona Ałtyn. Ochratoxin A and citrinin in green coffee and dietary supplements with green coffee extract. Toxicon 2020, 188, 172 -177.
AMA StyleMagdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Justyna Kwiatkowska-Giżyńska, Jan Grajewski, Iwona Ałtyn. Ochratoxin A and citrinin in green coffee and dietary supplements with green coffee extract. Toxicon. 2020; 188 ():172-177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Justyna Kwiatkowska-Giżyńska; Jan Grajewski; Iwona Ałtyn. 2020. "Ochratoxin A and citrinin in green coffee and dietary supplements with green coffee extract." Toxicon 188, no. : 172-177.
In Portugal, mechanical protection gloves (MPG) are of mandatory use and during their use sweat is released and, consequently, the humidity of the material increases leading to conditions favorable to the growth of microorganisms. However, no studies have been conducted in MPG to assess the bioburden. This study intended to determine the bioburden present in MPG and their biological effects, and to discuss the possibility to use MPG as a passive method to assess occupational exposure to microbial contamination. Fungal burden was characterized through molecular tools for fungal toxigenic species, and antifungal resistance and mycotoxins profiles were determined. Cell viability was determined in swine kidney (SK) monolayer and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines. All MPG samples presented Gram-negative bacteria. The fungal contamination ranged from 0 CFU.m−2 in both MEA and DG18, to 5.09 × 106 and 2.75 × 106 and the most commonly fungi found was Aspergillus spp. (50.46%). Azole resistant Aspergillus sections were found in azole supplemented media. Aspergillus sections (Circumdati, Flavi, Fumigati and Versicolores) were detected by molecular tools in 66 out of 67 samples. The most reported mycotoxin was mycophenolic acid (89.6%). HepG2 cells appear to be more sensitive to MPG contamination, with high cytotoxicity (IC50 < 0.05 mm2/ml) observed for 18 out of 57 gloves. MPG can be used in passive sampling to assess occupational exposure to bioburden in waste sorting industries and contribute for risk characterization. Some contaminants of MPG had cytotoxic potential and affected the biology of hepatic cells more than renal cells.
Carla Viegas; Magdalena Twarużek; Marta Dias; Beatriz Almeida; Elisabete Carolino; Robert Kosicki; Ewelina Soszczyńska; Jan Grajewski; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Susana Viegas. Assessment of the microbial contamination of mechanical protection gloves used on waste sorting industry: A contribution for the risk characterization. Environmental Research 2020, 189, 109881 .
AMA StyleCarla Viegas, Magdalena Twarużek, Marta Dias, Beatriz Almeida, Elisabete Carolino, Robert Kosicki, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Jan Grajewski, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Susana Viegas. Assessment of the microbial contamination of mechanical protection gloves used on waste sorting industry: A contribution for the risk characterization. Environmental Research. 2020; 189 ():109881.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Viegas; Magdalena Twarużek; Marta Dias; Beatriz Almeida; Elisabete Carolino; Robert Kosicki; Ewelina Soszczyńska; Jan Grajewski; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Susana Viegas. 2020. "Assessment of the microbial contamination of mechanical protection gloves used on waste sorting industry: A contribution for the risk characterization." Environmental Research 189, no. : 109881.
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the most important cereals and is used in both the food and feed industries. It is produced mainly in a belt extending from Russia through Poland to Germany. Despite the great economic importance of this cereal, there is little research on rye contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone), as well as ochratoxin A, in 60 winter rye samples of four varieties (KWS Binntto, KWS Serafino, Dańkowskie Granat and Farm Saved Seed) cultivated in three consecutive growing seasons in five different regions of Poland was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection. Deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone had the highest occurrence in samples (90%, 63%, 57%, and 45% positive results, respectively). The mean concentrations of these analytes were 28.8 µg/kg (maximum 354.1 µg/kg), 0.98 µg/kg (maximum 6.63 µg/kg), 2.98 µg/kg (maximum 29.8 µg/kg), and 0.69 µg/kg (maximum 10.2 µg/kg), respectively. The mean concentrations for individual mycotoxins were highest in the 2016/2017 growing season. In the 2016/2017 growing season, at least two mycotoxins were detected in 95% of the samples, while in the 2018/2019 growing season, 70% of samples contained one or no mycotoxins. The frequencies of mycotoxin occurrence in different rye varieties were similar. Although a high frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was noted (especially deoxynivalenol), their concentrations were low, and none of the analyzed rye samples exceeded the maximum acceptable mycotoxin level set by the European Commission.
Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Paweł Dopierała; Bartosz Rudzki; Jan Grajewski. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019). Toxins 2020, 12, 423 .
AMA StyleRobert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Paweł Dopierała, Bartosz Rudzki, Jan Grajewski. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019). Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):423.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Paweł Dopierała; Bartosz Rudzki; Jan Grajewski. 2020. "Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Winter Rye Varieties Cultivated in Poland (2017–2019)." Toxins 12, no. 6: 423.
The assessment and control of microbial contamination in health care facilities is presently a mandatory and vital part of strategies to prevent and control hospital-acquired infections. This study aims to assess the bioburden with two passive sampling methods (30 ventilations grids swabs and 16 electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs)) at Clinical Pathology Services. The fungal burden was characterized through molecular tools, antifungal resistance, and the mycotoxins and cytotoxicity profile. Total bacteria presented the highest prevalence in both matrixes, whereas Gram-bacteria presented the lowest. Swabs presented a higher prevalence (27.6%) for fungal burden. Chrysonilia sitophila presented the highest prevalence in swabs, whereas for EDCs, C. sitophila and Mucor sp. were the most prevalent. Concerning Aspergillus genera on swabs, section Flavi was the one with the highest prevalence (58.02%), whereas, for EDCs, section Versicolores was the only section observed (100%). Aspergillus section Fumigati was detected in 10 swabs and 7 EDC samples and Aspergillus section Versicolores was detected in one EDC sample. Fungal growth on azole-supplemented media was observed in eight EDC samples. No mycotoxins were detected in any of the samples. A low cytotoxic effect was observed in two sites upon incubation of collected samples with A549 and SK cells and in two other sites upon incubation of collected samples with SK cells only. A medium cytotoxic effect was observed with one EDC sample upon incubation with A549 cells. This study reinforces the need of determination of the azole resistance profile for fungal species and allowed a preliminary risk characterization regarding the cytotoxicity. An intervention including the use of a ultraviolet with wavelength between 200 nm and 280 nm (UVC)—emitting device and an increased maintenance and cleaning of the central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems should be ensured to promote the reduction of microbial contamination.
Carla Viegas; Magdalena Twarużek; Raquel Lourenço; Marta Dias; Beatriz Almeida; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal Gomes; Robert Kosicki; Ewelina Soszczyńska; Susana Viegas. Bioburden Assessment by Passive Methods on a Clinical Pathology Service in One Central Hospital from Lisbon: What Can it Tell Us Regarding Patients and Staff Exposure? Atmosphere 2020, 11, 351 .
AMA StyleCarla Viegas, Magdalena Twarużek, Raquel Lourenço, Marta Dias, Beatriz Almeida, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Elisabete Carolino, Anita Quintal Gomes, Robert Kosicki, Ewelina Soszczyńska, Susana Viegas. Bioburden Assessment by Passive Methods on a Clinical Pathology Service in One Central Hospital from Lisbon: What Can it Tell Us Regarding Patients and Staff Exposure? Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (4):351.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Viegas; Magdalena Twarużek; Raquel Lourenço; Marta Dias; Beatriz Almeida; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal Gomes; Robert Kosicki; Ewelina Soszczyńska; Susana Viegas. 2020. "Bioburden Assessment by Passive Methods on a Clinical Pathology Service in One Central Hospital from Lisbon: What Can it Tell Us Regarding Patients and Staff Exposure?" Atmosphere 11, no. 4: 351.
For decades, occupational exposure to flour dust has been linked to a range of respiratory diseases, including occupational asthma, thought to result from exposure to fungi present in the flour. Antifungal resistance is of increasing prevalence in clinical settings, and the role of occupational and environmental exposures, particularly for specific fungal species, is of concern. Occupational exposure to flour dust can occur in a range of occupational settings, however, few studies have focused on restaurant workers. The objective of this study was to measure occupational exposure to flour and microbial contamination, including azole resistance screening, in two small commercial bakeries and in a pizzeria. Personal full shift inhalable dust measurements were collected from workers, and were analyzed for inhalable dust and fungi, bacteria, azole resistance, and mycotoxins. Samples of settled dust were collected, and electrostatic dust cloths (EDC) were deployed and analyzed for microbial contamination, including azole resistance screening, and mycotoxins. Geometric mean exposures of 6.5 mg m−3 were calculated for inhalable dust, however, exposures of up to 18.30 mg m−3 were measured—70% of personal exposure measurements exceeded the occupational exposure limit for flour dust of 1.0 mg m−3. The air and EDC fungal counts were similar to those reported in previous studies for similar occupational environments. The fungi were dominated by Penicillium genera, however Aspergillus genera, including Fumigati and Flavi sections, were observed using culture-based methods, and the Fumigati section was also observed by molecular tools. Both Aspergillus sections were identified on the azole resistance screening. Mycotoxins were also detected in the settled dust samples, dominated by deoxynivalenol (DON). The role of environmental exposure in both the development of antimicrobial resistance and the total mycotoxin body burden is a growing concern; therefore, the presence of azole-resistant fungi and mycotoxin contamination, although low in magnitude, is of concern and warrants further investigation.
Carla Viegas; Gerard T. A. Fleming; Abdul Kadir; Beatriz Almeida; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Anita Quintal Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Susana Viegas; Ann Marie Coggins; Viegas. Occupational Exposures to Organic Dust in Irish Bakeries and a Pizzeria Restaurant. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 118 .
AMA StyleCarla Viegas, Gerard T. A. Fleming, Abdul Kadir, Beatriz Almeida, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Anita Quintal Gomes, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Susana Viegas, Ann Marie Coggins, Viegas. Occupational Exposures to Organic Dust in Irish Bakeries and a Pizzeria Restaurant. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (1):118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Viegas; Gerard T. A. Fleming; Abdul Kadir; Beatriz Almeida; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Anita Quintal Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Susana Viegas; Ann Marie Coggins; Viegas. 2020. "Occupational Exposures to Organic Dust in Irish Bakeries and a Pizzeria Restaurant." Microorganisms 8, no. 1: 118.
Several studies reported adverse respiratory health effects in workers exposed to ambient contaminants in bakeries. The aim of this study was to examine worker exposure to fungi and mycotoxins in Portuguese bakeries in order to develop new policies in occupational health. Environmental samples such as air, surfaces, settled dust and electrostatic dust collector (EDC) were collected in 13 bakeries for fungal and mycotoxins assessment. Air samples obtained by impaction were performed applying malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (0.05%) and dichloran glycerol (DG18) agar-based media. Air samples collected through impinger method were determined as well for fungal detection by molecular tools of Aspergillus sections and mycotoxins. The highest median value for fungal load was 1053 CFU·m−3 and 65.3% (32 out of 49) of the sampling sites displayed higher fungal load than limits imposed by the World Health Organization. Aspergillus genera was found in air, surface swabs and EDC. Molecular tools were effective in measuring Aspergillus section Fumigati in 22.4% on air, 27.8% on surface swabs and in 7.4% in EDC and Aspergillus section Versicolores in one air sample. All settled dust samples showed contamination with six to eight mycotoxins in each sample. The mycotoxins detected were deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, griseofulvin, HT2, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B and mycophenolic acid. Industrial hygienists and exposure assessors should rely on different sampling methods (active and passive) and different assays (culture based and molecular methods) to obtain an accurate risk characterization regarding fungal burden (fungi and mycotoxins). Additionally, the awareness for the raw material as a potential mycotoxins indoor contamination source is important.
Carla Viegas; Tiago Faria; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal-Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Susana Viegas. Characterization of Occupational Exposure To Fungal Burden in Portuguese Bakeries. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 234 .
AMA StyleCarla Viegas, Tiago Faria, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Elisabete Carolino, Anita Quintal-Gomes, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Susana Viegas. Characterization of Occupational Exposure To Fungal Burden in Portuguese Bakeries. Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (8):234.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarla Viegas; Tiago Faria; Liliana Aranha Caetano; Elisabete Carolino; Anita Quintal-Gomes; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Susana Viegas. 2019. "Characterization of Occupational Exposure To Fungal Burden in Portuguese Bakeries." Microorganisms 7, no. 8: 234.
Poland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8–1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0–7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1–6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14–21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between “scenarios” in the HT-2 case (mean—5.0–7.5% of TDI; maximum—6.5–9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.
Jan Grajewski; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Anna Błajet-Kosicka. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption. Toxins 2019, 11, 254 .
AMA StyleJan Grajewski, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Anna Błajet-Kosicka. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption. Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):254.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Grajewski; Robert Kosicki; Magdalena Twarużek; Anna Błajet-Kosicka. 2019. "Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption." Toxins 11, no. 5: 254.
Swine production workers are exposed simultaneously to multiple contaminants. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Portuguese swine production farms has already been reported. However, besides AFB1, data regarding fungal contamination showed that exposure to other mycotoxins could be expected in this setting. The present study aimed to characterize the occupational exposure to multiple mycotoxins of swine production workers. To provide a broad view on the burden of contamination by mycotoxins and the workers’ exposure, biological (urine) samples from workers (n = 25) and 38 environmental samples (air samples, n = 23; litter samples, n = 5; feed samples, n = 10) were collected. The mycotoxins biomarkers detected in the urine samples of the workers group were the deoxynivalenol-glucuronic acid conjugate (60%), aflatoxin M1 (16%), enniatin B (4%), citrinin (8%), dihydrocitrinone (12%) and ochratoxin A (80%). Results of the control group followed the same pattern, but in general with a lower number of quantifiable results (
Susana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Martins; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Edna Ribeiro; Carla Viegas. Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches. Toxins 2019, 11, 78 .
AMA StyleSusana Viegas, Ricardo Assunção, Carla Martins, Carla Nunes, Bernd Osteresch, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Edna Ribeiro, Carla Viegas. Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches. Toxins. 2019; 11 (2):78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Martins; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Edna Ribeiro; Carla Viegas. 2019. "Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins in Swine Production: Environmental and Biological Monitoring Approaches." Toxins 11, no. 2: 78.
Mycotoxins are toxic mold metabolites that can persist in environment long after the fungi species responsible for their production disappear. Critical workplace for mycotoxins presence has already been studied and nowadays it is possible to recognize that exposure to mycotoxins through inhalation occurs due to their presence in dust. This study aimed to assess occupational co-exposure to multiple mycotoxins in a fresh bread dough company, an occupational setting not studied until now. Occupational exposure assessment to mycotoxins was done using a LC-MS/MS urinary multi-biomarker approach. Twenty-one workers and nineteen individuals that were used as controls participated in the study. Workers/controls (spot-urine) and environment (settled dust) samples were collected and analyzed. Concerning workers group, DON-GlcA, and OTA were the most prevalent biomarkers (>LOD), 66% and 90.5%, respectively. In the control group, OTA was also one of the most detected (68%) followed by CIT (58%) and DON-GlcA (58%). DON was the mycotoxin measured in high amounts in the settled dust sample (58.2 ng/g). Both workers and controls are exposed to several mycotoxins simultaneously. The workers group, due to their high contact with flour dust, revealed a higher exposure to DON. Considering these results, risk management measures must be applied including specific and adequate health surveillance programs in order to avoid exposure and consequently the associated health consequences.
Susana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Carla Martins; Paula Alvito; Ana Almeida; Carla Viegas. Exposure Assessment to Mycotoxins in a Portuguese Fresh Bread Dough Company by Using a Multi-Biomarker Approach. Toxins 2018, 10, 342 .
AMA StyleSusana Viegas, Ricardo Assunção, Carla Nunes, Bernd Osteresch, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Jan Grajewski, Carla Martins, Paula Alvito, Ana Almeida, Carla Viegas. Exposure Assessment to Mycotoxins in a Portuguese Fresh Bread Dough Company by Using a Multi-Biomarker Approach. Toxins. 2018; 10 (9):342.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusana Viegas; Ricardo Assunção; Carla Nunes; Bernd Osteresch; Magdalena Twarużek; Robert Kosicki; Jan Grajewski; Carla Martins; Paula Alvito; Ana Almeida; Carla Viegas. 2018. "Exposure Assessment to Mycotoxins in a Portuguese Fresh Bread Dough Company by Using a Multi-Biomarker Approach." Toxins 10, no. 9: 342.
Mycotoxins are compounds that can be formed in many raw materials and agricultural products under very different conditions. The study aimed at evaluation of the level of raw materials and products for animal nutrition contamination due to mycotoxins in Poland in 2011–2014. A total of 1384 samples (295 maize samples, 143 maize silage samples, 466 small grain cereal samples and 480 complete feed samples) were analyzed for the occurrence of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, and aflatoxins. Deoxynivalenol as well as zearalenone were the most frequently occurring mycotoxins, present in 89% and 92% of maize samples, respectively. They were also the most common mycotoxins in maize silages—86% and 88% of the samples, respectively. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were present in 456 (98%) and 450 (97%) small grains samples. Additionally, in 24 samples the content of mycotoxins exceeded the EU recommendation. Regarding the complete feed, trichothecenes and zearalenone were found in more than 90% of the samples. A moderate to strong positive correlation between DON and ZEN, as well as T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin contents was observed for all matrices. The four-year survey indicated again that both feed materials and feeding stuffs are contaminated with mycotoxins, and in most cases the samples contained several compounds of interest.
R. Kosicki; A. Błajet-Kosicka; Jan Grajewski; Magdalena Twarużek. Multiannual mycotoxin survey in feed materials and feedingstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2016, 215, 165 -180.
AMA StyleR. Kosicki, A. Błajet-Kosicka, Jan Grajewski, Magdalena Twarużek. Multiannual mycotoxin survey in feed materials and feedingstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2016; 215 ():165-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Kosicki; A. Błajet-Kosicka; Jan Grajewski; Magdalena Twarużek. 2016. "Multiannual mycotoxin survey in feed materials and feedingstuffs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 215, no. : 165-180.
The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on morphometric indices of jejunum and to follow the passage of deoxynivalenol (DON) through subsequent segments of the digestive tract of broilers. A total of 45 1-d-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 males) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments (15 birds/treatment): (1) control diet; (2) diet contaminated with 1 mg DON/kg feed; (3) diet contaminated with 5 mg DON/kg feed for five weeks. None of the zootechnical traits (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion) responded to increased DON levels in the diet. However, DON at both dietary levels (1 mg and 5 mg DON/kg feed) significantly altered the small intestinal morphology. In the jejunum, the villi were significantly (P P P > 0.05) in broilers fed the diet containing DON compared with controls. DON and de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1) were analyzed in serum, bile, liver, feces and digesta from consecutive segments of the digestive tract (gizzard, cecum, and rectum). Concentrations of DON and its metabolite DOM-1 in serum, bile, and liver were lower than the detection limits of the applied liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Only about 10 to 12% and 6% of the ingested DON was recovered in gizzard and feces, irrespective of the dietary DON-concentration. However, the DON recovery in the cecum as percentage of DON-intake varied between 18 to 22% and was not influenced by dietary DON-concentration. Interestingly, in the present trial, DOM-1 did not appear in the large intestine and in feces. The results indicate that deepoxydation in the present study hardly occurred in the distal segments of the digestive tract, assuming that the complete de-epoxydation occurs in the proximal small intestine where the majority of the parent toxin is absorbed. In conclusion, diets with DON contamination below levels that induce a negative impact on performance could alter small intestinal morphology in broilers. Additionally, the results confirm that the majority of the ingested DON quickly disappears through the gastrointestinal tract.
Wageha A. Awad; Michael Hess; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Robert Kosicki; Josef Böhm; Jürgen Zentek. The Impact of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol on the Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2011, 12, 7996 -8012.
AMA StyleWageha A. Awad, Michael Hess, Magdalena Twarużek, Jan Grajewski, Robert Kosicki, Josef Böhm, Jürgen Zentek. The Impact of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol on the Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12 (11):7996-8012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWageha A. Awad; Michael Hess; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Robert Kosicki; Josef Böhm; Jürgen Zentek. 2011. "The Impact of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol on the Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 11: 7996-8012.