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Martin T. Palou
Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Materials
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Two substitution levels of Portland cement by silica fume (SF; 30 and 50 mass%) and three hydrothermal treatment regimes (0.5, 1.2, and 2 MPa and 165, 195, and 220 °C for 7 days, respectively) were selected for the investigation of high-temperature phase formation. A combination of thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared analyses in the mid-IR region was used to overcome the shortcomings of individual techniques for the identification of these complex systems. Changes in molecular water amounts, the polymerization degree of silicate chains, or their decomposition due to transformations and crystallization of phases at hydrothermal conditions were observed and discussed concerning composition. Contrary to the calciochondrite, hydrogrossular phases, α-C2SH, and jaffeite detected in the systems without SF, a decrease in CaO/SiO2 ratio resulted in the formation of stable tobermorite in the case of 30 mass% SF, whilst calcium hydrogen silicate, gyrolite, and cowlesite were identified as more thermally stable phases in the samples with 50 mass% SF.

ACS Style

Eva Kuzielová; Michal Slaný; Matúš Žemlička; Jiří Másilko; Martin Palou. Phase Composition of Silica Fume—Portland Cement Systems Formed under Hydrothermal Curing Evaluated by FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Materials 2021, 14, 2786 .

AMA Style

Eva Kuzielová, Michal Slaný, Matúš Žemlička, Jiří Másilko, Martin Palou. Phase Composition of Silica Fume—Portland Cement Systems Formed under Hydrothermal Curing Evaluated by FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Materials. 2021; 14 (11):2786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Kuzielová; Michal Slaný; Matúš Žemlička; Jiří Másilko; Martin Palou. 2021. "Phase Composition of Silica Fume—Portland Cement Systems Formed under Hydrothermal Curing Evaluated by FTIR, XRD, and TGA." Materials 14, no. 11: 2786.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2020 in Materials
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The paper describes the mechanical behavior of fine recycled concrete aggregate (FRCA) concrete according to the mineral admixtures. Three types of the mineral admixtures, i.e., fly ash (FA), ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and silica fume (SF), are used and the replacement ratios of FRCA are 50% and 100%. The dosages of the admixtures of FA, GGBS, and SF are determined with the normal dosage (30%, 40%, and 5.0%, respectively) based on the ACI committee reports (No. 232, 233, and 234) and half-normal dosage. The mechanical performance is investigated with the compressive and splitting tensile strength, and elastic modulus. Additionally, the total porosity is measured in natural fine aggregate (NFA) and FRCA 100% replaced specimens by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) for investigating the relationship with the compressive strength. Based on the experimental test results, the mineral admixtures improve the mechanical performance of FRCA concrete. The effective dosages of FA, GGBS, and SF for FRCA concrete are investigated according to the replacement ratio of the FRCA. In particular, FRCA 100% replaced concrete may be possible to be used for the structural concrete members with the specific dosage of the mineral admixtures. The prediction of the splitting tensile strength and the elastic modulus by the codes or previous formulas exhibits underestimated and overestimated results, respectively. The relationship between the total porosity and the compressive strength of the FRCA concrete should be modified with more experimental tests.

ACS Style

Minkwan Ju; Jae-Gwon Jeong; Martin Palou; Kyoungsoo Park. Mechanical Behavior of Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate Concrete with the Mineral Admixtures. Materials 2020, 13, 2264 .

AMA Style

Minkwan Ju, Jae-Gwon Jeong, Martin Palou, Kyoungsoo Park. Mechanical Behavior of Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate Concrete with the Mineral Admixtures. Materials. 2020; 13 (10):2264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minkwan Ju; Jae-Gwon Jeong; Martin Palou; Kyoungsoo Park. 2020. "Mechanical Behavior of Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate Concrete with the Mineral Admixtures." Materials 13, no. 10: 2264.

Article
Published: 17 March 2020 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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The present work investigates the hydration heat of different cement composites by means of conduction calorimetry to optimize the composition of binder in the design of heavyweight concrete as biological shielding. For this purpose, Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R was replaced by a different portion of supplementary cementitious materials (blast furnace slag, metakaolin, silica fume/limestone) at 75%, 65%, 60%, 55%, and 50% levels to obtain low hydration heat lower than 250 j g−1. All ingredients were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and nuclear activation analysis (NAA) to assess the content of major elements and isotopes. A mixture of two high-density aggregates (barite and magnetite) was used to prepare three heavyweights concretes with compressive strength exceeding 45 MPa and bulk density ranging between 3400 and 3500 kg m−3. After a short period of volume expansion (up to 4 h), a slight shrinkage (max. 0.3°/°°) has been observed. Also, thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, volumetric specific heat, thermal diffusivity) and other properties were determined. The results showed that aggregate content and not binder is the main factor influencing the engineering properties of heavyweight concretes.

ACS Style

Janette Dragomirová; Martin T. Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Radoslav Novotný; Katalin Gméling. Optimization of cementitious composite for heavyweight concrete preparation using conduction calorimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2020, 142, 255 -266.

AMA Style

Janette Dragomirová, Martin T. Palou, Eva Kuzielová, Matúš Žemlička, Radoslav Novotný, Katalin Gméling. Optimization of cementitious composite for heavyweight concrete preparation using conduction calorimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020; 142 (1):255-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janette Dragomirová; Martin T. Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Radoslav Novotný; Katalin Gméling. 2020. "Optimization of cementitious composite for heavyweight concrete preparation using conduction calorimetry." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 142, no. 1: 255-266.

Article
Published: 27 January 2020 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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The present paper focuses on the suitability, variability and versatility of thermal analysis and calorimetry methods in the study of cement hydration as physical and chemical process including pozzolanicity and hydraulicity of supplementary cementitious materials. Isothermal calorimeter TAM AIR and simultaneous TGA/DSC were used. Not only activation energy of system comprising SCMs, but also heat generated through alkali-activated reaction of metakaolin and ground granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) can be successfully determined by using conduction calorimetry. The incremental heat flow and incremental cumulative heat of the alkali-activated reaction of ground granulated BFS and metakaolin (MK) were determined and found dependent on temperature and mass ratio between cement and SCMs. The incremental heat flow presents the same characteristics as parent heat flow with different peaks, denoting the formation of C–S–H, ettringite and C–A–S–H trough alkali-activated reaction. While BFS and MK influenced moderately the formation of C–S–H, their influence on the formation of C–A–\({\bar{\text{S}}}\)–H (ettringite and monosulphate) and C–A–S–H is significant as evidenced by peak position and intensity. The method of calorimetry coupled with thermal analysis was considered sufficient to assess the pozzolanicity and hydraulicity of SCMs.

ACS Style

Martin Palou; Martin Boháč; Eva Kuzielová; Radoslav Novotný; Matúš Žemlička; Janette Dragomirová. Use of calorimetry and thermal analysis to assess the heat of supplementary cementitious materials during the hydration of composite cementitious binders. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2020, 142, 97 -117.

AMA Style

Martin Palou, Martin Boháč, Eva Kuzielová, Radoslav Novotný, Matúš Žemlička, Janette Dragomirová. Use of calorimetry and thermal analysis to assess the heat of supplementary cementitious materials during the hydration of composite cementitious binders. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020; 142 (1):97-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Palou; Martin Boháč; Eva Kuzielová; Radoslav Novotný; Matúš Žemlička; Janette Dragomirová. 2020. "Use of calorimetry and thermal analysis to assess the heat of supplementary cementitious materials during the hydration of composite cementitious binders." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 142, no. 1: 97-117.

Article
Published: 19 July 2019 in Journal of thermal analysis
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The combined effect of temperature and vapor pressure on hydration reactions of three different types of Portland cements was studied using a laboratory autoclave. Oil well Portland cement Class G high sulfate resistant (HSR), Dyckerhoff Portland cement and Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R Extra were cured under hydrothermal conditions (165 °C–0.5 MPa and 220 °C–2.0 MPa) up to 7 days. In parallel, hydration reactions at laboratory conditions (25 °C–0.1 MPa) of these samples were also studied. Simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis measurements (TG/DTA) were mostly used to characterize the course of hydration under different curing conditions. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to identify the hydration products and to characterize the coupled effect of temperature and vapor pressure on microstructure and pore structure development. Also, mechanical properties were correlated with pore structure and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Different hydrothermal curing regimes resulted in sequential and overlapped hydration reactions with products including portlandite, ettringite, poorly crystalline C–S–H, hydrogarnet (C–A–S–H), α-C2SH, jaffeite (C6S2H3), scawtite (C7S6\({\bar{\text{C}}}\)H2) and reinhardbraunsite (C5S2H). Calcium silicate hydrate underwent systematic changes starting with the transformation of C–S–H gel formed during the non-equilibrium phases or under low-pressure hydrothermal conditions to α-C2SH, jaffeite and reinhardbraunsite with increasing hydrothermal temperatures. The gradual transition of amorphous C–S–H phases to α-C2SH, C6S2H3, C7S6\({\bar{\text{C}}}\)H2 and C5S2H has caused the deterioration of pore structure with corollaries of the increase in permeability and the decrease in mechanical properties. Moreover, different temperature peaks from 600 to 1000 °C denoting thermal decomposition of different calcium carbonate species were depicted at DTG curves. These are ranged from low to well-crystallized CaCO3.

ACS Style

Martin T. Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Jakub Tkácz; Jiří Másilko. Insights into the hydration of Portland cement under hydrothermal curing. Journal of thermal analysis 2019, 138, 4155 -4165.

AMA Style

Martin T. Palou, Eva Kuzielová, Matúš Žemlička, Jakub Tkácz, Jiří Másilko. Insights into the hydration of Portland cement under hydrothermal curing. Journal of thermal analysis. 2019; 138 (6):4155-4165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin T. Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Jakub Tkácz; Jiří Másilko. 2019. "Insights into the hydration of Portland cement under hydrothermal curing." Journal of thermal analysis 138, no. 6: 4155-4165.

Article
Published: 14 December 2017 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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The present study reports the results of investigation on the role of metakaolin in the formation of ettringite in a model relevant to Portland cement. The model consists of ternary system (Trio) metakaolin–lime–gypsum. Five samples of defined ternary system were cured at different temperatures 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C. Conduction calorimeter TAM AIR was mainly used to capture heat evolution at different temperatures. Thermoanalytical (simultaneous TGA/DSC) and X-ray diffraction methods were used to identify different products after curing. It results that ettringite is the main hydration product supplemented by calcium silicate and calcium aluminosilicate hydrates according to sample composition. The mechanism and kinetics of hydration, as displayed by calorimetric curves, depend on composition of samples and curing temperatures. Two main types of processes have been elucidated: reaction of aluminum ions with sulfate ones in the presence of calcium ions in aqueous solution to form ettringite supplemented by pozzolanic activity leading to the formation of calcium silicate and calcium aluminosilicate hydrates. Concomitant condensation of alumina and silica species and carbonation have influenced the course of hydration. Activation energy Ea depends slightly on composition of ternary system.

ACS Style

Martin Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Radoslav Novotný; Jiří Másilko. The effect of metakaolin upon the formation of ettringite in metakaolin–lime–gypsum ternary systems. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2017, 133, 77 -86.

AMA Style

Martin Palou, Eva Kuzielová, Matúš Žemlička, Radoslav Novotný, Jiří Másilko. The effect of metakaolin upon the formation of ettringite in metakaolin–lime–gypsum ternary systems. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2017; 133 (1):77-86.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Radoslav Novotný; Jiří Másilko. 2017. "The effect of metakaolin upon the formation of ettringite in metakaolin–lime–gypsum ternary systems." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 133, no. 1: 77-86.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Geothermics
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ACS Style

Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Jiří Másilko; Martin T. Palou. Pore structure development of blended G-oil well cement submitted to hydrothermal curing conditions. Geothermics 2017, 68, 86 -93.

AMA Style

Eva Kuzielová, Matúš Žemlička, Jiří Másilko, Martin T. Palou. Pore structure development of blended G-oil well cement submitted to hydrothermal curing conditions. Geothermics. 2017; 68 ():86-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Jiří Másilko; Martin T. Palou. 2017. "Pore structure development of blended G-oil well cement submitted to hydrothermal curing conditions." Geothermics 68, no. : 86-93.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Construction and Building Materials
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ACS Style

Eva Kuzielová; Ladislav Pach; Martin Palou. Effect of activated foaming agent on the foam concrete properties. Construction and Building Materials 2016, 125, 998 -1004.

AMA Style

Eva Kuzielová, Ladislav Pach, Martin Palou. Effect of activated foaming agent on the foam concrete properties. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 125 ():998-1004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Kuzielová; Ladislav Pach; Martin Palou. 2016. "Effect of activated foaming agent on the foam concrete properties." Construction and Building Materials 125, no. : 998-1004.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2016 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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ACS Style

Martin Boháč; Martin Palou; Radoslav Novotný; Jiří Másilko; František Šoukal; Tomáš Opravil. Influence of temperature on early hydration of Portland cement–metakaolin–slag system. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2016, 127, 309 -318.

AMA Style

Martin Boháč, Martin Palou, Radoslav Novotný, Jiří Másilko, František Šoukal, Tomáš Opravil. Influence of temperature on early hydration of Portland cement–metakaolin–slag system. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2016; 127 (1):309-318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Boháč; Martin Palou; Radoslav Novotný; Jiří Másilko; František Šoukal; Tomáš Opravil. 2016. "Influence of temperature on early hydration of Portland cement–metakaolin–slag system." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 127, no. 1: 309-318.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Materials Science Forum
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The effect of P2O5 addition on the calcium silicate phase equilibrium during the sol-gel synthesis of dicalcium silicate was investigated using Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. It is established that phosphorous oxide can form solid solution with dicalcium silicate, but its causes the formation of phosphatic calcium silicate phases such as Ca14.92 (PO4)2.35(SiO4)5.65 and 5CaO.SiO2.P2O5 also. Local analysis has demonstrated the presence of calcium phosphate epicenters containing silicon oxide and calcium silicate zones with minimum content of phosphorous oxide and intermediary areas of various phosphatic calcium silicates. The formation of two distinct islets of calcium silicate and calcium phosphate is due to the affinity between acid oxides (SiO2, P2O5) and basic one (CaO) during sol-gel process. Then, the formation of various phosphatic calcium silicates result from the diffusion of P2O5 towards calcium silicate and that of SiO2 towards calcium phosphate.

ACS Style

Jan Baraček; Martin Palou; Jiří Másilko; Jaromír Wasserbauer; František Šoukal; Tomáš Opravil; Martin Boháč. Application of Sol-Gel Method to Investigate the Influence of P2O5 on the Course of Reactions in CaO-SiO2 System. Materials Science Forum 2016, 851, 92 -97.

AMA Style

Jan Baraček, Martin Palou, Jiří Másilko, Jaromír Wasserbauer, František Šoukal, Tomáš Opravil, Martin Boháč. Application of Sol-Gel Method to Investigate the Influence of P2O5 on the Course of Reactions in CaO-SiO2 System. Materials Science Forum. 2016; 851 ():92-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Baraček; Martin Palou; Jiří Másilko; Jaromír Wasserbauer; František Šoukal; Tomáš Opravil; Martin Boháč. 2016. "Application of Sol-Gel Method to Investigate the Influence of P2O5 on the Course of Reactions in CaO-SiO2 System." Materials Science Forum 851, no. : 92-97.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Materials Science Forum
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The role of temperature of metakaolin/Portland cement binary system was studied by isothermal calorimetry. Sample with 50 % of metakaolin replacement were monitored at 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C. Structural and chemical characterization of hardened pastes was obtained by scanning electron and Raman microscopy. Paper deals with kinetics of main exothermal reactions during early hydration of the system. Activation energies were calculated for processes related to each exothermic peak. The nature of hydration products at different temperatures was revealed by microstructural studies.

ACS Style

Martin Boháč; Radoslav Novotný; Jakub Tkacz; Miroslava Hajdúchová; Martin Palou; Theodor Staněk. The Role of Temperature on Hydration of Binary System of Metakaolin/Portland Cement. Materials Science Forum 2016, 851, 51 -56.

AMA Style

Martin Boháč, Radoslav Novotný, Jakub Tkacz, Miroslava Hajdúchová, Martin Palou, Theodor Staněk. The Role of Temperature on Hydration of Binary System of Metakaolin/Portland Cement. Materials Science Forum. 2016; 851 ():51-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Boháč; Radoslav Novotný; Jakub Tkacz; Miroslava Hajdúchová; Martin Palou; Theodor Staněk. 2016. "The Role of Temperature on Hydration of Binary System of Metakaolin/Portland Cement." Materials Science Forum 851, no. : 51-56.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2016 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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In the present study, hydration of four-compound systems consisting of Portland cement and three supplementary cementitious materials : silica fume, blast-furnace slag, and metakaolin, has been investigated by means of isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis. Substitution of Portland cement was achieved at 25, 30, and 35 mass% by cementitious supplementary materials. Owing to the high specific surface, the silica fume eventuated in more distinctive demonstration of pozzolanic reactions. It decreased C/S ratio and led to the formation of hydration phases with C/S ≅ 1, which is demonstrated by wollastonite crystallization at higher temperatures. Enhanced formation of gehlenite hydrate was proved by DTG when blended cements included higher content of metakaolin and blast-furnace slag. Pozzolanic materials increased the compressive strength of particular blended samples and thus overcame the dilution effect especially at long term of curing. Presented quaternary blended samples in comparison with ordinary Portland cement thus allowed the formation of more thermal stable hydration products and can be considered as promising materials for the development of special concrete also for hydrothermal applications.

ACS Style

Martin T. Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Radoslav Novotný; František Šoukal; Matúš Žemlička. Blended cements consisting of Portland cement–slag–silica fume–metakaolin system. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2016, 125, 1025 -1034.

AMA Style

Martin T. Palou, Eva Kuzielová, Radoslav Novotný, František Šoukal, Matúš Žemlička. Blended cements consisting of Portland cement–slag–silica fume–metakaolin system. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2016; 125 (3):1025-1034.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin T. Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Radoslav Novotný; František Šoukal; Matúš Žemlička. 2016. "Blended cements consisting of Portland cement–slag–silica fume–metakaolin system." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 125, no. 3: 1025-1034.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Procedia Engineering
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The hydration of High alumina Cement (HAC) in the presence of sodium polyphosphate (sodium hexametaphosphate -Na6P6O18) was investigated under normal and hydrothermal condition. Reference sample and modified one were submitted to long-term hydration (365 days). It was found out that sodium hexametaphosphate has increased the compressive strength. The main hydration products of HAC (C3AH6 and gibbsite) were found stable over time. However, when submitted to hydrothermal curing conditions of 20 bars (corresponding to 220 °C) during 7 days, binder has lower compressive strength values, but increasing with time. Thermal analysis method, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electronic microscopy were used to characterize the reaction products. Under hydrothermal curing (220 °C/ 20 bars), the main hydration products were hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) and nordstrandite (A(OH)3), known as chemically bond ceramics formed by acid-base reaction between HAC and sodium hexametaphosphate.

ACS Style

Martin Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Vladimír Živica. The Influence of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (Na6P6O18) on Hydration of Calcium Aluminate Cement Under Hydrothermal Condition. Procedia Engineering 2016, 151, 119 -126.

AMA Style

Martin Palou, Eva Kuzielová, Matúš Žemlička, Vladimír Živica. The Influence of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (Na6P6O18) on Hydration of Calcium Aluminate Cement Under Hydrothermal Condition. Procedia Engineering. 2016; 151 ():119-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matúš Žemlička; Vladimír Živica. 2016. "The Influence of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (Na6P6O18) on Hydration of Calcium Aluminate Cement Under Hydrothermal Condition." Procedia Engineering 151, no. : 119-126.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Procedia Engineering
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The paper presents the results of the study on the effects of the combination of the low liquid/solid (l/s) ratio and pressure compaction of the fresh pastes on the properties of the hardened based geopolymer paste. It is very well known that the mentioned combination gives the possibility to prepare cement composites with the excellent engineering properties. The object of the study was the metabentonite based geopolymer. The results obtained shown the metabentonite based geopolymer prepared under the combination of the low l/s ratio value and pressure compaction as a super strength material. This strength effect was evidently a consequence of the found high dense nano- or near-nano pore structure of the geopolymer.

ACS Style

Vladimir Živica; Martin Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matuš Žemlička. Super High Strength Metabentonite Based Geopolymer. Procedia Engineering 2016, 151, 133 -140.

AMA Style

Vladimir Živica, Martin Palou, Eva Kuzielová, Matuš Žemlička. Super High Strength Metabentonite Based Geopolymer. Procedia Engineering. 2016; 151 ():133-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vladimir Živica; Martin Palou; Eva Kuzielová; Matuš Žemlička. 2016. "Super High Strength Metabentonite Based Geopolymer." Procedia Engineering 151, no. : 133-140.

Review
Published: 01 March 2015 in Building Research Journal
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Concrete is the world's most versatile, durable and reliable construction material. Next to water, concrete is the second most used substance on earth and it requires large quantities of Portland cement. The industrial sector is the third largest source of man-made carbon dioxide emissions after the transportation sector as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which pollutes the atmosphere. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production produces the largest amount of carbon dioxide amongst all industrial processes. In addition to that a large amount of energy is also consumed for the cement production. The production of OPC not only consumes a huge amount of the natural resources i.e. limestone and fossil fuels but also produces almost 0.9 t of CO2 for 1t of cement clinker production. Thus, the world cement production generates 2.8 billion tons of manmade greenhouse gas annually. Hence, it is inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most resource and energy consuming Portland cement. Geopolymer cements are innovative binders which can be produced by the chemical action of aluminosilicate materials plenty available worldwide. They are rich in silica and alumina reacting with alkaline solution and producing aluminosilicate gel that acts as the binding material for the concrete. Geopolymers are synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. The paper presents data on the important engineering properties of geopolymer cements showing that these cements offer an alternative to, and potential replacement for, OPC. Geopolymer technology also has the potential to reduce global greenhouse emissions caused by OPC production. Due to the high level of mechanical properties of geopolymer cements and their environmentally beneficial technology they appear as a prospective construction material for the future.

ACS Style

Vladimír Živica; Martin T. Palou; Martin Križma. Geopolymer Cements and Their Properties: A Review. Building Research Journal 2015, 61, 85 -100.

AMA Style

Vladimír Živica, Martin T. Palou, Martin Križma. Geopolymer Cements and Their Properties: A Review. Building Research Journal. 2015; 61 (2):85-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vladimír Živica; Martin T. Palou; Martin Križma. 2015. "Geopolymer Cements and Their Properties: A Review." Building Research Journal 61, no. 2: 85-100.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2015 in Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
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ACS Style

Raghvendra Singh Yadav; Jaromir Havlica; Miroslav Hnatko; Pavol Šajgalík; Cigáň Alexander; Martin Palou; Eva Bartonickova; Martin Boháč; Františka Frajkorová; Jiří Másilko; Martin Zmrzlý; Lukas Kalina; Miroslava Hajdúchová; Vojtěch Enev. Magnetic properties of Co 1−x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by starch-assisted sol–gel autocombustion method and its ball milling. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2015, 378, 190 -199.

AMA Style

Raghvendra Singh Yadav, Jaromir Havlica, Miroslav Hnatko, Pavol Šajgalík, Cigáň Alexander, Martin Palou, Eva Bartonickova, Martin Boháč, Františka Frajkorová, Jiří Másilko, Martin Zmrzlý, Lukas Kalina, Miroslava Hajdúchová, Vojtěch Enev. Magnetic properties of Co 1−x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by starch-assisted sol–gel autocombustion method and its ball milling. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2015; 378 ():190-199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raghvendra Singh Yadav; Jaromir Havlica; Miroslav Hnatko; Pavol Šajgalík; Cigáň Alexander; Martin Palou; Eva Bartonickova; Martin Boháč; Františka Frajkorová; Jiří Másilko; Martin Zmrzlý; Lukas Kalina; Miroslava Hajdúchová; Vojtěch Enev. 2015. "Magnetic properties of Co 1−x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by starch-assisted sol–gel autocombustion method and its ball milling." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 378, no. : 190-199.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2014 in Advanced Materials Research
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The pore structure of Portland cement pastes cured under different hydrothermal regimes was analyzed. Pore size distribution (PSD), hydraulic permeability coefficient (HK) and porosity (P) were found depending on temperature and steam pressure. With increasing hydrothermal characteristics, the pore structures degraded causing the depletion in compressive strength. Then, blast furnace slag (BFS) and silica fume (SF) were added to PC and cured under similar conditions. It was found that the pore structure was greatly improved. The effect of hydrothermal curing may be interpreted by the intensity and position of the peak, by the length and bimodal characteristic of PSD. The maximum concentration of pores of reference cement paste lies in the range 10 – 103 nm, and changes progressively to the size < 10 nm with increasing addition of BFS and SF. This behavior is attributed mainly to the presence of SF. Microstructure analysis shows hydrate products like needle CSH and CASH, which were stable under hydrothermal curing.

ACS Style

Tomáš Ifka; Martin Palou; Marta Kuliffayová; Martin Boháč; Františka Frajkorová; Ľubomír Bagel. Pore Structure Analysis of Portland Cement and Blended Portland Cements Cured under Hydrothermal Conditions. Advanced Materials Research 2014, 1000, 235 -238.

AMA Style

Tomáš Ifka, Martin Palou, Marta Kuliffayová, Martin Boháč, Františka Frajkorová, Ľubomír Bagel. Pore Structure Analysis of Portland Cement and Blended Portland Cements Cured under Hydrothermal Conditions. Advanced Materials Research. 2014; 1000 ():235-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomáš Ifka; Martin Palou; Marta Kuliffayová; Martin Boháč; Františka Frajkorová; Ľubomír Bagel. 2014. "Pore Structure Analysis of Portland Cement and Blended Portland Cements Cured under Hydrothermal Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1000, no. : 235-238.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2014 in Cement and Concrete Research
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ACS Style

Tomáš Ifka; Martin Palou; Jan Baraček; František Šoukal; Martin Boháč. Evaluation of P2O5 distribution inside the main clinker minerals by the application of EPMA method. Cement and Concrete Research 2014, 59, 147 -154.

AMA Style

Tomáš Ifka, Martin Palou, Jan Baraček, František Šoukal, Martin Boháč. Evaluation of P2O5 distribution inside the main clinker minerals by the application of EPMA method. Cement and Concrete Research. 2014; 59 ():147-154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomáš Ifka; Martin Palou; Jan Baraček; František Šoukal; Martin Boháč. 2014. "Evaluation of P2O5 distribution inside the main clinker minerals by the application of EPMA method." Cement and Concrete Research 59, no. : 147-154.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2013 in Acta Chimica Slovaca
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Series of six cordierite-mullite ceramics were synthesized via solid state reaction at various temperatures from 1250 °C for pure cordierite to 1500 °C for pure mullite. Then the samples were submitted to the test of thermal shock resistance based on cycling heating-quenching procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) have been used to characterize the samples before and after cycling heating-quenching method. Sample 6 was broken after 35 heating-quenching cycles, while the five other reminded stable. The refractoriness of samples is found to be higher than that of commercial ones. XRD shows that heating-quenching procedure has led to crystallization of cordierite and mullite phases. Apart from sample 6, the pore structure is stable with slight consolidation. The microstructure images confirm the results of XRD and MIP showing crack in sample 6 only, but compact and larger particles resulting from crystal growth in other samples due to the repeated action of heating.

ACS Style

Abdulmula Ali Albhilil; Martin Palou; Jana Kozánková. Characterization of cordierite-mullite ceramics prepared from natural raw materials. Acta Chimica Slovaca 2013, 6, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Abdulmula Ali Albhilil, Martin Palou, Jana Kozánková. Characterization of cordierite-mullite ceramics prepared from natural raw materials. Acta Chimica Slovaca. 2013; 6 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdulmula Ali Albhilil; Martin Palou; Jana Kozánková. 2013. "Characterization of cordierite-mullite ceramics prepared from natural raw materials." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 1: 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2013 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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Various hydrothermal curing regimes were used to investigate the hydration and physical characteristics of two kinds of inorganic binder composites: high alumina cement–silica fume–Portland cement and high alumina cement–silica fume–sodium polyphosphate. Simultaneous thermal analysis (DTA and TG) was used to identify temperature ranges of thermal decomposition of cured samples and to characterize the nature of hydrate products. Two kinds of products are formed. The first ones consist of C3AH6, AH3, calcium carbonate (C–C) as a product of carbonation, and C3AH1.5 resulted from the partial decomposition of C3AH6 under higher hydrothermal pressure. The second ones are the products formed by acid–base reaction between monocalcium aluminate and sodium polyphosphate to form NaCaPO4·xH2O and Al2O3·xH2O that could convert to chemically bonded ceramic binders like hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) and gibbsite (Al(OH)3). These two hydroceramic products formed under these conditions act also as binder and could be useful as cement binders for the protection of petroleum, gas, or geothermal wells. Mercury intrusion porosimeter was used for the estimation of the pore structure parameters of the composites. It turned up that longer curing time coupled with higher hydrothermal pressure has improved the pore structure of the first composite, while that of the second has remained unchanged.

ACS Style

Martin T. Palou; Ľubomír Bagel; Vladimír Živica; Marta Kuliffayová; Tomáš Ifka. Hydration of high alumina cement–silica fume composite with addition of Portland cement or sodium polyphosphate under hydrothermal treatment. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2013, 113, 385 -394.

AMA Style

Martin T. Palou, Ľubomír Bagel, Vladimír Živica, Marta Kuliffayová, Tomáš Ifka. Hydration of high alumina cement–silica fume composite with addition of Portland cement or sodium polyphosphate under hydrothermal treatment. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2013; 113 (1):385-394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martin T. Palou; Ľubomír Bagel; Vladimír Živica; Marta Kuliffayová; Tomáš Ifka. 2013. "Hydration of high alumina cement–silica fume composite with addition of Portland cement or sodium polyphosphate under hydrothermal treatment." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 113, no. 1: 385-394.