Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are generally set up for gathering records from insecure environment. Nearly all security protocols for WSN believe that the opponent can achieve entirely control over a sensor node by way of direct physical access. The appearance of sensor networks as one of the main technology in the future has posed various challenges to researchers. Wireless sensor networks are composed of large number of tiny sensor nodes, running separately, and in various cases, with none access to renewable energy resources. In addition, security being fundamental to the acceptance and employ of sensor networks for numerous applications, also different set of challenges in sensor networks are existed. In this paper we will focus on security of Wireless Sensor Network.

Sensor nodes heterogeneity if not properly utilized could lead to uneven energy consumption and load imbalanced across the network, which degrades the performance of the network. Routing algorithms should try to achieve energy-efficiency and load-balancing among the heterogeneous nodes to prolong network lifetime. One of the solutions is by using duty-cycling in cluster-based routing such as in Sleep-awake Energy Efficient Distributed (SEED) clustering algorithm to minimize redundant transmission to achieve energy efficiency. However, this scheme suffers from idle listening problem, which lead to energy wastage across the network. Moreover, SEED cannot cope with an environment with sensor nodes with heterogeneous traffic rate. To cope with energy and traffic heterogeneity issues among sensor nodes, a traffic and energy aware routing protocol (TEAR) is proposed. TEAR avoids selecting node with low energy and high traffic rate for cluster head role to achieve load balancing. However, TEAR does not avoid redundant transmission from the sensor nodes that are in close distances. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid method called energy and traffic aware sleep-awake (ETASA) mechanism to improve energy efficiency and enhanced load balancing in heterogeneous wireless sensor network scenario. Unlike prior methods, in ETASA, the paired nodes alternate into sleep and awake mode based on node's energy and traffic rate. Moreover, we revised the conventional TDMA scheduling in SEED by allocating one slot for group of pairs in a cluster. This is done to address idle listening problem to minimize energy consumption. The proposed method improves the cluster head selection technique that selects high energy, low traffic and nodes with high number of pairs to improve balanced energy consumption. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared against the state-of-the-art baseline protocols. The result shows that the proposed ETASA has 16% and 15% lifetime improvements against TEAR and SEED.

The future of mobile wireless communication networks will be experienced several generations as which have been experienced. This kind of development will drive the researches of information technology in industrial area. In this paper, we predict the future generations of mobile wireless communication networks including 4th, 5th, 6th and 7^th generations. The main objective of this paper is to propose a technical frame for industry in the future. Thus, this paper is focused on the specification of future generations of wireless mobile communication networks.

This paper presents an overview of device identification techniques and the Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) standard used for the Internet of things to reduce the IoT attack surface. The ongoing diversity and the sheer increase in the number of connected IoT devices have crumpled security efforts. There is a need to reconsider and redesign the underlying concept of developing security systems to resolve IoT security challenges. In this backdrop, device profiling and identification have emerged as an exciting technique that helps to reduce IoT device attack surface. One of the known approaches for device identification is to fingerprint a device. There are many ways to fingerprint the device, mostly using device network flows or device local attributes. The device identification ensures the authenticity of the device attached to the network, like user authentication. Since IoT devices mostly work using machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, this requires identifying each device properly. But there is no unified approach for device identification for the ever-growing world of IoT devices and applications. One of the major steps forward in this direction is the development of the Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) standard that defines the role of a device within the network. It limits the device to execute the primary task only, which will help to reduce the attack surface. Since the inception of MUD, many security frameworks use this standard for IoT security. However, there is a need to scrutinize the security frameworks based on the MUD, to find out the claimed effectiveness of the standard in IoT security. This paper initially identifies and classifies the potential vulnerabilities in IoT devices. Then, the study provides an overview of the research that focuses on device identification techniques and analyzes their role in IoT security. Finally, the research presents an overview of MUD technology, its implementation scenarios, the limitation of the latest MUD standard, and its applications in the industry. The prime aim of this work is to examine the MUD benefits in IoT security along with the weaknesses and challenges while implementing this standard along with future directions.