This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Nikolaos D. Proutsos is an Associate Researcher of Forest Micrometeorology and Climate Change in the Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems of the Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER” in Greece. He is a PhD graduate from the Agricultural University of Athens. He has a MSc in Environmental Management and a BSc in Agricultural Sciences and Agricultural Engineering. His research interests include agricultural and forest micrometeorology, climatology, drought, crop-water requirements and light use in plant communities. He has worked for the Greek Ministry of Agriculture, the Technological Institute of Kalamata, the Prefecture of Attika and the Greek National Organization for Cotton Production. He has participated in National and European Research projects.
Urban green areas present a lucid example for the harmonious co-existence of the artificial and natural environments best illustrated by their interdependence and interconnection in urban spaces. Urban green areas are essential for the health and wellbeing of citizens. The present study aimed to investigate those multiple benefits for citizens that arise through the existence of urban green areas, as well as important policy dimensions that should be considered when designing the expansion of urban green spaces in urban development. The study was based on a literature review to examine for available evidence on the benefit levels derived by the existence of urban green areas. An extended literature review was followed by a structured review, based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, which partly followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted in two databases, and a total of 1674 articles and abstracts were identified through the database searches. After removing 114 duplicates, 1560 records were initially screened based on title and Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 articles were incorporated in the structured review and a total of 47 in the extended review. The extended literature review identified 33 additional articles examining aspects of benefits that did not fall under the pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria used in the structured review, such as health benefits and other social parameters associated with urban green spaces. The selected studies were allocated in five principal groups according to study types: three of the them consisted of studies employing “willingness to pay” (WTP) methods, five were based on property values, two studies assigned monetary values, while another two assigned CO2 values, and, finally, two studies were based on qualitative criteria. The results indicated benefits to citizens and increased welfare levels gained by the existence of urban green areas. The conducted review revealed a number of findings and recommendations that could direct future research and urban policy. Those hints could assist local authorities as well as stakeholders in order to measure and assess the benefits of green spaces and urban parks and promote measures and programs to assist their further deployment.
Antonios Kolimenakis; Alexandra Solomou; Nikolaos Proutsos; Evangelia Avramidou; Evangelia Korakaki; Georgios Karetsos; Georgios Maroulis; Eleftherios Papagiannis; Konstantinia Tsagkari. The Socioeconomic Welfare of Urban Green Areas and Parks; A Literature Review of Available Evidence. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7863 .
AMA StyleAntonios Kolimenakis, Alexandra Solomou, Nikolaos Proutsos, Evangelia Avramidou, Evangelia Korakaki, Georgios Karetsos, Georgios Maroulis, Eleftherios Papagiannis, Konstantinia Tsagkari. The Socioeconomic Welfare of Urban Green Areas and Parks; A Literature Review of Available Evidence. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonios Kolimenakis; Alexandra Solomou; Nikolaos Proutsos; Evangelia Avramidou; Evangelia Korakaki; Georgios Karetsos; Georgios Maroulis; Eleftherios Papagiannis; Konstantinia Tsagkari. 2021. "The Socioeconomic Welfare of Urban Green Areas and Parks; A Literature Review of Available Evidence." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7863.
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key parameter for climate classification and aridity assessment. The widely used UNEP (1992) classification system is based on the estimation of the aridity index AI, which requires annual average values of precipitation P and PET. For the calculation of PET the Thornthwaite's (1948) formula is, in principle, suggested. Recent studies use more advanced and accurate methods for PET estimation but apply to AI the same thresholds proposed by UNEP for aridity classification. This work deals with the uncertainties introduced by the use of different PET methods in the estimation of the aridity index AI. Specifically, the Hargreaves-Samani (HS) method and four of its modifications, three modifications of Thornthwaite's formula and the equation of Hamon, are evaluated against the widely used Thornthwaite's original method, by assessing their impact on the AI. Climatic data as monthly average values of at least 30 years of measurements from 122 stations in the Greek peninsula are used. Results show that AI is highly affected by the PET method adopted, resulting thus to changes in climatic classification of a region. Further, results imply the need for an adjustment of the threshold values that determine aridity classes according to the method each time adopted. Therefore, new threshold values for the aridity classes are developed and presented in this work. The proposed threshold values cover a range of sites that belong to semi-arid SA, sub-humid SH and humid H aridity classes of the Greek peninsula.
Nikolaos D. Proutsos; Ioannis X. Tsiros; Panagiotis Nastos; Alexandros Tsaousidis. A note on some uncertainties associated with Thornthwaite's aridity index introduced by using different potential evapotranspiration methods. Atmospheric Research 2021, 260, 105727 .
AMA StyleNikolaos D. Proutsos, Ioannis X. Tsiros, Panagiotis Nastos, Alexandros Tsaousidis. A note on some uncertainties associated with Thornthwaite's aridity index introduced by using different potential evapotranspiration methods. Atmospheric Research. 2021; 260 ():105727.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolaos D. Proutsos; Ioannis X. Tsiros; Panagiotis Nastos; Alexandros Tsaousidis. 2021. "A note on some uncertainties associated with Thornthwaite's aridity index introduced by using different potential evapotranspiration methods." Atmospheric Research 260, no. : 105727.
Junipers face multiple threats induced both by climate and land use changes, impacting their expansion and reproductive dynamics. The aim of this work is to evaluate the ecological status of Juniperus foetidissima Willd. forest stands in the protected Natura 2000 site of Mt. Oiti in Greece. The study of the ecological status is important for designing and implementing active management and conservation actions for the species’ protection. Tree size characteristics (height, breast height diameter), age, reproductive dynamics, seed production and viability, tree density, sex, and habitat expansion were examined. The data analysis revealed a generally good ecological status of the habitat with high plant diversity. However, at the different juniper stands, subpopulations present high variability and face different problems, such as poor tree density, reduced numbers of juvenile trees or poor seed production, inadequate male:female ratios, a small number of female trees, reduced numbers of seeds with viable embryos, competition with other woody species, grazing, and illegal logging. From the results, the need for site-specific active management and interventions is demonstrated in order to preserve or achieve the good status of the habitat at all stands in the region.
Nikolaos Proutsos; Alexandra Solomou; George Karetsos; Konstantinia Tsagari; George Mantakas; Konstantinos Kaoukis; Athanassios Bourletsikas; George Lyrintzis. The Ecological Status of Juniperus foetidissima Forest Stands in the Mt. Oiti-Natura 2000 Site in Greece. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3544 .
AMA StyleNikolaos Proutsos, Alexandra Solomou, George Karetsos, Konstantinia Tsagari, George Mantakas, Konstantinos Kaoukis, Athanassios Bourletsikas, George Lyrintzis. The Ecological Status of Juniperus foetidissima Forest Stands in the Mt. Oiti-Natura 2000 Site in Greece. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3544.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolaos Proutsos; Alexandra Solomou; George Karetsos; Konstantinia Tsagari; George Mantakas; Konstantinos Kaoukis; Athanassios Bourletsikas; George Lyrintzis. 2021. "The Ecological Status of Juniperus foetidissima Forest Stands in the Mt. Oiti-Natura 2000 Site in Greece." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3544.
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the attitudes among a sample of educated Greek consumers toward the use of dietary supplements (DS) and functional foods (FF) given that attitudes and behaviors as regards DS/FF have not been sufficiently evaluated in Southern Europe, where their penetration is lower as compared to northern countries. An online questionnaire was completed by 358 individuals (n = 358, 55.6% females, 44.4% males, and 82% of the total with higher education). Questionnaire reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient while independence among qualitative variables was assayed by Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. The different groups of questions were analyzed by factor analysis, with principal component analysis and Varimax rotation, applied after a factor analysis and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy test. Finally, a hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s method, using the squared Euclidean distance as a measure, was performed in order to identify and classify cases. Our results revealed that the majority of responders were aware of the principles of healthy eating, considering DS/FF as valid additives conferring beneficial effects. A surprising finding is that consumers, independently of the use of DS/FF, tend to prepare food at home and to adhere strongly to the Mediterranean diet and its principles. In addition, they express a certain degree of wariness as to product labeling and health claims, following instead the recommendations of health professionals and scientific evidence. Finally, they prefer to purchase DS/FF from pharmacies. Our findings provide valuable data concerning active Greek consumers’ attitudes toward these relative new products, which could be extended to other Mediterranean and South European populations.
Evangelia Tsartsou; Nikolaos Proutsos; Iakovos Papadopoulos; Vangelis Tzouvelekas; Elias Castanas; Marilena Kampa. Consumers’ attitude toward dietary supplements and functional food: a prospective survey in a Greek population sample. Hormones 2020, 20, 177 -188.
AMA StyleEvangelia Tsartsou, Nikolaos Proutsos, Iakovos Papadopoulos, Vangelis Tzouvelekas, Elias Castanas, Marilena Kampa. Consumers’ attitude toward dietary supplements and functional food: a prospective survey in a Greek population sample. Hormones. 2020; 20 (1):177-188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEvangelia Tsartsou; Nikolaos Proutsos; Iakovos Papadopoulos; Vangelis Tzouvelekas; Elias Castanas; Marilena Kampa. 2020. "Consumers’ attitude toward dietary supplements and functional food: a prospective survey in a Greek population sample." Hormones 20, no. 1: 177-188.
Weather variations affect natural ecosystems, while in regions where climate change is anticipated to intensify extreme events such as droughts, the vitality of vulnerable species may be reduced. The sensitivity of key-species to the climatic conditions may illustrate their adjustability in specific areas and assist decision making towards proper mitigation and adaptation measures. Pinus nigra, commonly known as black pine, is an endemic species, forming many protected habitats in the Mediterranean. In this study, black pine tree-ring data from Greece are used to assess the response of tree growth to specific temperature-related (mean, max. and min. temperature and diurnal temperature range) and water-related (precipitation, evapotranspiration, relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit) meteorological parameters. Additionally, the effect of drought episodes is estimated using indices, including the well-established standardised precipitation index (SPI) and reconnaissance drought index (RDI), as well as two recently proposed modifications, namely, the agricultural SPI (aSPI) and the effective RDI (eRDI). The outcomes reveal several seasonal patterns, emphasising the sensitivity of black pine principally to water-related meteorological parameters, with winter and early spring conditions having a primary role on annual tree growth. Black pine seems to be tolerant to drought in the study region, in terms of its resilience; however, there are indications that multiyear droughts may have prolonged effects on tree growth, which may last approximately three years after drought ends. Additionally, it is derived that both aSPI and eRDI illustrate more efficiently tree growth response to drought, indicating that these modifications provide increased accuracy regarding drought characterisation in the forest environment.
Nikolaos Proutsos; Dimitris Tigkas. Growth Response of Endemic Black Pine Trees to Meteorological Variations and Drought Episodes in a Mediterranean Region. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 554 .
AMA StyleNikolaos Proutsos, Dimitris Tigkas. Growth Response of Endemic Black Pine Trees to Meteorological Variations and Drought Episodes in a Mediterranean Region. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (6):554.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolaos Proutsos; Dimitris Tigkas. 2020. "Growth Response of Endemic Black Pine Trees to Meteorological Variations and Drought Episodes in a Mediterranean Region." Atmosphere 11, no. 6: 554.
Estimated Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo), requires the meteorological attributes to be taken above standardized well-watered and vegetation-covered surfaces. However, worldwide such vegetation-reference sites are not common. This results in mistaken estimates of ETo by using the well-known and extensively applied FAO-56 Penman–Monteith formula. Consequently, the use of inappropriate data for ETo estimation from non-ideal surfaces, leads to significant and systematic cumulative errors introducing uncertainties when determining the crop water requirements in a region. Additionally, the existing climatic stations are not spatially distributed but rather concentrated mostly in non-rural urban areas or in local airports, operating above non–standardized surfaces. The purpose of this work is to assess the effect of using daily meteorological data recorded above a well-watered short crop compared to data obtained above dry bare soil, at the same local environment, using two widely used ETo models: the ASCE Penman-Monteith and the Hargreaves-Samani. The results indicate that the meteorological conditions above the different surfaces are quite different, presenting higher temperature and lower relative humidity values above the bare soil surface compared to the well-watered short crop and resulting, finally, to errors in the estimation of reference evapotranspiration. These errors appear to enhance as air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, radiation and atmospheric clearness increases, or relative humidity decreases but are diminishing under adequate soil moisture conditions resulting after rainfall events. The ETo differences vary according to the model each time adopted but the soil substrate influence can be detected by more sophisticated methods, such as FAO56-PM, which consider the energy balance of the surface.
Stavros Alexandris; Nikolaos Proutsos. How significant is the effect of the surface characteristics on the Reference Evapotranspiration estimates? Agricultural Water Management 2020, 237, 106181 .
AMA StyleStavros Alexandris, Nikolaos Proutsos. How significant is the effect of the surface characteristics on the Reference Evapotranspiration estimates? Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 237 ():106181.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStavros Alexandris; Nikolaos Proutsos. 2020. "How significant is the effect of the surface characteristics on the Reference Evapotranspiration estimates?" Agricultural Water Management 237, no. : 106181.
The temporal variability of the aridity index (AI) in Greece is examined over an almost century period (1900–1997) and for a number of meteorological stations according to data availability. The analysis is carried out for three distinct climatic periods: 1900–1929, 1930–1960 and 1961–1997. In addition to the use of AI, other drought related parameters based on Thornthwaite's water budget approach are adopted to provide more insights into the variability of AI. Results show a relatively slow but steadily progressive establishment of drier conditions in most areas. During the early climatic period most of the totally 25 examined areas in the Greek peninsula are classified as ‘Humid’ with a few exceptions for the ‘Sub-Humid’ class and for the ‘Semi-Arid’ class'. Within the second examined period, a shift from the ‘Sub-humid’ class towards the ‘Semi-Arid’ class appeared mostly in the Aegean Sea Cyclades Islands. The most significant shift was found to appear during the third period with changes from the ‘Humid’ class to the ‘Sub-humid’ class in parts of the continental Greece, in Eastern Crete and in mountainous areas. In some areas (e.g. Attica basin) AI values tend to approach the threshold value for shift from the ‘Semi-Arid’ class to the ‘Arid’ class whereas for a number of areas located in the western coastal region, the AI class ‘Humid’ remains unchanged during all three periods.
Ioannis X. Tsiros; Panagiotis Nastos; Nikolaos D. Proutsos; Alexandros Tsaousidis. Variability of the aridity index and related drought parameters in Greece using climatological data over the last century (1900–1997). Atmospheric Research 2020, 240, 104914 .
AMA StyleIoannis X. Tsiros, Panagiotis Nastos, Nikolaos D. Proutsos, Alexandros Tsaousidis. Variability of the aridity index and related drought parameters in Greece using climatological data over the last century (1900–1997). Atmospheric Research. 2020; 240 ():104914.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIoannis X. Tsiros; Panagiotis Nastos; Nikolaos D. Proutsos; Alexandros Tsaousidis. 2020. "Variability of the aridity index and related drought parameters in Greece using climatological data over the last century (1900–1997)." Atmospheric Research 240, no. : 104914.
The beneficial role of olive oil consumption is nowadays widely recognized. However, it is not clear whether its health effects are due to the presence of monounsaturated lipids and/or to the antioxidant fraction of microconstituents present in olive oil. The aim of the present study was to analyze the exact role of olive oil in the modification of metabolic factors (glucose and circulating lipids) and explore the role of its antioxidant polyphenols. In the present work, we have performed a network meta-analysis of 30 human intervention studies, considering direct and indirect interactions and impact of each constituent. Interestingly, we show that the impact of olive oil on glucose, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol is mediated through an adherence to the Mediterranean diet, with the only notable effect of olive oil polyphenols being the increase of HDL-cholesterol, and the amelioration of the antioxidant and inflammatory status of the subjects. Additionally, we report for the first time that lower antioxidant polyphenol levels may be sufficient for the beneficial effects of olive oil, while we show that the lipid fraction of olive oil may be responsible for some of its beneficial actions. In all parameters examined the beneficial effect of olive oil was more pronounced in subjects with an established metabolic syndrome or other chronic conditions/diseases. In conclusion, all these findings provide new knowledge that could lead to re-establishment of the role of olive oil in human nutrition.
Evangelia Tsartsou; Nikolaos Proutsos; Elias Castanas; Marilena Kampa. Network Meta-Analysis of Metabolic Effects of Olive-Oil in Humans Shows the Importance of Olive Oil Consumption With Moderate Polyphenol Levels as Part of the Mediterranean Diet. Frontiers in Nutrition 2019, 6, 6 .
AMA StyleEvangelia Tsartsou, Nikolaos Proutsos, Elias Castanas, Marilena Kampa. Network Meta-Analysis of Metabolic Effects of Olive-Oil in Humans Shows the Importance of Olive Oil Consumption With Moderate Polyphenol Levels as Part of the Mediterranean Diet. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2019; 6 ():6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEvangelia Tsartsou; Nikolaos Proutsos; Elias Castanas; Marilena Kampa. 2019. "Network Meta-Analysis of Metabolic Effects of Olive-Oil in Humans Shows the Importance of Olive Oil Consumption With Moderate Polyphenol Levels as Part of the Mediterranean Diet." Frontiers in Nutrition 6, no. : 6.
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is an important parameter in ecological research. However, it is not routinely measured and often is estimated as a constant ratio of the incoming solar shortwave radiation (Rs). There are only few reported PAR/Rs values worldwide concerning the Mediterranean climate and even fewer from rural or forest areas, especially at higher altitudes. Hourly PAR and Rs flux densities were measured above a deciduous oak forest in Greece from 1999 to 2005, and their relationship was investigated under various conditions. Results show that the annual mean hourly PAR/Rs is 0.454, ranging from 0.443 in spring to 0.478 in autumn, with intermediate values in summer (0.454) and winter (0.459). The ratio increases with dew point temperature but decreases as solar elevation angle or Rs increases. Atmospheric clearness index, Kt, and actual water vapor pressure, ea, are the key factors determining the ratio; however, relative humidity (RH) also seems to have an indirect effect by affecting Kt and ea values. PAR/Rs changes from 0.468 to 0.455 as sky conditions change from clear to overcast and appears to increase with ea. However, Kt affects the ratio when RH is lower than 60%, while ea has a more obvious effect at more saturated atmospheric conditions.
Nikolaos Proutsos; Aristotle Liakatas; Stavros Alexandris. Ratio of photosynthetically active to total incoming radiation above a Mediterranean deciduous oak forest. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2019, 137, 2927 -2939.
AMA StyleNikolaos Proutsos, Aristotle Liakatas, Stavros Alexandris. Ratio of photosynthetically active to total incoming radiation above a Mediterranean deciduous oak forest. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2019; 137 (3-4):2927-2939.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolaos Proutsos; Aristotle Liakatas; Stavros Alexandris. 2019. "Ratio of photosynthetically active to total incoming radiation above a Mediterranean deciduous oak forest." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137, no. 3-4: 2927-2939.
Nikolaos Proutsos; Agricultural University of Athens; Αristotle Liakatas; Stavros Alexandris; Ioannis Tsiros. Carbon fluxes above a deciduous forest in Greece. Atmósfera 2017, 30, 311 -322.
AMA StyleNikolaos Proutsos, Agricultural University of Athens, Αristotle Liakatas, Stavros Alexandris, Ioannis Tsiros. Carbon fluxes above a deciduous forest in Greece. Atmósfera. 2017; 30 (4):311-322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolaos Proutsos; Agricultural University of Athens; Αristotle Liakatas; Stavros Alexandris; Ioannis Tsiros. 2017. "Carbon fluxes above a deciduous forest in Greece." Atmósfera 30, no. 4: 311-322.
Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is a major component of the hydrological cycle. Its use is essential both for the hydrological rainfall–runoff assessment models and determination of water requirements in agricultural and forest ecosystems. This study investigates the performance of 24 different methods, which produce ET0 or potential evapotranspiration estimates above a grass-covered ground in a Mediterranean forest environment in Greece and compares the derived results with those of the presumed most accurate and scientifically acceptable Penman–Monteith method (ETP-M). Their performance was evaluated on a daily basis for a period of 17 years, using 17 different statistical parameters of goodness of fit. The results showed that some empirical methods could serve as suitable alternatives. More specifically, Copais (ETCOP), Hargreaves original (ETHAR), and Valiantzas2 (ETVA2) methods, exhibited very good values of the model efficiency index, EF (0.934, 0.932, and 0.917, respectively) and the index of agreement, d (0.984, 0.982, and 0.977, respectively). Additionally, the differences of the estimated mean daily value against the respective ETP-M value (rt index) for all methods had a range of −27.8% (Penman – ETPEN) to +59.5% (Romanenko – ETROM), while Copais (ETCOP), Hargreaves–Samani modified1 (ETHS1), and STU (ETSTU) yielded the best values (−0.06%, +0.06%, and 0.22%, respectively).
Athanassios Bourletsikas; Ioannis Argyrokastritis; Nikolaos Proutsos. Comparative evaluation of 24 reference evapotranspiration equations applied on an evergreen-broadleaved forest. Water Policy 2017, 49, 1028 -1041.
AMA StyleAthanassios Bourletsikas, Ioannis Argyrokastritis, Nikolaos Proutsos. Comparative evaluation of 24 reference evapotranspiration equations applied on an evergreen-broadleaved forest. Water Policy. 2017; 49 (4):1028-1041.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthanassios Bourletsikas; Ioannis Argyrokastritis; Nikolaos Proutsos. 2017. "Comparative evaluation of 24 reference evapotranspiration equations applied on an evergreen-broadleaved forest." Water Policy 49, no. 4: 1028-1041.
A.D. Solomou; N.D. Proutsos; G. Karetsos; K. Tsagari. Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation in Mediterranean Forests: A review. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 2017, 2, 240 -247.
AMA StyleA.D. Solomou, N.D. Proutsos, G. Karetsos, K. Tsagari. Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation in Mediterranean Forests: A review. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology. 2017; 2 (1):240-247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.D. Solomou; N.D. Proutsos; G. Karetsos; K. Tsagari. 2017. "Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation in Mediterranean Forests: A review." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 2, no. 1: 240-247.
The amount of solar radiation absorbed, reflected or transmitted by vegetation depends on the radiation distribution and the canopy properties. This study of the optical properties of an oak forest under foliated and non‐foliated conditions is attempted in order to better understand radiation use and exchange. Canopy absorptivity, reflectivity and transmittivity to global solar and photosynthetically active radiation (S and PAR, respectively) are considered. To estimate the forest optical properties, radiation measurements above and below the canopy were taken in the middle of a 0.97 km2 natural, slightly sloped, 50‐year‐old, oak forest in the Northern Peloponese, Greece. It was found that the greatest part of the incident S is absorbed by the foliated or non‐foliated canopy. In the first case, absorptivity is close to 0.7, with reflectivity and transmittivity sharing the remaining portion. Before leaf appearance, although reflectivity may be only a little lower, transmittivity is considerably higher, allowing more than 40% of the incoming radiation to reach the ground. PAR is absorbed to an even higher degree by the green elements of the canopy, allowing only a 5% radiation loss, via transmission, since canopy reflectivity is practically zero. The ground contribution to the canopy short‐wave radiation balance is small during the dense foliation period, but it becomes considerable during the leafless period. Especially when considering the balance in the PAR region, the ground has no effect. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
A Liakatas; N Proutsos; S Alexandris. Optical properties affecting the radiant energy of an oak forest. Meteorological Applications 2006, 9, 433 -436.
AMA StyleA Liakatas, N Proutsos, S Alexandris. Optical properties affecting the radiant energy of an oak forest. Meteorological Applications. 2006; 9 (4):433-436.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Liakatas; N Proutsos; S Alexandris. 2006. "Optical properties affecting the radiant energy of an oak forest." Meteorological Applications 9, no. 4: 433-436.