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Dr. Marina Toger
Uppsala University, Sweden

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Marina Toger is a researcher at the Department of Social and Economic Geography
0 Uppsala University
0 Part of the centre for applied spatial analysis (CALISTA). She is a scholar in Geographical Information Systems and working with
0 And administering
0 The MIND big Database used for studies of mobility and the potential for integration in planning. She has specialised in spatial analysis and modelling of urban dynamic processes

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Journal article
Published: 28 May 2021 in Sustainability
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HDI is a frequently used quantitative index of human potential and welfare, developed as a comprehensive measure for the cross-sectional and temporal comparison of socioeconomic performance. The HDI is a standardised quantitative estimation of welfare comprising indicators of health, knowledge and standard of living, enabling assessment over countries, regions or time periods, in case of limited data access. The index highlights critical conditions for equity and socioeconomic development outside the group of stakeholders and researchers. The HDI provides a learning potential that may be harnessed to enhance insights into the magnitude of human potential at super-local levels. In this paper we design, implement and test the validity of a super-local variant of HDI in the context of pedagogical performance of young pupils. We compare whether HDI is a good predictor for school grades among all ninth-grade students in Sweden during the year 2014. Our results show that a super-local HDI index is performing equal to or better than the one related to standard measures of human potential, while the index can be generated on individual levels using k-nearest neighbour approaches during the index creation process.

ACS Style

Umut Türk; John Östh; Marina Toger; Karima Kourtit. Using Individualised HDI Measures for Predicting Educational Performance of Young Students—A Swedish Case Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6087 .

AMA Style

Umut Türk, John Östh, Marina Toger, Karima Kourtit. Using Individualised HDI Measures for Predicting Educational Performance of Young Students—A Swedish Case Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6087.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Umut Türk; John Östh; Marina Toger; Karima Kourtit. 2021. "Using Individualised HDI Measures for Predicting Educational Performance of Young Students—A Swedish Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6087.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2021 in Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the spatial mobility of a major part of the population in many countries. For most people, this was an extremely disruptive shock, resulting in loss of income, social contact and quality of life. However, forced to reduce human physical interaction, most businesses, individuals and households developed new action lines and routines, and were gradually learning to adapt to the new reality. Some of these changes might result in long-term changes in opportunity structures and in spatial preferences for working, employment or residential location choice, and for mobility behavior. In this paper we aim to extend the time-geographic approach to analyzing people’s spatial activities, by focusing on health-related geographical mobility patterns during the pandemic in Sweden. Starting from a micro-approach at individual level and then looking at an aggregate urban scale, we examine the space-time geography during the coronavirus pandemic, using Hägerstrand’s time-geography model. We utilize a massive but (location-wise) fuzzy dataset to analyze aggregate spatiotemporal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic using a contemporary time-geographical approach. First, we address micro-level behavior in time-space to understand the mechanisms of change and to illustrate that a temporal drastic change in human mobility seems to be plausible. Then we analyze the changes in individuals’ mobility by analyzing their activity spaces in aggregate using mobile phone network data records. Clearly, it is too early for predicting long-term spatial changes, but a clear heterogeneity in spatial behavior can already be detected. It seems plausible that the corona pandemic may have long-lasting effects on employment centers, city roles and spatial mobility patterns.

ACS Style

Marina Toger; Karima Kourtit; Peter Nijkamp; John Östh. Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Data-Driven Time-Geographic Analysis of Health-Induced Mobility Changes. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4027 .

AMA Style

Marina Toger, Karima Kourtit, Peter Nijkamp, John Östh. Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Data-Driven Time-Geographic Analysis of Health-Induced Mobility Changes. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):4027.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Toger; Karima Kourtit; Peter Nijkamp; John Östh. 2021. "Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Data-Driven Time-Geographic Analysis of Health-Induced Mobility Changes." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 4027.

Short communication
Published: 10 February 2020 in Pattern Recognition Letters
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Real-time mobility data is useful for several applications such as planning transports in metropolitan areas or localizing services in towns. However, if such data is collected without any privacy protection it may reveal sensible locations and pose safety risks to an individual associated to it. Thus, mobility data must be anonymized preferably at the time of collection. In this paper, we consider the SwapMob algorithm that mitigates privacy risks by swapping partial trajectories. We formalize the concept of sufficient sanitizer and show that the SwapMob algorithm is a sufficient sanitizer for various statistical decision problems. That is, it preserves the aggregate information of the spatial database in the form of sufficient statistics and also provides privacy to the individuals. This may be used for personalized assistants taking advantage of users’ locations, so they can ensure user privacy while providing accurate response to the user requirements. We measure the privacy provided by SwapMob as the Adversary Information Gain, which measures the capability of an adversary to leverage his knowledge of exact data points to infer a larger segment of the sanitized trajectory. We test the utility of the data obtained after applying SwapMob sanitization in terms of Origin-Destination matrices, a fundamental tool in transportation modelling.

ACS Style

Julián Salas; David Megías; Vicenç Torra; Marina Toger; Joel Dahne; Raazesh Sainudiin. Swapping trajectories with a sufficient sanitizer. Pattern Recognition Letters 2020, 131, 474 -480.

AMA Style

Julián Salas, David Megías, Vicenç Torra, Marina Toger, Joel Dahne, Raazesh Sainudiin. Swapping trajectories with a sufficient sanitizer. Pattern Recognition Letters. 2020; 131 ():474-480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julián Salas; David Megías; Vicenç Torra; Marina Toger; Joel Dahne; Raazesh Sainudiin. 2020. "Swapping trajectories with a sufficient sanitizer." Pattern Recognition Letters 131, no. : 474-480.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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Last decades saw a dramatic increase in wildlife populations within urban areas. Policymakers seek to minimize human-wildlife conflicts resulting from overabundance of species, such as wild boars (Sus scrofa). To this end, there is a need to understand the drivers governing infiltration of wildlife into cities. In this paper we study the availability and distribution of food resources in urban areas as driver of wild boar movement patterns. Based on the optimal foraging theory, we utilize an agent-based simulation model to investigate the ever-growing infiltration of wild boars into some cities. We apply the model to an artificial city that mimics the landscape of the city of Haifa. Manipulating food availability and relative resistance costs of different land-covers we demonstrate that infiltration of boars depends on population size of wild boars and on the amount and spatial distribution of attractors (e.g., food). Model outputs for likely sets of parameters demonstrate good correspondence to the reports of boar observations within the city of Haifa, Israel, where the porosity of the urban fabric and the connectivity of open space patches provide a trail network that makes food throughout the city accessible at a relatively low search-cost. Our results indicate that land cover and food patterns determine critically boars’ foraging movement and infiltration into the city. The proposed modeling framework provides a tool to investigate wildlife management policies that aim at reducing people-wildlife conflicts in cities.

ACS Style

Marina Toger; Itzhak Benenson; Yuqi Wang; Daniel Czamanski; Dan Malkinson. Pigs in space: An agent-based model of wild boar (Sus scrofa) movement into cities. Landscape and Urban Planning 2018, 173, 70 -80.

AMA Style

Marina Toger, Itzhak Benenson, Yuqi Wang, Daniel Czamanski, Dan Malkinson. Pigs in space: An agent-based model of wild boar (Sus scrofa) movement into cities. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2018; 173 ():70-80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Toger; Itzhak Benenson; Yuqi Wang; Daniel Czamanski; Dan Malkinson. 2018. "Pigs in space: An agent-based model of wild boar (Sus scrofa) movement into cities." Landscape and Urban Planning 173, no. : 70-80.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2017 in Quality Innovation Prosperity
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Purpose: Proximity to nature is highly valued by urbanites. They demonstrate higher willingness to pay for housing at locations near open and green spaces. But, nature in cities can generate negative externalities as well. The aim of this paper is to present the complex relationship between nature and cities and the possible negative influence of urban nature on property prices.Methodology/Approach: The data presented in this paper include open spaces, the presence of wild animals and residential property values in Haifa, Israel. These data were analyzed to uncover spatial regularities and basic statistical relationships.Findings: The results reveal the expected presence of dominant positive externalities related to proximity to open and green areas. However, in certain areas and under certain circumstances, the nuisances generated by the presence of wild animals in close proximity to housing are correlated with lower property prices.Research Limitation/implication: We demonstrate in this paper that that there is a complex relationship between nature and cities, albeit focusing our analysis on large mammals in cities only. Disentangling positive and negative externalities of urban nature is a challenging task. The paper presents an example of the potential difficulties that need to be dealt with in such analysis.Originality/Value of paper: Through the case study, we show that there are good reasons to believe that there are both positive and negative externalities of nature in cities. To our best knowledge, attempts to disentangle both types of effects using property values do not exist in the literature.

ACS Style

Dani Broitman; Danny Czamanski; Marina Toger. The Complex Interactions between Cities and Nature. Quality Innovation Prosperity 2017, 21, 92 .

AMA Style

Dani Broitman, Danny Czamanski, Marina Toger. The Complex Interactions between Cities and Nature. Quality Innovation Prosperity. 2017; 21 (1):92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dani Broitman; Danny Czamanski; Marina Toger. 2017. "The Complex Interactions between Cities and Nature." Quality Innovation Prosperity 21, no. 1: 92.

Research article
Published: 27 July 2016 in Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design
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Urban open spaces are considered as spatial residuals of the expansion of built areas. The environmental impact of the resulting land-cover pattern and associated ecosystem services are frequently evaluated at a crude spatial resolution only. However, wild animals use remaining interconnected fine-grain open spaces as an infrastructure for movement. In this paper, we traced the evolution of an open-space system in Haifa, Israel, and examined the impact of urban morphology on size and distribution of open spaces at different spatial resolutions. At a 30 m resolution, our analysis indicated fragmentation and increasing partial elimination of open spaces. Over time the connectivity declined at a diminishing rate, yet the network did not disintegrate into separate components. The evolution analysis implied that in crude resolution, the open space network is threatened. At a 5 m resolution, our analysis showed that Haifa remains porous to animal movement. Using combined multiple least-cost paths through the urban landscape of heterogeneous permeability, we illustrated extensive connectivity among open spaces. Backyards and other urban in-between spaces complemented the seminatural open-space network connectivity, enabling wildlife movement between habitat patches and thus survival in an urbanized environment.

ACS Style

Marina Toger; Dan Malkinson; Itzhak Benenson; Daniel Czamanski. The connectivity of Haifa urban open space network. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2016, 43, 848 -870.

AMA Style

Marina Toger, Dan Malkinson, Itzhak Benenson, Daniel Czamanski. The connectivity of Haifa urban open space network. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 2016; 43 (5):848-870.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Toger; Dan Malkinson; Itzhak Benenson; Daniel Czamanski. 2016. "The connectivity of Haifa urban open space network." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 43, no. 5: 848-870.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2014 in Built Environment
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ACS Style

Daniel Czamanski; Dan Malkinson; Marina Toger; Czamanski Daniel; Malkinson Dan; Toger Marina. Nature in Future Cities: Prospects and a Planning Agenda. Built Environment 2014, 40, 508 -520.

AMA Style

Daniel Czamanski, Dan Malkinson, Marina Toger, Czamanski Daniel, Malkinson Dan, Toger Marina. Nature in Future Cities: Prospects and a Planning Agenda. Built Environment. 2014; 40 (4):508-520.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Czamanski; Dan Malkinson; Marina Toger; Czamanski Daniel; Malkinson Dan; Toger Marina. 2014. "Nature in Future Cities: Prospects and a Planning Agenda." Built Environment 40, no. 4: 508-520.

Book chapter
Published: 01 November 2013 in Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics
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The continuous expansion and growth of urban and settled areas result in a mosaic of open spaces which provide important habitat for species. Species richness within the urban matrix has been commonly studied in relation to urban-rural gradients, where the richness in open-space patches has been evaluated with respect to their location along this gradient. In this study we propose that additional factors may drive richness properties, namely patch size. We established a comparative study, where species richness patterns were compared between Haifa and Hannover, with respect to two driving factors: open-area patch size and its distance from the urban edge. These relationships were assessed for the overall number of vascular plant species and for native species only. Patches were identified by classifying aerial photographs of the cities, and surveying 32 patches in Hannover and 37 patches in Haifa which were randomly selected from the delineated patches. Results indicate that in both cities distance from the urban edge was not a significant factor explaining either the total vascular plant richness in the patches, or the native species richness. In contrast, both classes of species richness were significantly related with patch size. R2 values for total richness were 53 % in Hannover and 45 % in Haifa. With respect to native species richness, patch size explained a higher proportion of the variance in Hannover where R2 = 73 %, and a lower proportion of the variance in Haifa (R2 = 33 %). These preliminary results indicate strikingly similar driving factors in two urban landscapes which are characterized by fundamentally different histories and environments.

ACS Style

Sarah Matthies; Daniella Kopel; Stefan Rüter; Marina Toger; Rüdiger Prasse; Daniel Czamanski; Dan Malkinson. Vascular Plant Species Richness Patterns in Urban Environments: Case Studies from Hannover, Germany and Haifa, Israel. Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics 2013, 107 -118.

AMA Style

Sarah Matthies, Daniella Kopel, Stefan Rüter, Marina Toger, Rüdiger Prasse, Daniel Czamanski, Dan Malkinson. Vascular Plant Species Richness Patterns in Urban Environments: Case Studies from Hannover, Germany and Haifa, Israel. Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics. 2013; ():107-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarah Matthies; Daniella Kopel; Stefan Rüter; Marina Toger; Rüdiger Prasse; Daniel Czamanski; Dan Malkinson. 2013. "Vascular Plant Species Richness Patterns in Urban Environments: Case Studies from Hannover, Germany and Haifa, Israel." Modeling of Land-Use and Ecological Dynamics , no. : 107-118.

Book chapter
Published: 01 August 2012 in Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management
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ACS Style

Paulo Morgado; Marina Toger; Patricia Abrantes; Jrmy Fiegel. A Bottom Up Approach to Modeling Habitat Connectivity Dynamics Through Networks Analysis. Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management 2012, 1 .

AMA Style

Paulo Morgado, Marina Toger, Patricia Abrantes, Jrmy Fiegel. A Bottom Up Approach to Modeling Habitat Connectivity Dynamics Through Networks Analysis. Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management. 2012; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulo Morgado; Marina Toger; Patricia Abrantes; Jrmy Fiegel. 2012. "A Bottom Up Approach to Modeling Habitat Connectivity Dynamics Through Networks Analysis." Sustainable Development - Authoritative and Leading Edge Content for Environmental Management , no. : 1.