The transcendence of the COVID-19 pandemic in education has transformed the way students use information and communication technologies (ICT) to take virtual classes since the closure of universities, so this research aims to describe how students in the School of Administrative Sciences at the Autonomous University of Baja California use ICT in times of COVID-19 to take their classes. The results obtained show that ICT management directly and indirectly influences students’ collaborative work, and in a direct way, the responsible use of ICT in the teaching–learning process. It also includes a construct validation of the ICT factor in the teaching–learning process and COVID-19 by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), an analysis procedure in structural equation modeling (SEM).

In the original version of the book, the title of Chapter 13 has been changed from “The Innovation in Manufacturing Areas of Electronics Industry of Mexicali Using PLC” to “The importance of software...

This work shows the need to apply information and communication technologies (ICTs) with a Programming Logic Controller (PLC) to control humidity by remote monitoring in the refrigeration process of an agricultural industry located in the Mexicali Valley of northwestern Mexico, where large amounts of orange are grown in this region of the country. This industry there were automated electronic devices (AEDs) for humidity control in the refrigeration area to prevent the deterioration of this agricultural product, only that the AEDs installed inside the evaluated company, did not operate properly due to the presence of outdoor atmospheric pollution (hydrogen sulfide (H2S)) and oxide sulfur (SO2)), and extreme climates in summer and winter (variations of temperature and relative humidity (RH))in this area of the country, that had an negative effect in indoors environments, and damaged their electrical connections. The principal climatic variables are the temperature and relative humidity (RH). The humidity in the refrigerated room for the orange keep its nutritional and physiological conditions, had to be between 45% and 55%. As AED, did not function properly, the climate inside the agricultural industry was not controlled, causing low and high humidity levels. With indexes below 30% humidity in the refrigerated room, oranges dehydrated and began to wilt, in addition to losing weight that was considered as unfit products for marketing. And at levels greater than 60% humidity, in this agricultural product microorganisms formed and caused rot, considered as a defective product and in both cases causing economic losses. The PLC was used with a wireless system and installed in an isolated room that only specialized personnel could enter if necessary. This was done in this way, to avoid deterioration of their electrical connections and that they did not operate as the AEDs and had adequate humidity control, to constantly maintain adequate humidity in the refrigerated room and avoid the generation of defective products. The research was made out from 2018 to 2019.

La armonización contable gubernamental en Baja California presenta dificultades para identificar oportunamente inconsistencias de momentos contables generadas en distintos sistemas institucionales, lo cual afecta la calidad de la información financiera y limita el análisis presupuestal antes del cierre mensual. Para atender esta necesidad, se desarrolló un sistema de inteligencia de negocios, que integra datos provenientes de dichos sistemas mediante procesos ETL, un repositorio analítico y un modelo dimensional diseñado bajo la metodología Kimball. La solución incorpora un dashboard operativo–estratégico que facilita el monitoreo del presupuesto y la comprensión de los momentos contables mediante visualizaciones, indicadores clave y reglas de validación para detectar variaciones y anomalías antes de su aplicación contable. El estudio empleó un enfoque mixto: el componente cualitativo se basó en observación directa y una entrevista semiestructurada con el área encargada del análisis de inconsistencias, mientras que el componente cuantitativo consistió en el procesamiento y revisión de los datos institucionales integrados en el repositorio analítico. El desarrollo técnico utilizó Oracle como fuente de datos de los sistemas originadores, MySQL como base para la gestión de acceso y Power BI para la visualización analítica. Los resultados muestran un sistema funcional capaz de centralizar información, mejorar la trazabilidad del registro contable y detectar inconsistencias recurrentes, como: Duplicidad de registro de momentos y descuadres relacionados con el presupuesto, antes del cierre mensual. Se concluye que la implementación de esta solución contribuye a fortalecer la transparencia, la eficiencia operativa y la toma de decisiones informadas en la gestión contable gubernamental.

El presente capítulo examina la convergencia teórico-metodológica entre la Analítica de Redes Sociales (ARS/SNA) y la Innovación Estratégica (IE), a partir de un análisis bibliométrico de co-ocurrencia de palabras clave, coautoría y acoplamiento bibliográfico, realizado con registros indexados en la base Scopus durante el periodo 2020–2025, y procesados mediante el software VOSviewer. Este enfoque permite identificar la evolución del campo hacia una arquitectura de conocimiento interconectada, donde la innovación, los datos y las redes constituyen pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo de ecosistemas científicos y organizacionales sostenibles. El análisis de co-ocurrencia, en trabajos como los de Gandasari et al. (2024), SNA y su desarrollo interdisciplinario, identifican clusters temáticos, núcleos de autores y evolución temática, y muestran que ciertos clusters temáticos no se conectan fuertemente entre sí, lo que evidencia una estructura fragmentada Las temáticas dominantes se agrupan en tres núcleos conceptuales: (1) ecosistemas de innovación y gestión del conocimiento, (2) analítica de redes y gestión de datos para la decisión, y (3) transformación digital, así como colaboración y sostenibilidad. Estos resultados visualizan una tendencia hacia la convergencia entre inteligencia artificial, innovación responsable y resiliencia empresarial.

An investigation was made in an automotive industry considered as industry 4.0 in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, which is the northwest zone of the Mexican Republic, evaluating optical sensors to optimize the visibility in cars, as the internet of things (IOT) process, to improve the productivity and quality yielding in the manufacturing areas of this industry evaluated. The main objective of this scientific study was the analysis of the operational yielding of electronic sensors used in the industrial operations to count, control and obtain and safeguarding numerical data of parameters of the sensors evaluated as numerical in a data base in a cloud and in a computer system, as an innovation technology. This investigation shows also a correlation analysis of the implementation of innovation system in industrial process of the industry where was made the scientific study, with the evaluation of the operative yielding as innovation with the productivity and quality indices. The correlation analysis was made with the Spearmen method. This was made to determine the levels of impact on the functionality of these electronic sensors on the productivity and quality indices that led to the economic profit factor, as an aspect of innovation, technology and economy in this evaluated industry. The evaluations were with the MatLab software, using statistical methods as the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient and the Spearmen used to evaluate the reliability of the instrument as a questionnaire, with five managers of the industry evaluated about the use of these electronic sensors. The principal objective of this investigation was to determine the principal reason to use the industry 4.0 tools as IOT to improve industrial process in an automotive industry that is a relevant industry in the worldwide. Results shows the importance of the use of this type of industry 4.0 tool.