The purpose of this research is to contextualize the behavior of publications on complex thinking in education. A total of 428 documents compiled in Scopus from 1937 to 2022 were analyzed with a bibliometric study considering criteria such as “complex thinking”, “complex thought”, and “reasoning for complexity”, all combined with education. The results show 153, 47, and 5 publications for each criterion with their related disciplines, citations, types of documents, universities, prominent authors, researching countries, and the general diachronic evolution of the subject, this allows to establish an idea about the implications of the present study according to one of the most important databases in the world. It is concluded that complex thinking and its relationship with education awakens a greater interest in the academy, not only because of its incidence in diverse fields that are nourished by it for the generation of new multidisciplinary knowledge but also because of the published research that demonstrates its transcendence.

Este artículo propone una metodología para apoyar la toma de decisiones en la selección de mercados internacionales. Para esto, se utiliza un modelo de análisis envolvente de datos (DEA) orientado a salidas. La metodología utilizada tiene en cuenta múltiples variables como el arancel de importación, costos logísticos, facilidad de hacer negocios, diferencias culturales, valor de importaciones, PIB per cápita, desempeño logístico, entre otros, a los cuales se les aplica un análisis de correlación para su validación. Se aplica la metodología para la carne de res congelada exportada desde Colombia, y se evalúa la eficiencia de los posibles países destinos en los cuales podría comercializarse el producto. Se concluye que DEA ofrece modelos robustos y fáciles a aplicar para identificar los países y regiones que generan mayores beneficios en el acceso a mercados internacionales.

Since the signing of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have been an interesting tool to promote international cooperation through the granting of non-reciprocal and/or unilateral tariff preferences by developed countries to developing countries. These international agreements have tended to generate critical trade dependencies for the receiving countries. Due to the circumstances of world trade and due to the lack of interest of the grantors to maintain this type of tariff preference, these developing countries are forced to renegotiate their PTAs into to free trade agreements (FTAs). To demonstrate this, we conducted a qualitative analysis to characterize the behavior of PTAs and their impact on the configuration of FTAs and to obtain indicators and trends. The results suggested a predominance of FTAs and a decline in PTAs. This was done to maintain access to the markets within those granting countries, which also became the main trading partners of these PTA recipient countries.

Taking into account the importance of business internationalization, the aim of this paper is to implement a multicriteria methodology using factors and variables found in the literature to assess the importance that the chemical sector gives them when selecting a market to export. Using a non-random sample of 10 chemical firms, the valuations of the businessmen were collected through telephone interviews and questionnaires, and finally the general and local valuation of each factor was obtained, as well as which countries were more suitable to carry out exports. The analyses show that most important factors for choosing a market in its order are: price at destination, transit time, international transport cost, import cost, and tariff barriers.

Este artículo analiza el comercio exterior colombiano desde la apertura económica y el ingreso a la OMC en 1995 hasta 2016. Identifica los principales productos exportados así como también su importancia en el comercio internacional con base en datos de la Dian, el Dane, de la OMC y el ITC. De este modo, muestra que las exportaciones colombianas dependen de productos mineros, principalmente hidrocarburos y carbón, aunque también exporta algunos bienes agrícolas –flores, café y banano– con buenos lugares en los mercados internacionales pero baja participación en las exportaciones totales del país.