Recent advances in the archaeology of lowland South America are furthering our understanding of the Holocene development of plant cultivation and domestication, cultural niche construction, and relationships between environmental changes and cultural strategies of food production. This article offers new data on plant and landscape management and mobility in Southwestern Amazonia during a period of environmental change at the Middle to Late Holocene transition, based on archaeobotanical analysis of the Monte Castelo shellmound, occupied between 6000 and 650 yr BP and located in a modern, seasonally flooded savanna–forest mosaic. Through diachronic comparisons of carbonized plant remains, phytoliths, and starch grains, we construct an ecology of resource use and explore its implications for the long-term history of landscape formation, resource management practices, and mobility. We show how, despite important changes visible in the archaeological record of the shellmound during this period, there persisted an ancient, local, and resilient pattern of plant management which implies a degree of stability in both subsistence and settlement patterns over the last 6000 years. This pattern is characterized by management practices that relied on increasingly diversified, rather than intensive, food production systems. Our findings have important implications in debates regarding the history of settlement permanence, population growth, and carrying capacity in the Amazon basin.

Resumo A elaboração de tecnologia de armazenamento de alimentos pelos povos indígenas da Amazônia é um tema descrito desde os relatos dos primeiros cronistas europeus na região. Frequentemente são encontrados, de maneira fortuita ou em sítios arqueológicos, artefatos culturais denominados ‘pães-de-índio’, presentes em diversos ambientes e bacias hidrográficas e relatados pelos moradores locais como um composto de plantas processadas e enterradas, comestíveis mesmo depois de anos enterrados. A partir da década de 1980, porém, uma série de trabalhos botânicos e micológicos vem classificando estes supostos pães como um fungo do gênero Pachyma Fr., Polyporus indigenus. Este artigo apresenta evidências arqueológicas, microbotânicas e etnográficas que mostram que pães-de-índio foram compostos preparados pelo processamento de espécies frutíferas e tuberosas, amplamente descritas pelos povos indígenas. Apresentamos os resultados da primeira tentativa de extrair grãos de amido de dois desses artefatos, os quais testaram positivamente para grãos de amido de milho, pimenta, batata-mairá e outras espécies de vegetais. Este texto dedica-se a demonstrar, ainda, que pães-de-índio são o testemunho do manejo e do uso da diversidade de plantas da floresta e do emprego de um conjunto de instrumentos e técnicas de produção com fins ao armazenamento de alimento.

This study describes the composition and provenance of dense bodies or structures present in uncharred plant vestiges recovered at Monte Castelo (6000–700 cal. AP-SW Amazonia). It aimed to disclose some aspects of this plant remains’ interactions with the sedimentary matrix of the site over the 200 years (at least) since its initial deposit, from the point of view of the soft tissue mineralization processes. Two specimens were examined using XFCT, X-ray MicroCT, and SEM-EDS techniques to reveal the presence and distribution of Ca, K, Mn, Fe, Ti, Si, S, Cu, Br, Rb, Sr, Zn, and Zr. These attributes were integrated with compositional ED-XRF and XRD measured data from the sedimentary substrate. Results show that some of the chemical elements present in solid bodies and anatomical structures of the plant remains refer to the sedimentary environment, while others have an endogenous origin. These include mainly Rb and Br, which were interpreted as the result of degradation processes of the internal tissues, where they are mainly present. Except Sr and Zr, a portion of all the other elements entered and disperse into the sample structures from the sedimentary substrate. Its presence is attributable to mechanisms such as attachment, diffusion and impregnation through the outermost tissues, where they are mostly concentrated. The composition of most of the dense bodies consists of both endogenous and exogenous elements.

The destruction of tropical forests is an environmental issue of global significance. This process has deep historical roots, with recent scholarship exploring the role of European colonisation and capitalist expansion in driving tropical deforestation from the sixteenth century onwards. Less attention, however, has been given to how Indigenous resistance has impeded deforestation over this time period. Here we analyse how non-state Indigenous groups obstructed Spanish and Portuguese political control and commodity frontiers in tropical South America. Drawing on archival sources, together with Indigenous Guaraní and Paiter Suruí philosophy and oral history, we assess this phenomenon in two biomes, the Atlantic and Amazon Rainforests. The results highlight that over the longue durée, Indigenous resistance has assisted in the conservation of South American tropical forests, acting as a significant—but under-recognised—factor in both regional and global environmental history. This history is of particular importance given the increased recognition of the role of Indigenous peoples in conserving tropical forests as carbon sinks in the twenty-first century.

Con el fin de restaurar, aunque parcialmente, la memoria de las intensas relaciones que existían entre los distintos pueblos arawá de la región del medio curso del río Purus, este artículo aborda, a través del entrelazamiento de la vida humana y la vegetal, la socialidad que acabó rompiéndose, las historias que algún día se compartieron, pero también los vínculos que aún reverdecen en los bosques. La ciencia matera, atenta a las plantas y a los vestigios antrópicos presentes en los bosques, muestra caminos insospechados para analizar las complejas relaciones entre los hi-merimã, actualmente aislados, y sus vecinos, especialmente los jamamadi. En este texto, proponemos un análisis del relato de un encuentro a través de notas que demuestran la centralidad y fecundidad de las plantas para la comprensión de la sociabilidad y la dinámica territorial mi-merimã. Las notas se basan en datos bibliográficos oriundos de estudios antropológicos, arqueológicos y botánicos, así como en información obtenida de los pueblos indígenas y de los habitantes ribereños de la zona.

Nesse artigo discutiremos como a noção de gênero vem sendo trabalhada na arqueologia brasileira, a partir da história e de grandes temas de nossa disciplina. Nosso enfoque perpassa a arqueologia pré-colonial, em pesquisas que vão da bioarqueologia até arqueologia do simbolismo (arte rupestre, cerâmica, etc.); a arqueologia histórica, em especial da relação das mulheres e o mundo material. Finalizamos a discussão com um panorama mais recente, mostrando o debate de gênero, teoria queer e o feminismo teórico emilitante. E como essas discussões vão além do suporte interpretativo para as relações humanas no passado, mas são fundamentais para o entendimento e questionamento de relações de poder e trabalho presentes na arqueologia profissional e acadêmica.