The aim of the research is to evaluate the performance of the point cloud registration methods using mobile laser scanning data. The point cloud registration methods involved in this research are match bounding-box centres and iterative closest point (ICP). The research began with the two epoch’s mobile laser scanning survey using a Phoenix AL-3-32 system. At the same time, the stereo images of the study area were acquired using UAV Photogrammetric method. Both two epoch point cloud datasets were gone through the pre and post-processing stages to produce the cleaned and geo-referenced point clouds data. The data were then gone through the two registration methods and four Cloud-to-Cloud (C2C) distance methods. The 3D surface deviation results obtained from mobile laser scanning data was compared with the 3D surface deviation results from UAV data that undergoes the same registration and C2C distance computation methods. The study area involved in the research is an active landslide area that was located at Kulim Hi-Tech residential area in Kedah state, Malaysia. The study area exposed to the movement of the land which caused cracked to the buildings and drainages. The findings show that the ICP registration becomes the most suitable method to register point clouds dataset that was acquired using mobile laser scanning system. Among the four C2C distance computation methods that was involved in the testing, the least square plane method was the best method to calculate the distance between two sets of point clouds datasets which in turn gave the best results in the process of detecting the movement of the land in the study area.

Population surveys and species recognition for roosting bats are either based on capture, sight or optical-mechanical count methods. However, these methods are intrusive, are tedious and, at best, provide only statistical estimations. Here, we demonstrated the successful use of a terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) laser scanner for remotely identifying and determining the exact population of roosting bats in caves. LIDAR accurately captured the 3D features of the roosting bats and their spatial distribution patterns in minimal light. The high-resolution model of the cave enabled an exact count of the visibly differentiated Hipposideros larvatus and their roosting pattern within the 3D topology of the cave. We anticipate that the development of LIDAR will open up new research possibilities by allowing researchers to study roosting behaviour within the topographical context of a cave's internal surface, thus facilitating rigorous quantitative characterisations of cave roosting behaviour.

Construction industry has become much more complex due to the large number of people and documentations involved. As a result, the full process of building construction may involve with many different types and format of information that needs to collect, document and share. In order to share this information between architect, contractor, construction manager, etc., there are need to develop a common model that can document and store this information in single platform. BIM represents a series of parametric objects that composed together to form a building model which carries all information includes their physical and functional characteristics and project life cycle information. Since BIM represent the detailed geometrical and semantic information of the building, the application of GIS is needed to manage the construction project's information resources. GIS can use information from many different sources, in many different formats and can link data sets together by common locational data such as coordinate or postal zip code. Besides, GIS can use combinations of data sets to build and analyze integrated information and also can convert the existing digital information into a form that meets the user‟s need. From this point of view, GIS can complement BIM function in order to develop a systematic platform for construction purpose. Finding of this study, there are some drawbacks in this technique especially in the construction application in term of data sharing, data integration and data management. Furthermore, the integration of GIS in BIM is studied and potential techniques are shown to overcome the drawbacks of the construction application.