The main aim of the work was the experimental and numerical analysis of the energy absorption/dissipation capabilities and failure mechanisms of novel hyper-elastic target material intended for ballistic applications including layers of composite armors, projectile catching systems and anti-ricochet layers covering walls of shooting ranges, ballistic tunnels, etc. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of the material were analyzed at both room and elevated temperatures ( $$40\div 80\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$40 ÷ 80 ∘ C ). Numerical models of the material and $$7.62\times 25$$7.62 × 25 mm FMJ projectile were defined. Simulations of the hyper-elastic target penetration with the projectile were carried out. The differences between the results obtained numerically and experimentally were determined (measured as a relative error) and were lower than 15% what testified about proper definition of the numerical models of the analyzed phenomenon components.

The article discusses the method of evaluation of the fuel injector operation based on the observation of the electric current parameters, which were measured with a current transducer using the Hall effect, during the dosing process. This method relies on comparison of the electric current-related values of the examined injector with the model characteristics, which are representing the properly functioning injector. A model of the fuel injector in the form of the electric current waveform that describes the changes in the electric current and voltage during its work is presented in this article. Complex equations describing the fuel injector model under discussion account for the characteristics of the current variations, with no damage-induced modifications. Due to these, the modeled electric current/voltage waveform mirrors the real conditions. The use of a mathematical model describing the voltage–current phenomena occurring during the injector operation allows determining the actual beginning and duration of the injection. The model can also be used to develop new injector diagnostic methods that can be implemented in the engine controller (ECU).

This paper discusses a method of diagnosing electromagnetic valves of injection systems in combustion engines. Based on multiple analyses of electrical quantities occurring in the course of the electromagnetic injector work and physical relationships between them, the quantities have been demonstrated on which the fluctuation of the electromagnetic force in the injector depends. Moreover, the results of its fluctuations have been mapped to the electric quantities controlling the fuel injector’s work. The research has shown that the current and voltage waveforms contain information on electrical properties of the injector coil and its mechanical properties determining the injector’s technical health as well as that of the fuel system.

The aim of the work was to develop a method of real time diagnosing electromagnetic fuel injectors using the observation of electric current parameters available in the engine control unit. Performing this task required finding a precise criterion for assessing the correct operation of an...