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Institutional greenspaces such as golf courses, cemeteries, military bases, hospitals, and university campuses are not generally revered for their ecological integrity. The existence of golf courses in particular has been heavily debated due to widespread perceptions of these spaces as environmentally degrading. Though much of the total area of golf courses is occupied by heavily manicured lawns, Canadian golf courses tend to be well treed and thus show significant potential to enhance forest coverage and contribute to the conservation of native tree species when established on previously unforested land. To explore this potential, a tree inventory was carried out on an inner-city golf course in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and findings compared to an earlier inventory of more naturalized (i.e., ingrowth) forest areas in the same city. Based in the Acadian Forest Region, this case study used the characteristics of a healthy and mature Acadian Forest as a model for ecological integrity. It was found that both the golf course and the ingrowth populations were largely representative of a mixedwood Acadian forest. Likewise, both populations were in a similar stage of regeneration and exhibited similar stresses. These results suggest that if improved forest management approaches are employed, golf courses will effectively strengthen the ecological integrity of urban forests. This is an especially important finding in the climate change era when tree populations are likely to be subjected to new environmental stressors which may be alleviated via the human intervention that is available on managed lands such as institutional greenspaces.
Shauna Doll; Peter N. Duinker. Characterization and Justification of Trees on an Inner-City Golf Course in Halifax, Canada: An Investigation into the Ecological Integrity of Institutional Greenspace. Forests 2020, 11, 96 .
AMA StyleShauna Doll, Peter N. Duinker. Characterization and Justification of Trees on an Inner-City Golf Course in Halifax, Canada: An Investigation into the Ecological Integrity of Institutional Greenspace. Forests. 2020; 11 (1):96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShauna Doll; Peter N. Duinker. 2020. "Characterization and Justification of Trees on an Inner-City Golf Course in Halifax, Canada: An Investigation into the Ecological Integrity of Institutional Greenspace." Forests 11, no. 1: 96.
Research Highlights: A large body of research highlighted the important contributions that urban forests make to cities and their inhabitants. However, our urban forests face threats from issues such as rapid urbanization, climate change, and the spread of pests and diseases. As such, proactive and effective management is necessary to ensure their long-term sustainability. Given the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which threats can arise, effective management needs to account for these scales and adjust accordingly. The degree to which this currently happens is unclear. Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the role of multi-scale management in urban forestry, using cemeteries in Malmö, Sweden as a case study. Cemeteries can provide extensive tree canopy but are not readily considered in urban forest management. We sought to determine (1) the threats to the current cemetery tree populations, (2) the extent of multi-scale cemetery tree management, (3) whether tree management plans promote multi-scale management, and (4) how cemetery tree management can be improved. Materials and Methods: Malmö cemetery tree inventories were analyzed with respect to size class and species diversity. Existing cemetery tree management plans were examined to determine the spatial and temporal scales of their recommendations. Interviews were conducted with cemetery managers to determine management priorities and actions. Results: We found that cemetery tree populations in Malmö suffer from a lack of age class and species diversity. Management tends to occur on short time scales and efforts focus mainly on addressing individual trees, although some consideration is given to large-scale species diversification. The management plans previously created for these cemetery trees make recommendations for age class and species diversification but are yet to be used extensively by cemetery managers. Conclusions: The long-term stability of Malmö’s cemetery tree populations is threatened by a lack of species and age diversity. Current management efforts emphasize addressing small-scale issues. Although there is a desire to improve species diversity, this can cause conflict with existing cultural values.
Jessica M. Quinton; Johan Östberg; Peter N. Duinker. The Importance of Multi-Scale Temporal and Spatial Management for Cemetery Trees in Malmö, Sweden. Forests 2020, 11, 78 .
AMA StyleJessica M. Quinton, Johan Östberg, Peter N. Duinker. The Importance of Multi-Scale Temporal and Spatial Management for Cemetery Trees in Malmö, Sweden. Forests. 2020; 11 (1):78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica M. Quinton; Johan Östberg; Peter N. Duinker. 2020. "The Importance of Multi-Scale Temporal and Spatial Management for Cemetery Trees in Malmö, Sweden." Forests 11, no. 1: 78.
The relationships between human footprint and measurable impacts to biodiversity and ecosystems are complex. Also problematic is the hesitancy to derive threshold-based management tools from the scientific literature. Road ecology points to road densities as a useful surrogate for human footprint, and the research is replete with links between cumulative effects and various density thresholds. Yet there are few practical examples demonstrating how to go about managing the cumulative effects to biodiversity and how to reduce human footprint for large-landscape conservation. In Alberta’s Eastern Slopes, a sub-regional planning process resulted in regulatory density limits being deployed on public lands in the Livingstone-Porcupine Hills. The density limits are applied to two classes of motorized route-use – open public use and restricted use by statutory consent holders – and are informed by biodiversity modeling analysis. Several elements supported the establishment of these density limits including a robust regional planning framework, legislative and regulatory tools, and thorough community engagement and participation in the planning process. Implementation success depends on resources for operational management, education, enforcement, monitoring, and restoration. We examine the Livingstone-Porcupine Hills Land Footprint Management Plan as an example of a real-world approach to manage a common and growing problem. We demonstrate that there is sufficient scientific literature to support a conceptual framework for motorized route-user networks, and that real-world applications in threshold-based decision-making have practical merit. Density limits on motorized route-user networks constitute a viable cumulative effects management tool, especially for land managers seeking to maintain biodiversity and healthy ecosystems on large unprotected landscapes.
Ryan C. van der Marel; Peggy C. Holroyd; Peter N. Duinker. Managing human footprint to achieve large-landscape conservation outcomes: Establishing density limits on motorized route-user networks in Alberta’s Eastern Slopes. Global Ecology and Conservation 2019, 22, e00901 .
AMA StyleRyan C. van der Marel, Peggy C. Holroyd, Peter N. Duinker. Managing human footprint to achieve large-landscape conservation outcomes: Establishing density limits on motorized route-user networks in Alberta’s Eastern Slopes. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2019; 22 ():e00901.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyan C. van der Marel; Peggy C. Holroyd; Peter N. Duinker. 2019. "Managing human footprint to achieve large-landscape conservation outcomes: Establishing density limits on motorized route-user networks in Alberta’s Eastern Slopes." Global Ecology and Conservation 22, no. : e00901.
Urban cemeteries represent an unusual type of greenspace that can provide a wide range of ecosystem benefits and services if they have mature tree populations. However, the extent to which tree management is prioritized in cemeteries alongside tasks associated with the burial and commemoration of the deceased is unknown. Given the large differences that exist amongst burial traditions and cemetery management around the world, it seems likely that cemetery tree management will not be uniform across countries. To investigate this, we compared cemetery governance and management in Halifax (Canada) and Malmö (Sweden) to determine which factors influence their cemetery tree populations, with a specific focus on tree planting. An inventory of places in which trees could be planted in cemeteries indicated that a large number of trees could theoretically be planted in both cities’ cemeteries. However, manager interviews and a review of cemetery legislation indicated multiple dimensions of governance that result in the very real prospect that precious few of these plantable spots will actually become occupied by a tree. These dimensions differed between the two cities, with financial constraints and limited knowledge about trees playing a large role in Halifax, while in Malmö, legislation and public opinion influence the extent to which tree planting occurs. As such, the cities require different solutions to promote tree planting in their cemeteries to avoid future canopy loss and ensure the long-term continued provision of current ecosystem benefits and services.
Jessica M. Quinton; Johan Östberg; Peter N. Duinker. The influence of cemetery governance on tree management in urban cemeteries: A case study of Halifax, Canada and Malmö, Sweden. Landscape and Urban Planning 2019, 194, 103699 .
AMA StyleJessica M. Quinton, Johan Östberg, Peter N. Duinker. The influence of cemetery governance on tree management in urban cemeteries: A case study of Halifax, Canada and Malmö, Sweden. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2019; 194 ():103699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica M. Quinton; Johan Östberg; Peter N. Duinker. 2019. "The influence of cemetery governance on tree management in urban cemeteries: A case study of Halifax, Canada and Malmö, Sweden." Landscape and Urban Planning 194, no. : 103699.
The potential of land-use planning to implement ecosystem services (ES) knowledge is mostly unfulfilled. Examining how ES concepts are currently applied can provide practical and theoretical insights for supporting their further integration. The purpose of our research was to establish the use of ES concepts in Canadian municipal planning policy. We conducted a content analysis of extant Canadian municipal plans to understand the language used to express ES concepts, which ES are addressed, and to what extent ES concepts are included in planning policies. We found that ES concepts are used to support and justify conventional planning approaches, introduced to deal with emerging challenges, and invoked to support urban place-making. We propose a framework for ES in plans anchored by three imperatives for planning: protect ES supply, mimic and rebuild ES, and capitalize on ES. Approaches for implementing ES in planning must incorporate understanding of the interacting, multiple contexts influencing the design and implementation of planning policies.
Kate Thompson; Kate Sherren; Peter N. Duinker. The use of ecosystem services concepts in Canadian municipal plans. Ecosystem Services 2019, 38, 100950 .
AMA StyleKate Thompson, Kate Sherren, Peter N. Duinker. The use of ecosystem services concepts in Canadian municipal plans. Ecosystem Services. 2019; 38 ():100950.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKate Thompson; Kate Sherren; Peter N. Duinker. 2019. "The use of ecosystem services concepts in Canadian municipal plans." Ecosystem Services 38, no. : 100950.
In response to global climate change, Canada is transitioning towards a low-carbon economy and the need for policy approaches that are effective, equitable, coordinated, and both administratively and politically feasible is high. One point is clear; the transition is intimately tied to the vast supply of ecosystem services in the boreal zone of Canada. This paper describes four contrasting futures for the boreal zone using scenario analysis, which is a transdisciplinary, participatory approach that considers alternative futures and policy implications under conditions of high uncertainty and complexity. The two critical forces shaping the four scenarios are the global economy’s energy and society’s capacity to adapt. The six drivers of change are atmospheric change, the demand for provisioning ecosystem services, the demand for nonprovisioning ecosystem services, demographics, and social values, governance and geopolitics, and industrial innovation and infrastructure. The four scenarios include: (i) the Green Path, where a low-carbon economy is coupled with high adaptive capacity; (ii) the Uphill Climb, where a low-carbon economy is instead coupled with low adaptive capacity; (iii) the Carpool Lane, where society has a strong capacity to adapt but a reliance on fossil fuels; and (iv) the Slippery Slope, where there is both a high-carbon economy and a society with low adaptive capacity. The scenarios illustrate the importance of transitioning to a low-carbon economy and the role of society’s adaptive capacity in doing so. However, they also emphasize themes like social inequality and adverse environmental outcomes arising from the push towards climate change mitigation.
James Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; Irena F. Creed; Jacqueline N. Serran; Camille Ouellet Dallaire. Alternative scenarios for the future of the Canadian boreal zone1. Environmental Reviews 2019, 27, 185 -199.
AMA StyleJames Steenberg, Peter N. Duinker, Irena F. Creed, Jacqueline N. Serran, Camille Ouellet Dallaire. Alternative scenarios for the future of the Canadian boreal zone1. Environmental Reviews. 2019; 27 (2):185-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; Irena F. Creed; Jacqueline N. Serran; Camille Ouellet Dallaire. 2019. "Alternative scenarios for the future of the Canadian boreal zone1." Environmental Reviews 27, no. 2: 185-199.
Urban forest ecosystems are increasingly recognized as necessary components of a city's overall sustainability. The number of municipal governments planning and implementing urban forest management programs is rising, as the benefits of urban forest ecosystems are becoming common knowledge. However, the urban forest is an exceedingly complex and vulnerable social–ecological system that presents a wide array of management challenges. One area of concern that is understudied and worthy of investigation is the effects of housing renovation activities and neighborhood revitalization on the urban forest. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of renovation activity as a significant source of disturbance in urban forest ecosystems. We conducted ordinary least squares regression and geographically weighted regression analyses using canopy cover, building permit data, and socioeconomic variables in Toronto, Canada. We then conducted a parcel-level assessment of tree mortality using ortho-imagery from 2003 and 2014 and government open data describing 16 years of renovation activity. Findings suggest that renovation activity, as indicated by building permit abundance, is a possible cause of tree mortality and subsequently a source of urban forest disturbance. Our findings also suggest that the relationship between renovation activity and canopy cover is highly complex, and is likely influenced by residential tree planting rates, land use mix, and different trajectories of urban change.
James Steenberg; Pamela J Robinson; Peter N Duinker. A spatio-temporal analysis of the relationship between housing renovation, socioeconomic status, and urban forest ecosystems. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 2018, 46, 1115 -1131.
AMA StyleJames Steenberg, Pamela J Robinson, Peter N Duinker. A spatio-temporal analysis of the relationship between housing renovation, socioeconomic status, and urban forest ecosystems. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2018; 46 (6):1115-1131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Steenberg; Pamela J Robinson; Peter N Duinker. 2018. "A spatio-temporal analysis of the relationship between housing renovation, socioeconomic status, and urban forest ecosystems." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 6: 1115-1131.
Sophie A. Nitoslawski; James Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; Peter G. Bush. Assessing the influence of location attributes on urban forest species composition in suburban neighbourhoods. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2017, 27, 187 -195.
AMA StyleSophie A. Nitoslawski, James Steenberg, Peter N. Duinker, Peter G. Bush. Assessing the influence of location attributes on urban forest species composition in suburban neighbourhoods. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2017; 27 ():187-195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSophie A. Nitoslawski; James Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; Peter G. Bush. 2017. "Assessing the influence of location attributes on urban forest species composition in suburban neighbourhoods." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 27, no. : 187-195.
Camilo Ordóñez; Thomas Beckley; Peter N. Duinker; A. John Sinclair. Public values associated with urban forests: Synthesis of findings and lessons learned from emerging methods and cross-cultural case studies. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2017, 25, 74 -84.
AMA StyleCamilo Ordóñez, Thomas Beckley, Peter N. Duinker, A. John Sinclair. Public values associated with urban forests: Synthesis of findings and lessons learned from emerging methods and cross-cultural case studies. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2017; 25 ():74-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamilo Ordóñez; Thomas Beckley; Peter N. Duinker; A. John Sinclair. 2017. "Public values associated with urban forests: Synthesis of findings and lessons learned from emerging methods and cross-cultural case studies." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 25, no. : 74-84.
Tree diversity is crucial to urban forest management. More diverse urban forests provide habitat for a wider range of organisms, increase resilience to pests and disease and, in cases where native tree species are well represented, contribute to local biodiversity protection. Studies have shown that tree diversity can peak in the low- to mid-density neighbourhoods found in suburban and peri-urban areas, emphasizing the potential for biodiversity enhancement during and after subdivision development. Most studies quantifying tree species composition in suburban areas focus on one or two major drivers of tree diversity, such as land use, socioeconomics and demographics, or the presence of natural features like parks or greenways. Furthermore, relatively little attention has been paid to the drivers of diversity for the variety of land types that make up the entire urban forest, which represent differences in tree planting and establishment practices, ownership, and maintenance. This paper presents an overview of drivers of tree species composition based on the literature, as well as factors that require further study because they play a role in determining the structure of the (sub)urban forest. These factors are examined in the context of four land types: street, residential property, park, and remnant woodland, and are organized under the following major themes: biophysical characteristics, community design, historical paradigms and influences, municipal management, and demographics and cultures. Based on what is known so far, a research agenda is also presented outlining major gaps in research on urban tree diversity in North America (USA and Canada). The information presented in this paper can thus serve as a guideline to inform urban forest management practices and strategically enhance tree diversity.
Sophie Nitoslawski; Peter N. Duinker; Peter G. Bush. A review of drivers of tree diversity in suburban areas: Research needs for North American cities. Environmental Reviews 2016, 24, 471 -483.
AMA StyleSophie Nitoslawski, Peter N. Duinker, Peter G. Bush. A review of drivers of tree diversity in suburban areas: Research needs for North American cities. Environmental Reviews. 2016; 24 (4):471-483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSophie Nitoslawski; Peter N. Duinker; Peter G. Bush. 2016. "A review of drivers of tree diversity in suburban areas: Research needs for North American cities." Environmental Reviews 24, no. 4: 471-483.
Is (sub)urban forest diversity shaped by previous land use? This study was designed to quantitatively assess the impacts of subdivision development on urban tree-species composition in two Canadian cities: Halifax, Nova Scotia, and London, Ontario. The main goal was to determine whether cities with contrasting pre-urbanized or pre-settlement landscapes—woodlands in Halifax and agricultural fields in London—also revealed differences in urban tree diversity losses and/or gains due to urbanization. In each city, four residential neighbourhoods representing two age categories, older and newer (40–50 years, <15 years), were examined and trees on three land types were sampled: public (street), private (residential), and remnant (woodland). All public street trees within the chosen neighbourhoods were inventoried and approximately 10% of the residential property lots were sampled randomly. Plots were examined in remnant forests in or near each city, representing the original forest habitats prior to agricultural and/or urban landscape transformations. Diameter at breast height, species richness and evenness, and proportions of native and non-native trees were measured. In both cities, streetscapes in newer neighbourhoods exhibit greater species richness and evenness, and are characterized by substantially more native trees. Despite this trend, developers and home owners continue to intensively plant non-native species on newer and smaller property lots. Older neighbourhoods in Halifax containing remnant forest stands hold the greatest number of native trees on private property, alluding to the importance of residual forest buffers and patches in promoting naturalness in the private urban forest. These results suggest that identifying and quantifying flows of species between green spaces during and after development is valuable in order to effectively promote native species establishment and enhance overall urban forest diversity.
Sophie Nitoslawski; Peter N. Duinker. Managing Tree Diversity: A Comparison of Suburban Development in Two Canadian Cities. Forests 2016, 7, 119 .
AMA StyleSophie Nitoslawski, Peter N. Duinker. Managing Tree Diversity: A Comparison of Suburban Development in Two Canadian Cities. Forests. 2016; 7 (12):119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSophie Nitoslawski; Peter N. Duinker. 2016. "Managing Tree Diversity: A Comparison of Suburban Development in Two Canadian Cities." Forests 7, no. 12: 119.
Urban forests are now recognized as essential components of sustainable cities, but there remains uncertainty concerning how to stratify and classify urban landscapes into units of ecological significance at spatial scales appropriate for management. Ecosystem classification is an approach that entails quantifying the social and ecological processes that shape ecosystem conditions into logical and relatively homogeneous management units, making the potential for ecosystem-based decision support available to urban planners. The purpose of this study is to develop and propose a framework for urban forest ecosystem classification (UFEC). The multifactor framework integrates 12 ecosystem components that characterize the biophysical landscape, built environment, and human population. This framework is then applied at the neighbourhood scale in Toronto, Canada, using hierarchical cluster analysis. The analysis used 27 spatially-explicit variables to quantify the ecosystem components in Toronto. Twelve ecosystem classes were identified in this UFEC application. Across the ecosystem classes, tree canopy cover was positively related to economic wealth, especially income. However, education levels and homeownership were occasionally inconsistent with the expected positive relationship with canopy cover. Open green space and stocking had variable relationships with economic wealth and were more closely related to population density, building intensity, and land use. The UFEC can provide ecosystem-based information for greening initiatives, tree planting, and the maintenance of the existing canopy. Moreover, its use has the potential to inform the prioritization of limited municipal resources according to ecological conditions and to concerns of social equity in the access to nature and distribution of ecosystem service supply.
James W.N. Steenberg; Andrew A. Millward; Peter N. Duinker; David J. Nowak; Pamela J. Robinson. Neighbourhood-scale urban forest ecosystem classification. Journal of Environmental Management 2015, 163, 134 -145.
AMA StyleJames W.N. Steenberg, Andrew A. Millward, Peter N. Duinker, David J. Nowak, Pamela J. Robinson. Neighbourhood-scale urban forest ecosystem classification. Journal of Environmental Management. 2015; 163 ():134-145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames W.N. Steenberg; Andrew A. Millward; Peter N. Duinker; David J. Nowak; Pamela J. Robinson. 2015. "Neighbourhood-scale urban forest ecosystem classification." Journal of Environmental Management 163, no. : 134-145.
Urban forest naturalization has gained momentum within municipal planning and non-governmental organizations. As the interest in naturalization increases, so does the impetus for exploring its conceptual and practical dimensions. Naturalization is a form of ecological restoration with prominent social dimensions. One motivation is reintegrating the urban forest to a greater extent into its surroundings, increasing the habitat available for native species. However, naturalization is not always desirable, as we may want to use and modify certain areas for cultural purposes, or feasible, as some species may be unable to establish in an urban setting. This paper examines the concepts underlying naturalization and how they influence naturalization decisions and goals. It then provides a framework for urban forest naturalness and explores potential applications of naturalness assessments in urban forest management. The framework outlines 37 different biotic and abiotic dimensions of naturalness that can help urban forest decision-makers visualize and manage the urban forest through understanding its individual parts and thus the whole. If a site is weak in particular dimensions, actions can be directed to increase the naturalness of these components. Similarly, some dimensions may be of more interest than others, such as increasing habitat suitability for a particular species. We then offer real and hypothetical examples of applying the framework to urban forest management. The benefits of a naturalized urban forest are many. It provides habitat for native species and has an important role as a biological teaching tool for urban residents. In developing this framework, we hope to expand the discussion on naturalization beyond simply planting native species and ceasing mowing to positioning urban forests in a broader landscape.
Sydney A. Toni; Peter N. Duinker. A framework for urban–woodland naturalization in Canada. Environmental Reviews 2015, 23, 321 -336.
AMA StyleSydney A. Toni, Peter N. Duinker. A framework for urban–woodland naturalization in Canada. Environmental Reviews. 2015; 23 (3):321-336.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSydney A. Toni; Peter N. Duinker. 2015. "A framework for urban–woodland naturalization in Canada." Environmental Reviews 23, no. 3: 321-336.
We argue that a healthy urban forest contributes immensely to the sustainability of cities. The argument is based on a comprehensive array of values elicited from Canadians in several cities. To begin, we define the urban forest as inclusive of all the trees in the city and thus representing the predominant contributor to a city’s green infrastructure. Then we enumerate and explain the broad diversity of ways in which urban people value trees in the city. We, thus, show the myriad pathways by which trees contribute positively to any city’s social, economic, and ecological sustainability. Following a short summary of the ways in which trees may detract from people’s quality of life, we present promising management directions for urban-forest improvement, as we understand the situation in Canada. We conclude that all cities can enhance their sustainability by improving the urban forest.
Peter N. Duinker; Camilo Ordóñez; James W. N. Steenberg; Kyle H. Miller; Sydney A. Toni; Sophie A. Nitoslawski. Trees in Canadian Cities: Indispensable Life Form for Urban Sustainability. Sustainability 2015, 7, 7379 -7396.
AMA StylePeter N. Duinker, Camilo Ordóñez, James W. N. Steenberg, Kyle H. Miller, Sydney A. Toni, Sophie A. Nitoslawski. Trees in Canadian Cities: Indispensable Life Form for Urban Sustainability. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (6):7379-7396.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter N. Duinker; Camilo Ordóñez; James W. N. Steenberg; Kyle H. Miller; Sydney A. Toni; Sophie A. Nitoslawski. 2015. "Trees in Canadian Cities: Indispensable Life Form for Urban Sustainability." Sustainability 7, no. 6: 7379-7396.
Trees play pivotal roles in urban ecosystems through reducing temperature, increasing humidity, reducing wind speed, absorbing air pollutants, and reducing carbon dioxide, among other benefits. The urban forest will become increasingly influential through the 21st century. Urban development, however, alters the relationships and interactions between humans and trees, making their management complex. The values held by urbanites about trees in their towns and cities are critical to socially responsive urban forest management. The purpose of our research, therefore, was to determine how residents of the city of Winnipeg value their urban forests. Our data were collected through site tours, participant journals, photo-elicitation, and interviews. The results indicate that the people of Winnipeg feel strongly about trees, and their urban forest values are most often associated with the naturalness of the urban forest as experienced through recreational activities.
A. John Sinclair; Jaclyn Diduck; Peter N. Duinker. Elicitation of urban forest values from residents of Winnipeg, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2014, 44, 922 -930.
AMA StyleA. John Sinclair, Jaclyn Diduck, Peter N. Duinker. Elicitation of urban forest values from residents of Winnipeg, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2014; 44 (8):922-930.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. John Sinclair; Jaclyn Diduck; Peter N. Duinker. 2014. "Elicitation of urban forest values from residents of Winnipeg, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 8: 922-930.
James W.N. Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; John D. Charles. The neighbourhood approach to urban forest management: The case of Halifax, Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning 2013, 117, 135 -144.
AMA StyleJames W.N. Steenberg, Peter N. Duinker, John D. Charles. The neighbourhood approach to urban forest management: The case of Halifax, Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2013; 117 ():135-144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames W.N. Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; John D. Charles. 2013. "The neighbourhood approach to urban forest management: The case of Halifax, Canada." Landscape and Urban Planning 117, no. : 135-144.
Urban forests are an integral part of urban ecosystems and quality of city life. The urban forest in Canada is highly valued, underscoring the importance of devising schemes for sustainable urban forest management. During the last decade, many urban forest management plans (UFMPs) have been prepared. This study analyses 14 Canadian UFMPs published in this period. We found that most of the UFMPs are dominated by an approach that relies on single-tree maintenance, canopy-cover enhancement, tree-diversity enhancement, and planting-oriented educational programmes. These activities dominate the operational features of the plans, while other ecological, social, and economic considerations lack specificity and operational clarity. A suite of best management practices based on UFMP documentation is included here.
Camilo Ordóñez; Peter N. Duinker. An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management. Landscape and Urban Planning 2013, 116, 36 -47.
AMA StyleCamilo Ordóñez, Peter N. Duinker. An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2013; 116 ():36-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamilo Ordóñez; Peter N. Duinker. 2013. "An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management." Landscape and Urban Planning 116, no. : 36-47.
Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) became an increasingly important component of environmental impact assessment (EIA; or simply environment assessment (EA)) shortly after formal processes for EIA were established in North America in the 1970s. Despite a growing body of literature addressing science requirements of exemplary EIA and CEA, practice remains contested. Our mission in preparing this review was to provide a critical update on progress in scientific developments associated with CEA and also to guide practitioners to a broad selection of the recent relevant peer-reviewed formal literature on CEA. In addition, we point to ways in which guidance for CEA practice could be improved. The study canvassed widely for refereed papers in journals and edited books as far back as 2000. On the matter of key concepts related to CEA, the paper addresses the definition of other activities to be assessed, establishment of time and space bounds, impact thresholds, methods for impact prediction, and stressor-based versus effect-based approaches. Definitions of cumulative effect are reviewed, with encouragement for continued work to elaborate the concept. Contributions from science to CEA practice are identified as follows: retrospective and prospective investigative protocols; basic ecological knowledge; effects knowledge; tools and methods; ecological grounds for threshold establishment; and analytically competent practitioners. We observe that the plethora of CEA frameworks populating the scientific literature offer practitioners helpful ways to think about the CEA process. CEA methods are then reviewed, with specific emphasis on geographic information systems, scenario-building, thresholds, indicators, simulation, and public engagement. Several case examples of CEA in practice are summarized, with the observation that none of the published case studies arises from work done to support CEA that is part of the regulated EIA process. The paper reflects on the role of CEA in project-specific EIA (or project EA) as well as class EA, strategic EA, and regional EA. CEA is needed in all forms of EA, but it seems to be particularly difficult to implement well in project-specific EIAs. Recommendations for improvements in guidance materials for practitioners address definitions, scenarios, analytical methods, collaborative methods, thresholds, knowledge accumulation, accidents and malfunctions, project scale, and knowledge integration. We conclude that competent CEA is a vital requirement for securing the sustainability of valued ecosystems and their components.
Peter N. Duinker; Erin L. Burbidge; Samantha R. Boardley; Lorne A. Greig. Scientific dimensions of cumulative effects assessment: toward improvements in guidance for practice. Environmental Reviews 2013, 21, 40 -52.
AMA StylePeter N. Duinker, Erin L. Burbidge, Samantha R. Boardley, Lorne A. Greig. Scientific dimensions of cumulative effects assessment: toward improvements in guidance for practice. Environmental Reviews. 2013; 21 (1):40-52.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter N. Duinker; Erin L. Burbidge; Samantha R. Boardley; Lorne A. Greig. 2013. "Scientific dimensions of cumulative effects assessment: toward improvements in guidance for practice." Environmental Reviews 21, no. 1: 40-52.
Shawna C. Peckham; Peter N. Duinker; Camilo Ordóñez. Urban forest values in Canada: Views of citizens in Calgary and Halifax. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2013, 12, 154 -162.
AMA StyleShawna C. Peckham, Peter N. Duinker, Camilo Ordóñez. Urban forest values in Canada: Views of citizens in Calgary and Halifax. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2013; 12 (2):154-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShawna C. Peckham; Peter N. Duinker; Camilo Ordóñez. 2013. "Urban forest values in Canada: Views of citizens in Calgary and Halifax." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12, no. 2: 154-162.
Sustainability is now woven throughout forest management and policy. Criteria and indicators (C&I) provide a means of defining the concepts of sustainability in the context of forest management and establishing goals to gauge progress. There have been no major research initiatives to determine the implications of climate change for C&I. We evaluated the 46 indicators of the 2003 Canadian Council of Forest Ministers framework. Indicators were evaluated for their relationships with climate, relationships with other indicators, robustness and utility under climate change, and future prospects, including abandonment, improvement, or continued use. An evaluation framework was developed to analyze indicator linkages, direct and indirect climate-change influence, and potential modifications. 12 indicators were considered unaffected by climate change. The remaining 34 indicators were considered to be influenced by climate change. No modification seemed warranted for 23 of these indicators, while modifications for the remaining 11 indicators were recommended. Six new indicators were identified for monitoring forests sustainably under climate change. The difference between action and state indicators had implications for the influence of climate change on indicator effectiveness. State indicators were more prone to declines in their tracking ability, while action indicators were often unaffected, or even improved under climate change, as measured by several key traits of indicator effectiveness. The most prevalent theme in the evaluations was a decline in indicator predictability. We suggest moving from predominantly retrospective analysis to a balance of retrospective and prospective analysis, given that monitoring is inherently backward-looking and the threats and uncertainties of climate change are impending.
James Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; Laird Van Damme; Ken Zielke. Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management in a Changing Climate: An Evaluation of Canada’s National Framework. Journal of Sustainable Development 2012, 6, p32 .
AMA StyleJames Steenberg, Peter N. Duinker, Laird Van Damme, Ken Zielke. Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management in a Changing Climate: An Evaluation of Canada’s National Framework. Journal of Sustainable Development. 2012; 6 (1):p32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Steenberg; Peter N. Duinker; Laird Van Damme; Ken Zielke. 2012. "Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management in a Changing Climate: An Evaluation of Canada’s National Framework." Journal of Sustainable Development 6, no. 1: p32.