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Dr Araz Taeihagh is an Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. Since 2007, his research interest has been on the interface of technology and society. His work is on: a) how to shape policies to accommodate new technologies and facilitate positive socio-technical transitions; b) the effects of these new technologies on the policy process; and c) changing the way we design and analyse policies by developing innovative practical approaches that can be used to address the growth in the interdependence and complexity of our systems.
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are increasingly proposed as a solution towards addressing urbanisation challenges in smart city initiatives, such as congestion, pollution, road safety and transport accessibility. However, their socio-economic and environmental benefits can be hampered by new technological risks emerging from their use. This chapter explores some of the major risks associated with AV adoption that need to be addressed to reap the technology’s full benefits. AVs can introduce safety risks arising from technical issues in the AV system and ethical issues in their design and deployment. In addition, socio-economic equity is a key aspect of sustainability, which can be undermined by AVs displacing jobs in existing industries, as well as by their discriminatory driving decisions shaped by algorithmic biases and the value-laden design choices of AV stakeholders. AVs’ connected nature also poses privacy and cybersecurity risks that can dampen consumer acceptance. After exploring these issues, we discuss some of the governance strategies adopted to address these risks and highlight the gaps in research and practice that need to be addressed.
Araz Taeihagh; Hazel Si Min Lim. Towards Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities: Risks and Risk Governance. Advanced Controllers for Smart Cities 2021, 169 -190.
AMA StyleAraz Taeihagh, Hazel Si Min Lim. Towards Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities: Risks and Risk Governance. Advanced Controllers for Smart Cities. 2021; ():169-190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraz Taeihagh; Hazel Si Min Lim. 2021. "Towards Autonomous Vehicles in Smart Cities: Risks and Risk Governance." Advanced Controllers for Smart Cities , no. : 169-190.
While policy study of smart city developments is gaining traction, it falls short of understanding and explaining knowledge transfers across national borders and cities. This article investigates how transboundary learning occurs through the initiation and development of a regional smart cities network: the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN). The article conducts an in-depth case study from data collected through key informant interviews and document analysis. Spearheaded by Singapore in 2017, ASCN is seen as a soft power extension for Singapore, a branding tool for ASEAN, and a symbiotic platform between the private sector and governments in the region. Most transboundary knowledge transfers within the ASCN are voluntary transfers of policy ideas. Effective branding, demand for knowledge, availability of alternative funding options, enthusiasm from the private actors, and heightened interest from other major economies are highlighted as facilitators of knowledge transfer. However, the complexity of governance structures, lack of political will and resources, limited policy capacity, and lack of explicit operational and regulatory mechanisms hinder transboundary learning. The article concludes that transboundary learning should go beyond exchanges of ideas and recommends promoting facilitators of knowledge transfer, building local policy capacity, encouraging collaborative policy transfer, and transiting from an information-sharing platform to tool/instrument-based transfer.
Si-Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh; Kritika Sha. How Transboundary Learning Occurs: Case Study of the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN). Sustainability 2021, 13, 6502 .
AMA StyleSi-Ying Tan, Araz Taeihagh, Kritika Sha. How Transboundary Learning Occurs: Case Study of the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6502.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi-Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh; Kritika Sha. 2021. "How Transboundary Learning Occurs: Case Study of the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN)." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6502.
Smart and sustainable cities rely on innovative technologies to cater to the needs of their constituents. One such need is for sustainable transport. Ridesharing is one of the ways through which sustainable transport can be deployed in smart cities. Ridesharing entered Southeast Asia in 2013, changing the nature of transportation in the region. As with other disruptive innovations, the introduction of ridesharing comes with risks particularly to employment relations, data privacy, road congestion, and distribution of liability. Regulators across various countries have applied different strategies to govern these risks. We present a case study of five Southeast Asian countries, namely Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and examine how government authorities in these countries have governed the risks of ridesharing. Smart cities can effectively provide the sustainable transport needs of their constituents by taking a consistent and unified regulatory approach with new technologies and cooperating with regulators across different jurisdictions. Stakeholders should also be involved in the regulatory process to increase the acceptance of new technologies for transport. Smart cities can also deploy regulatory sandboxes and take a proactive governance approach to encourage the development of these new technologies and at the same time control their undesirable risks.
Charles Icasiano; Araz Taeihagh. Governance of the Risks of Ridesharing in Southeast Asia: An In-Depth Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6474 .
AMA StyleCharles Icasiano, Araz Taeihagh. Governance of the Risks of Ridesharing in Southeast Asia: An In-Depth Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6474.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharles Icasiano; Araz Taeihagh. 2021. "Governance of the Risks of Ridesharing in Southeast Asia: An In-Depth Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6474.
With the widespread adoption of powered micromobility devices like e-scooters for transportation in recent times, there have been many associated and potentially unknown risks. While these devices have been beneficial for commuters, managing these technological risks has been a key challenge for governments. This article presents an in-depth case study of Singapore, where these devices were adopted but were eventually banned from footpaths and public paths. We focus on identifying the technological risks and the governing strategies adopted and find that the Singaporean government followed a combination of governing strategies to address the risks of safety, liability, and switching to another transportation mode. The strategy of banning the devices was undertaken after active regulation and prudent monitoring. Based on the Singapore case, we offer policy recommendations for robust infrastructure and policy capacity, government stewardship and inclusive participatory policymaking for safe deployment, and simultaneous adoption of governing strategies to adopt these devices. The regulatory lessons from the case of Singapore can be insightful for policy discussions in other countries that have already adopted or are considering the introduction of powered micromobility devices.
Devyani Pande; Araz Taeihagh. The Governance Conundrum of Powered Micromobility Devices: An In-Depth Case Study from Singapore. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6202 .
AMA StyleDevyani Pande, Araz Taeihagh. The Governance Conundrum of Powered Micromobility Devices: An In-Depth Case Study from Singapore. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDevyani Pande; Araz Taeihagh. 2021. "The Governance Conundrum of Powered Micromobility Devices: An In-Depth Case Study from Singapore." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6202.
The rapid developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the intensification in the adoption of AI in domains such as autonomous vehicles, lethal weapon systems, robotics and alike pose serious challenges to governments as they must manage the scale and speed of socio-technical transitions occurring. While there is considerable literature emerging on various aspects of AI, governance of AI is a significantly underdeveloped area. The new applications of AI offer opportunities for increasing economic efficiency and quality of life, but they also generate unexpected and unintended consequences and pose new forms of risks that need to be addressed. To enhance the benefits from AI while minimising the adverse risks, governments worldwide need to understand better the scope and depth of the risks posed and develop regulatory and governance processes and structures to address these challenges. This introductory article unpacks AI and describes why the Governance of AI should be gaining far more attention given the myriad of challenges it presents. It then summarises the special issue articles and highlights their key contributions. This special issue introduces the multifaceted challenges of governance of AI, including emerging governance approaches to AI, policy capacity building, exploring legal and regulatory challenges of AI and Robotics, and outstanding issues and gaps that need attention. The special issue showcases the state-of-the-art in the governance of AI, aiming to enable researchers and practitioners to appreciate the challenges and complexities of AI governance and highlight future avenues for exploration.
Araz Taeihagh. Governance of artificial intelligence. Policy and Society 2021, 40, 137 -157.
AMA StyleAraz Taeihagh. Governance of artificial intelligence. Policy and Society. 2021; 40 (2):137-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraz Taeihagh. 2021. "Governance of artificial intelligence." Policy and Society 40, no. 2: 137-157.
The past decade has witnessed the emergence of many technologies that have the potential to fundamentally alter our economic, social, and indeed personal lives. The problems they pose are in many ways unprecedented, posing serious challenges for policymakers. How should governments respond to the challenges given that the technologies are still evolving with unclear trajectories? Are there general principles that can be developed to design governance arrangements for these technologies? These are questions confronting policymakers around the world and it is the objective of this special issue to offer insights into answering them both in general and with respect to specific emerging disruptive technologies. Our objectives are to help better understand the regulatory challenges posed by disruptive technologies and to develop generalizable propositions for governments' responses to them.
Araz Taeihagh; M Ramesh; Michael Howlett. Assessing the regulatory challenges of emerging disruptive technologies. Regulation & Governance 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAraz Taeihagh, M Ramesh, Michael Howlett. Assessing the regulatory challenges of emerging disruptive technologies. Regulation & Governance. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraz Taeihagh; M Ramesh; Michael Howlett. 2021. "Assessing the regulatory challenges of emerging disruptive technologies." Regulation & Governance , no. : 1.
The dwindling informal care support structure for the older population and the shortage of skilled nursing care staff propelled the rise of robotics and autonomous systems as potential solutions to meet the rising demands in long-term care. However, the nascent development in the governance of their applications could predispose older people to the negative ramifications of technological risks and ethical issues. This systematic review maps out four technological risks and five ethical issues in the deployment of robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care. Safety, privacy, liability, and adverse employment consequences to the existing nursing care workers were identified as major technological risks; while loss of autonomy, loss of human interaction and social connectedness, objectification and infantilisation, deception and social justice were identified as five major ethical issues related to the deployment of robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care. This review also identified antagonistic interactions between some of the technological risks and ethical issues that could offset each other. Findings from the review have implications for advancing knowledge on the governance of robotics in long-term care. Policy formulations and implementations would need to account for intricate issues that could arise from technological risks, ethical issues and their paradoxical interactions.
Si Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh; Abhas Tripathi. Tensions and antagonistic interactions of risks and ethics of using robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2021, 167, 120686 .
AMA StyleSi Ying Tan, Araz Taeihagh, Abhas Tripathi. Tensions and antagonistic interactions of risks and ethics of using robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2021; 167 ():120686.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh; Abhas Tripathi. 2021. "Tensions and antagonistic interactions of risks and ethics of using robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 167, no. : 120686.
Why and how the regulation of emerging technologies occurs is not clear in the literature. In this study, we adapt the multiple streams framework – often used for explaining agenda‐setting and policy adoption – to examine the phenomenon. We hypothesize how technological change affects policy‐making and identify conditions under which the streams can be (de‐)coupled. We trace the formulation of the General Data Protection Regulation to show that the regulation occupied the legislative agenda when a policy window was exploited through policy entrepreneurship to frame technological change as a problem for data privacy and legislative harmonization within the European Union. Although constituencies interested in promoting internet technologies made every effort to stall the regulation, various actors, activities, and events helped the streams remain coupled, eventually leading to its adoption. We conclude that the alignment of problem, policy, politics, and technology – through policy entrepreneurship – influences the timing and design of technology regulation.
Nihit Goyal; Michael Howlett; Araz Taeihagh. Why and how does the regulation of emerging technologies occur? Explaining the adoption of the EU General Data Protection Regulation using the multiple streams framework. Regulation & Governance 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleNihit Goyal, Michael Howlett, Araz Taeihagh. Why and how does the regulation of emerging technologies occur? Explaining the adoption of the EU General Data Protection Regulation using the multiple streams framework. Regulation & Governance. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNihit Goyal; Michael Howlett; Araz Taeihagh. 2021. "Why and how does the regulation of emerging technologies occur? Explaining the adoption of the EU General Data Protection Regulation using the multiple streams framework." Regulation & Governance , no. : 1.
Despite their promise, there have been discussions surrounding the technological risks of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and the extent to which AVs are ready for large-scale deployment. Using a case study approach, this article examines the development and implementation of AVs in Singapore. Our findings reveal that AV regulatory sandboxes, the formalisation of safety assessments and the release of technical guidelines are some of the most adaptive and innovative instruments that have been adopted to govern AVs in Singapore. Furthermore, Singapore's approach to AVs has applied an adaptive strategy that is both pre-emptive and responsive. The accelerated expansion of trials and regulatory provisions for AVs demonstrates Singapore's aspiration to be nimble, and showcases the simultaneous adoption of two contrasting implementation approaches – prescriptive and experimentalist – to guide AV adoption. The regulatory lessons derived from the governance of AVs in Singapore could provide useful policy guidance, and could inform policy discussions of AVs as well as other autonomous systems.
Si Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh. Adaptive governance of autonomous vehicles: Accelerating the adoption of disruptive technologies in Singapore. Government Information Quarterly 2021, 38, 101546 .
AMA StyleSi Ying Tan, Araz Taeihagh. Adaptive governance of autonomous vehicles: Accelerating the adoption of disruptive technologies in Singapore. Government Information Quarterly. 2021; 38 (2):101546.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh. 2021. "Adaptive governance of autonomous vehicles: Accelerating the adoption of disruptive technologies in Singapore." Government Information Quarterly 38, no. 2: 101546.
Background Conceptual and theoretical links between politics and public health are longstanding. Internationally comparative systematic review evidence has shown links between four key political exposures – the welfare state, political tradition, democracy and globalisation – on population health outcomes. However, the pathways through which these influences may operate have not been systematically appraised. Therefore, focusing on child and maternal health outcomes, we present a realist re-analysis of the dataset from a recent systematic review. Methods The database from a recent systematic review on the political determinants of health was used as the data source for this realist review. Included studies from the systematic review were re-evaluated and those relating to child and/or maternal health outcomes were included in the realist synthesis. Initial programme theories were generated through realist engagement with the prior systematic review. These programme theories were adjudicated and refined through detailed engagement with the evidence base using a realist re-synthesis involving two independent reviewers. The revised theories that best corresponded to the evidence base formed the final programme theories. Results Out of the 176 included studies from the systematic review, a total of 67 included child and/or maternal health outcomes and were included in the realist re-analysis. Sixty-three of these studies were ecological and data were collected between 1950 and 2014. Six initial programme theories were generated. Following theory adjudication, three theories in revised form were supported and formed the final programme theories. These related to a more generous welfare state leading to better child and maternal health especially in developed countries through progressive social welfare policies, left-of-centre political tradition leading to lower child mortality and low birth weight especially in developed countries through greater focus on welfare measures, and increased globalisation leading to greater child and infant mortality and youth smoking rates in LMECs through greater influence of multinational corporations and neoliberal trade organisations. Conclusion We present a realist re-analysis of a large systematically identified body of evidence on how four key political exposures – the welfare state, democracy, political tradition and globalisation – relate to child and maternal health outcomes. Three final programme theories were supported.
Maxwell S. Barnish; Si Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh; Michelle Tørnes; Rebecca V. H. Nelson-Horne; G. J. Melendez-Torres. Linking political exposures to child and maternal health outcomes: a realist review. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1 -16.
AMA StyleMaxwell S. Barnish, Si Ying Tan, Araz Taeihagh, Michelle Tørnes, Rebecca V. H. Nelson-Horne, G. J. Melendez-Torres. Linking political exposures to child and maternal health outcomes: a realist review. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21 (1):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaxwell S. Barnish; Si Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh; Michelle Tørnes; Rebecca V. H. Nelson-Horne; G. J. Melendez-Torres. 2021. "Linking political exposures to child and maternal health outcomes: a realist review." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1: 1-16.
Governments are increasingly using cloud computing to reduce cost, increase access, improve quality, and create innovations in healthcare. Existing literature is primarily based on successful examples from developed western countries, and there is a lack of similar evidence from Asia. With a population close to 4.5 billion people, Asia faces healthcare challenges that pose an immense burden on economic growth and policymaking. Cloud computing in healthcare can potentially help increase the quality of healthcare delivery and reduce the economic burden, enabling governments to address healthcare challenges effectively and within a short timeframe. Advanced Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore provide successful examples of how cloud computing can be used to develop nationwide databases of electronic health records; real-time health monitoring for the elderly population; genetic database to support advanced research and cancer treatment; telemedicine; and health cities that drive the economy through medical industry, tourism, and research. This article examines these countries and identifies the drivers and barriers of cloud adoption in healthcare and makes policy recommendations to enable successful public health innovations through cloud adoption.
Aarthi Raghavan; Mehmet Demircioglu; Araz Taeihagh. Public Health Innovation through Cloud Adoption: A Comparative Analysis of Drivers and Barriers in Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 334 .
AMA StyleAarthi Raghavan, Mehmet Demircioglu, Araz Taeihagh. Public Health Innovation through Cloud Adoption: A Comparative Analysis of Drivers and Barriers in Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (1):334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAarthi Raghavan; Mehmet Demircioglu; Araz Taeihagh. 2021. "Public Health Innovation through Cloud Adoption: A Comparative Analysis of Drivers and Barriers in Japan, South Korea, and Singapore." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 334.
The Southeast Asian region (SEA) is surrounded by ocean space, from which there is a vast potential to harness energy. Wave, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion could be tapped, to provide alternative sources of clean and dependable energy in the region. This article contributes to the growing academic literature on ocean renewable energy (ORE) in SEA by improving understanding of the opportunities and challenges of ORE development in the region, beyond its technical aspects. It conducts a critical analysis of the socio-political aspects of ORE development at a regional scale, which have been less studied in the existing literature. Aside from providing a sustainable energy source, the development of the ORE sector could provide socio-economic benefits to SEA countries through employment opportunities, inter-industry learning, inbound investments and improving economic resilience. However, these benefits can only be maximised if the costs of deployment, maintenance and repair are reduced, the impact to the marine environment is taken into consideration and issues of public acceptance are addressed. Beyond a cost–benefit analysis, this study critically assesses the unintended risks and consequences of ORE technologies and activities in the region and recommends different policy strategies to mitigate them. It concludes that for the region to reap the benefits of ORE, a coordinated approach among different stakeholders (technology developers, policymakers, and end-users) is needed to minimise the risks and unintended consequences.
M.A.J.R. Quirapas; A. Taeihagh. Ocean renewable energy development in Southeast Asia: Opportunities, risks and unintended consequences. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 137, 110403 .
AMA StyleM.A.J.R. Quirapas, A. Taeihagh. Ocean renewable energy development in Southeast Asia: Opportunities, risks and unintended consequences. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 137 ():110403.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.A.J.R. Quirapas; A. Taeihagh. 2020. "Ocean renewable energy development in Southeast Asia: Opportunities, risks and unintended consequences." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 137, no. : 110403.
In recent years, many sectors have experienced significant progress in automation, associated with the growing advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already automated robotic weapons, which are able to evaluate and engage with targets on their own, and there are already autonomous vehicles that do not need a human driver. It is argued that the use of increasingly autonomous systems (AS) should be guided by the policy of human control, according to which humans should execute a certain significant level of judgment over AS. While in the military sector there is a fear that AS could mean that humans lose control over life and death decisions, in the transportation domain, on the contrary, there is a strongly held view that autonomy could bring significant operational benefits by removing the need for a human driver. This article explores the notion of human control in the United States in the two domains of defense and transportation. The operationalization of emerging policies of human control results in the typology of direct and indirect human controls exercised over the use of AS. The typology helps to steer the debate away from the linguistic complexities of the term “autonomy.” It identifies instead where human factors are undergoing important changes and ultimately informs about more detailed rules and standards formulation, which differ across domains, applications, and sectors.
Mikolaj Firlej; Araz Taeihagh. Regulating human control over autonomous systems. Regulation & Governance 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMikolaj Firlej, Araz Taeihagh. Regulating human control over autonomous systems. Regulation & Governance. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikolaj Firlej; Araz Taeihagh. 2020. "Regulating human control over autonomous systems." Regulation & Governance , no. : 1.
Robotics and autonomous systems have been dubbed as viable technological solutions to address the incessant demand for long-term care (LTC) across the world, which is exacerbated by ageing populations. However, similar to other emerging technologies, the adoption of robotics and autonomous systems in LTC pose risks and unintended consequences. In the health and LTC sectors, there are additional bioethics concerns that are associated with novel technology applications. Using an in-depth case study, we examined the adoption of novel technologies such as robotics and autonomous systems in LTC to meet the rising social care demand in Singapore consequent to its ageing population. We first described the LTC sector in Singapore and traced the development of robotics and autonomous systems deployed in the LTC setting. We then examined technological risks and ethical issues that are associated with their applications. In addressing these technological risks and ethical concerns, Singapore has adopted a regulatory sandbox approach that fosters experimentation through the creation of a robotics test-bed and the initiation of various robotics pilots in different health clusters. The stakeholders largely envision positive scenarios of human-robot coexistence in the LTC setting. When robots can take over routine and manual care duties in the future, human care workers can be freed up to provide more personalised care to the care recipients. We also highlighted existing gaps in the governance of technological risks and ethical issues surrounding the deployment of robotics and autonomous systems in LTC that can be advanced as future research agendas.
Si Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh. Governing the adoption of robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care in Singapore. Policy and Society 2020, 1 -21.
AMA StyleSi Ying Tan, Araz Taeihagh. Governing the adoption of robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care in Singapore. Policy and Society. 2020; ():1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh. 2020. "Governing the adoption of robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care in Singapore." Policy and Society , no. : 1-21.
Robotics and autonomous systems have been dubbed as viable technological solutions to address the incessant demand for long-term care (LTC) across the world, which is exacerbated by ageing populations. However, similar to other emerging technologies, the adoption of robotics and autonomous systems in LTC pose risks and unintended consequences. In the health and LTC sectors, there are additional bioethics concerns that are associated with novel technology applications. Using an in-depth case study, we examined the adoption of novel technologies such as robotics and autonomous systems in LTC to meet the rising social care demand in Singapore consequent to its ageing population. We first described the LTC sector in Singapore and traced the development of robotics and autonomous systems deployed in the LTC setting. We then examined technological risks and ethical issues that are associated with their applications. In addressing these technological risks and ethical concerns, Singapore has adopted a regulatory sandbox approach that fosters experimentation through the creation of a robotics test-bed and the initiation of various robotics pilots in different health clusters. The stakeholders largely envision positive scenarios of human-robot coexistence in the LTC setting. When robots can take over routine and manual care duties in the future, human care workers can be freed up to provide more personalized care to the care recipients. We also highlighted existing gaps in the governance of technological risks and ethical issues surrounding the deployment of robotics and autonomous systems in LTC that can be advanced as future research agendas.
Si Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh. Governing the Adoption of Robotics and Autonomous Systems in Long-Term Care in Singapore. SSRN Electronic Journal 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSi Ying Tan, Araz Taeihagh. Governing the Adoption of Robotics and Autonomous Systems in Long-Term Care in Singapore. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi Ying Tan; Araz Taeihagh. 2020. "Governing the Adoption of Robotics and Autonomous Systems in Long-Term Care in Singapore." SSRN Electronic Journal , no. : 1.
The concept of risk has received scholarly attention from a variety of angles in the social, technical, and natural sciences. However, public policy scholars have not yet generated a comprehensive overview, shared understanding and conceptual framework of the main problem‐solving approaches applied by governments in coping with risks. In this regard, our main aim is to examine existing perspectives on prevailing risk coping strategies, find a common denominator among them and contribute to current policy and risk science literature through providing a conceptual framework that systematically spans the spectrum of risk coping strategies and incorporates the essence of the most relevant insights. To this end, we first examine the concept of risk in‐depth by exploring various definitions and types of risk. We then review different approaches proposed by different strands of research for addressing risk. Finally, we assess current knowledge and develop an amalgamated perspective for examining how risks can be addressed by classifying them into six general types of response (no response; prevention; control; precaution; toleration; and adaptation) as well as indicators to identify these responses. We argue that these strategies can function as a heuristic tool for decisionmakers in designing appropriate policies to cope with risks in decision‐making processes.
Yanwei Li; Araz Taeihagh; Martin de Jong; Andreas Klinke. Toward a Commonly Shared Public Policy Perspective for Analyzing Risk Coping Strategies. Risk Analysis 2020, 41, 519 -532.
AMA StyleYanwei Li, Araz Taeihagh, Martin de Jong, Andreas Klinke. Toward a Commonly Shared Public Policy Perspective for Analyzing Risk Coping Strategies. Risk Analysis. 2020; 41 (3):519-532.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanwei Li; Araz Taeihagh; Martin de Jong; Andreas Klinke. 2020. "Toward a Commonly Shared Public Policy Perspective for Analyzing Risk Coping Strategies." Risk Analysis 41, no. 3: 519-532.
To accelerate the electrification of road transport, numerous countries are promoting the diffusion of both Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel-Cell Vehicles (FCVs). Both technologies hold unique advantages and disadvantages while also facing common barriers with regard to production and diffusion. Barriers may be classified into four categories: 1) supply-side (i.e. vehicle production), 2) infrastructure preparation (i.e. charging and fuelling), 3) demand-side (i.e. spurring societal demand) and 4) institutional design (i.e. stimulating investments and the availability of technology). Relative to BEV literature, studies on FCV diffusion efforts are fewer. Also, while many studies highlight numerous diffusion barriers, knowledge on actual governance strategies to overcome these is lacking. Filling this gap, we examine governance measures used by government and industry in Japan to accelerate the development and diffusion of FCVs. The above framework is applied to examine coping strategies employed, unresolved challenges and potential ways to overcome these. Data are sourced from expert interviews and document analysis. Findings reveal robust measures to tackle supply-side and infrastructure challenges. Conversely, demand-side measures rely on public subsidies and lack regulatory instruments to stimulate vehicle demand. Also, institutional strategies to increase the pool of FCV makers are lacking visible outcomes. We thus lay out several policy suggestions to overcome these unresolved challenges.
Gregory Trencher; Araz Taeihagh; Masaru Yarime. Overcoming barriers to developing and diffusing fuel-cell vehicles: Governance strategies and experiences in Japan. Energy Policy 2020, 142, 111533 .
AMA StyleGregory Trencher, Araz Taeihagh, Masaru Yarime. Overcoming barriers to developing and diffusing fuel-cell vehicles: Governance strategies and experiences in Japan. Energy Policy. 2020; 142 ():111533.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGregory Trencher; Araz Taeihagh; Masaru Yarime. 2020. "Overcoming barriers to developing and diffusing fuel-cell vehicles: Governance strategies and experiences in Japan." Energy Policy 142, no. : 111533.
Global warming and the acute domestic air pollution in China have necessitated transition to a sustainable energy system away from coal-dominated energy production. Through a systematic review of the national policy documents, this study investigates the policy mix adopted by the Chinese government to facilitate its energy transition and how that policy mix has evolved between 1981 and 2020. The chronological analysis emphasizes two dimensions of temporal changes in the policy mix: (1) changes in the policy intensity and density, and (2) the shift in policy instrument combinations. The policy mix has evolved from a few authority-based instruments to the current response that has a large density of instruments with a good diversity of instrument types. The Chinese government imposes an increasing policy intensity on air pollution abatement and a decreasing policy intensity on renewable energy support, and experiments with innovative policy instruments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The evolutionary trajectory features layering new policy instruments, calibrating existing ones and some degree of policy replacement and sequencing. Overall, the study shows that the Chinese government has adopted a complex mix of policy instruments to abate emissions (e.g. carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide) in the coal-based energy system and to support renewable energy technologies. The study provides an in-depth understanding of Chinese policy design in the environment and energy fields and contributes to the public policy literature by filling a research gap – the comparative lack of empirical analyses on the temporal changes in the policy mixes.
Lili Li; Araz Taeihagh. An in-depth analysis of the evolution of the policy mix for the sustainable energy transition in China from 1981 to 2020. Applied Energy 2020, 263, 114611 .
AMA StyleLili Li, Araz Taeihagh. An in-depth analysis of the evolution of the policy mix for the sustainable energy transition in China from 1981 to 2020. Applied Energy. 2020; 263 ():114611.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLili Li; Araz Taeihagh. 2020. "An in-depth analysis of the evolution of the policy mix for the sustainable energy transition in China from 1981 to 2020." Applied Energy 263, no. : 114611.
Smart cities that make broad use of digital technologies have been touted as possible solutions for the population pressures faced by many cities in developing countries and may help meet the rising demand for services and infrastructure. Nevertheless, the high financial cost involved in infrastructure maintenance, the substantial size of the informal economies, and various governance challenges are curtailing government idealism regarding smart cities. This review examines the state of smart city development in developing countries, which includes understanding the conceptualisations, motivations, and unique drivers behind (and barriers to) smarty city development. A total of 56 studies were identified from a systematic literature review from an initial pool of 3928 social sciences literature identified from two academic databases. Data were analysed using thematic synthesis and thematic analysis. The review found that technology-enabled smart cities in developing countries can only be realised when concurrent socioeconomic, human, legal, and regulatory reforms are instituted. Governments need to step up their efforts to fulfil the basic infrastructure needs of citizens, raise more revenue, construct clear regulatory frameworks to mitigate the technological risks involved, develop human capital, ensure digital inclusivity, and promote environmental sustainability. A supportive ecosystem that encourages citizen participation, nurtures start-ups, and promotes public–private partnerships needs to be created to realise their smart city vision.
Si Tan; Araz Taeihagh. Smart City Governance in Developing Countries: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 899 .
AMA StyleSi Tan, Araz Taeihagh. Smart City Governance in Developing Countries: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):899.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSi Tan; Araz Taeihagh. 2020. "Smart City Governance in Developing Countries: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 899.
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are increasingly embraced around the world to advance smart mobility and more broadly, smart, and sustainable cities. Algorithms form the basis of decision-making in AVs, allowing them to perform driving tasks autonomously, efficiently, and more safely than human drivers and offering various economic, social, and environmental benefits. However, algorithmic decision-making in AVs can also introduce new issues that create new safety risks and perpetuate discrimination. We identify bias, ethics, and perverse incentives as key ethical issues in the AV algorithms’ decision-making that can create new safety risks and discriminatory outcomes. Technical issues in the AVs’ perception, decision-making and control algorithms, limitations of existing AV testing and verification methods, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities can also undermine the performance of the AV system. This article investigates the ethical and technical concerns surrounding algorithmic decision-making in AVs by exploring how driving decisions can perpetuate discrimination and create new safety risks for the public. We discuss steps taken to address these issues, highlight the existing research gaps and the need to mitigate these issues through the design of AV’s algorithms and of policies and regulations to fully realise AVs’ benefits for smart and sustainable cities.
Hazel Si Min Lim; Araz Taeihagh. Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5791 .
AMA StyleHazel Si Min Lim, Araz Taeihagh. Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5791.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHazel Si Min Lim; Araz Taeihagh. 2019. "Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5791.