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J. Marques Da Silva
MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal

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Journal article
Published: 02 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Programmes of education for sustainable development are important to reformulate and revise educational programmes in Sustainable Agriculture. Higher education institutes emerge as learning places to integrate sustainable development into the educational system, through graduation and MSc programmes, to provide a more effective response to the higher environmental and agriculture concerns. The aim of this study was to identify the best practices to be included in a MSc programme of education for sustainable development in agriculture based on a questionnaire prepared and distributed to agrarian sciences experts. The questionnaires were developed in order to define the fundamental competences/expertise, to identify the best practices and the methods of training/learning that should be taken in consideration in a MSc programme in Sustainable Agriculture. The results showed that the fundamental expertise of MSc programmes should be based on knowledge transfer of agricultural measures to mitigate the impact of climate change on agricultural systems. MSc programmes in Sustainable Agriculture should include interdisciplinary courses related to sustainability and agro-environmental technologies, such as Precision Agriculture, and incorporate adaptive and mitigate practices as those used in the Circular Economy strategy. Traditional face-to-face training methods are considered the most important forms of training/learning in a MSc programme in Sustainable Agriculture. However, due to COVID-19 pandemic, online learning methods, traditionally considered not suitable for MSc programme in Sustainable Agriculture, became important by providing online education. Information and communication technology and technological tools showed to be important skills to effectively implement online learning and to improve the efficient access and use of up-to-date information of the agricultural sector.

ACS Style

Fátima Baptista; Patrícia Lourenço; Vasco Fitas da Cruz; Luís Leopoldo Silva; José Rafael Silva; Manuela Correia; Pietro Picuno; Evangelos Dimitriou; Georgios Papadakis. Which are the best practices for MSc programmes in sustainable agriculture? Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 303, 126914 .

AMA Style

Fátima Baptista, Patrícia Lourenço, Vasco Fitas da Cruz, Luís Leopoldo Silva, José Rafael Silva, Manuela Correia, Pietro Picuno, Evangelos Dimitriou, Georgios Papadakis. Which are the best practices for MSc programmes in sustainable agriculture? Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 303 ():126914.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fátima Baptista; Patrícia Lourenço; Vasco Fitas da Cruz; Luís Leopoldo Silva; José Rafael Silva; Manuela Correia; Pietro Picuno; Evangelos Dimitriou; Georgios Papadakis. 2021. "Which are the best practices for MSc programmes in sustainable agriculture?" Journal of Cleaner Production 303, no. : 126914.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Sustainability
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The Montado is an agro-silvo-pastoral ecosystem characteristic of the Mediterranean region. Pasture productivity and, consequently, the possibilities for intensifying livestock production depend on soil fertility. Soil organic matter (SOM) and phosphorus (P2O5) are two indicators of the evolution of soil fertility in this ecosystem. However, their conventional analytical determination by reference laboratory methods is costly, time consuming, and laborious and, thus, does not meet the needs of current production systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate an alternative approach to estimate SOM and soil P2O5 based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with multivariate data analysis. For this purpose, 242 topsoil samples were collected in 2019 in eleven fields. These samples were subjected to reference laboratory analysis and NIRS analysis. For NIRS, 165 samples were used during the calibration phase and 77 samples were used during the external validation phase. The results of this study showed significant correlation between NIRS calibration models and reference methods for quantification of these soil parameters. The coefficient of determination (R2, 0.85 for SOM and 0.76 for P2O5) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD, 2.7 for SOM and 2.2 for P2O5) obtained in external validation indicated the potential of NIRS to estimate SOM and P2O5, which can facilitate farm managers’ decision making in terms of dynamic management of animal grazing and differential fertilizer application.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques da Silva; Luís Paixão; Mário de Carvalho; Francisco Moral; Julio Nogales-Bueno; Ricardo Teixeira; Marjan Jongen; Tiago Domingos; Ana Rato. Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for Estimating Soil Organic Matter and Phosphorus in Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2734 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques da Silva, Luís Paixão, Mário de Carvalho, Francisco Moral, Julio Nogales-Bueno, Ricardo Teixeira, Marjan Jongen, Tiago Domingos, Ana Rato. Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for Estimating Soil Organic Matter and Phosphorus in Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2734.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques da Silva; Luís Paixão; Mário de Carvalho; Francisco Moral; Julio Nogales-Bueno; Ricardo Teixeira; Marjan Jongen; Tiago Domingos; Ana Rato. 2021. "Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for Estimating Soil Organic Matter and Phosphorus in Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2734.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Given the continuous increase in the global population, the food manufacturers are advocated to either intensify the use of cropland or expand the farmland, making land cover and land usage dynamics mapping vital in the area of remote sensing. In this regard, identifying and classifying a high-resolution satellite imagery scene is a prime challenge. Several approaches have been proposed either by using static rule-based thresholds (with limitation of diversity) or neural network (with data-dependent limitations). This paper adopts the inductive approach to learning from surface reflectances. A manually labeled Sentinel-2 dataset was used to build a Machine Learning (ML) model for scene classification, distinguishing six classes (Water, Shadow, Cirrus, Cloud, Snow, and Other). This models was accessed and further compared to the European Space Agency (ESA) Sen2Cor package. The proposed ML model presents a Micro-F1 value of 0.84, a considerable improvement when compared to the Sen2Cor corresponding performance of 0.59. Focusing on the problem of optical satellite image scene classification, the main research contributions of this paper are: (a) an extended manually labeled Sentinel-2 database adding surface reflectance values to an existing dataset; (b) an ensemble-based and a Neural-Network-based ML models; (c) an evaluation of model sensitivity, biasness, and diverse ability in classifying multiple classes over different geographic Sentinel-2 imagery, and finally, (d) the benchmarking of the ML approach against the Sen2Cor package.

ACS Style

Kashyap Raiyani; Teresa Gonçalves; Luís Rato; Pedro Salgueiro; José Marques da Silva. Sentinel-2 Image Scene Classification: A Comparison between Sen2Cor and a Machine Learning Approach. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 300 .

AMA Style

Kashyap Raiyani, Teresa Gonçalves, Luís Rato, Pedro Salgueiro, José Marques da Silva. Sentinel-2 Image Scene Classification: A Comparison between Sen2Cor and a Machine Learning Approach. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (2):300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kashyap Raiyani; Teresa Gonçalves; Luís Rato; Pedro Salgueiro; José Marques da Silva. 2021. "Sentinel-2 Image Scene Classification: A Comparison between Sen2Cor and a Machine Learning Approach." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2: 300.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2020 in Water
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Climate change, especially the trend towards global warming, will significantly affect the global hydrological cycle, leading to a general reduction of the water available for agriculture. In this scenario, it is essential that research should focus on the development of ‘water saving’ techniques and technologies. This work summarizes the methodology followed in a project for large scale implementation of variable rate irrigation (VRI) systems using center pivots in corn crop. This is based on technologies for monitoring (i) soil electrical conductivity (ECa) and altimetry, (ii) soil moisture content, (iii) vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) obtained from satellite images, and automatic pivot travel speed control technologies. ECa maps were the basis for the definition of first homogeneous management zones (HMZ) in an experimental corn field of 28 ha. NDVI time-series were used to establish the subsequent HMZ and the respective dynamic prescription irrigation maps. The main result of this study was the reduction of spatial yield variability with the VRI management in 2017 compared to the conventional irrigation management. This study demonstrates how a relatively simple approach could be designed and implemented on a large scale, which represents an important and sustainable contribution to the resolution of practical farmer issues.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; Francisco Moral; Rafael Carmona-Cabezas; Sónia Garcia; José Palha; João Noéme. Mapping Management Zones Based on Soil Apparent Electrical Conductivity and Remote Sensing for Implementation of Variable Rate Irrigation—Case Study of Corn under a Center Pivot. Water 2020, 12, 3427 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva, Luís Paixão, Francisco Moral, Rafael Carmona-Cabezas, Sónia Garcia, José Palha, João Noéme. Mapping Management Zones Based on Soil Apparent Electrical Conductivity and Remote Sensing for Implementation of Variable Rate Irrigation—Case Study of Corn under a Center Pivot. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3427.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; Francisco Moral; Rafael Carmona-Cabezas; Sónia Garcia; José Palha; João Noéme. 2020. "Mapping Management Zones Based on Soil Apparent Electrical Conductivity and Remote Sensing for Implementation of Variable Rate Irrigation—Case Study of Corn under a Center Pivot." Water 12, no. 12: 3427.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Pasture quality monitoring is a key element in the decision making process of a farm manager. Laboratory reference methods for assessing quality parameters such as crude protein (CP) or fibers (neutral detergent fiber: NDF) require collection and analytical procedures involving technicians, time, and reagents, making them laborious and expensive. The objective of this work was to evaluate two technological and expeditious approaches for estimating and monitoring the evolution of the quality parameters in biodiverse Mediterranean pastures: (i) near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with multivariate data analysis and (ii) remote sensing (RS) based on Sentinel-2 imagery to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference water index (NDWI). Between February 2018 and March 2019, 21 sampling processes were carried out in nine fields, totaling 398 pasture samples, of which 315 were used during the calibration phase and 83 were used during the validation phase of the NIRS approach. The average reference values of pasture moisture content (PMC), CP, and NDF, obtained in 24 tests carried out between January and May 2019 in eight fields, were used to evaluate the RS accuracy. The results of this study showed significant correlation between NIRS calibration models or spectral indices obtained by remote sensing (NDVIRS and NDWIRS) and reference methods for quantifying pasture quality parameters, both of which open up good prospects for technological-based service providers to develop applications that enable the dynamic management of animal grazing.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; Emanuel Carreira; Rafael Carmona-Cabezas; Julio Nogales-Bueno; Ana Elisa Rato. Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Remote Sensing (RS) for Estimating Pasture Quality in Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4463 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva, Luís Paixão, Emanuel Carreira, Rafael Carmona-Cabezas, Julio Nogales-Bueno, Ana Elisa Rato. Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Remote Sensing (RS) for Estimating Pasture Quality in Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (13):4463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; Emanuel Carreira; Rafael Carmona-Cabezas; Julio Nogales-Bueno; Ana Elisa Rato. 2020. "Evaluation of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Remote Sensing (RS) for Estimating Pasture Quality in Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13: 4463.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2020 in Sustainability
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The Montado ecosystem, predominant in the Mediterranean region, consists of poor soils, a sparse cover of cork and holm with an understory of natural biodiverse pastures, grazed by animals in extensive regime. The recommended procedure for increasing productivity of these pastures is based on the application of phosphate fertilizer. One of the main productivity-limiting factors is, however, associated with soil acidity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the simultaneous effect of the holm oak canopy and the application of dolomitic lime on the productivity and quality of a permanent biodiverse pasture, grazed by sheep, in an acid soil (pH = 5.4 ± 0.3). Pasture was monitored at the end of autumn 2018 and winter and spring 2019. The results show that amendment of soil acidity is a slow and gradual process that improves soil Mg/Mn ratio and has a positive impact on pasture productivity and quality. Pasture crude protein availability (CP, kg·ha−1), which is based on both pasture dry matter yield (kg·ha−1) and quality (CP, %), proved to be a very practical indicator of the contributions of tree canopy and soil acidity correction to the holistic management of the Montado ecosystem.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Francisco Moral; Fernando Carvajal-Ramirez; Emanuel Carreira; Alfredo Pereira; Mário De Carvalho. Evaluation of the Effect of Dolomitic Lime Application on Pastures—Case Study in the Montado Mediterranean Ecosystem. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3758 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva, Francisco Moral, Fernando Carvajal-Ramirez, Emanuel Carreira, Alfredo Pereira, Mário De Carvalho. Evaluation of the Effect of Dolomitic Lime Application on Pastures—Case Study in the Montado Mediterranean Ecosystem. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Francisco Moral; Fernando Carvajal-Ramirez; Emanuel Carreira; Alfredo Pereira; Mário De Carvalho. 2020. "Evaluation of the Effect of Dolomitic Lime Application on Pastures—Case Study in the Montado Mediterranean Ecosystem." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3758.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2020 in AgriEngineering
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The estimation of pasture productivity is of great interest for the management of animal grazing. The standard method of assessing pasture mass requires great effort and expense to collect enough samples to accurately represent a pasture. This work presents the results of a long-term study to calibrate a Grassmaster II capacitance probe to estimate pasture productivity in two phases: (i) the calibration phase (2007–2018), which included measurements in 1411 sampling points in three parcels; and (ii) the validation phase (2019), which included measurements in 216 sampling points in eight parcels. A regression analysis was performed between the capacitance (CMR) measured by the probe and values of pasture green matter and dry matter (respectively, GM and DM, in kg ha−1). The results showed significant correlations between GM and CMR and between DM and CMR, especially in the early stages of pasture growth cycle. The analysis of the data grouped by classes of pasture moisture content (PMC) shows higher correlation coefficients for PMC content >80% (r = 0.775; p < 0.01; RMSE = 4806 kg ha−1 and CVRMSE = 28.1% for GM; r = 0.750; p < 0.01; RMSE = 763 kg ha−1 and CVRMSE = 29.7% for DM), with a clear tendency for the accuracy to decrease when the pasture vegetative cycle advances and, consequently, the PMC decreases. The validation of calibration equations when PMC > 80% showed a good approximation between GM or DM measured and GM or DM predicted (r = 0.959; p < 0.01; RMSE = 3191 kg ha−1; CVRMSE = 23.6% for GM; r = 0.953; p 80%.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; Francisco Moral; Fernando Carvajal-Ramirez; José Marques Da Silva. Estimation of Productivity in Dryland Mediterranean Pastures: Long-Term Field Tests to Calibration and Validation of the Grassmaster II Probe. AgriEngineering 2020, 2, 240 -255.

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, Francisco Moral, Fernando Carvajal-Ramirez, José Marques Da Silva. Estimation of Productivity in Dryland Mediterranean Pastures: Long-Term Field Tests to Calibration and Validation of the Grassmaster II Probe. AgriEngineering. 2020; 2 (2):240-255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; Francisco Moral; Fernando Carvajal-Ramirez; José Marques Da Silva. 2020. "Estimation of Productivity in Dryland Mediterranean Pastures: Long-Term Field Tests to Calibration and Validation of the Grassmaster II Probe." AgriEngineering 2, no. 2: 240-255.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2020 in Agronomy
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Montado is an agro-silvo-pastoral system characterized by a high complexity as a result of the interactions between climate, soil, pasture, trees, and animals. It is in this context that management decisions must be made, for example with respect to soil fertilization, grazing, or animal supplementation. In this work, the effect of the tree canopy on the spatial and temporal variability of the soil and productivity, quality, and floristic composition of the pasture was evaluated. Precision agriculture (PA) technologies for monitoring soil and pasture were also evaluated. The study was carried out between October 2015 and June 2018 in an experimental field of 2.3 ha. The results showed: (i) The positive impact of trees and animal grazing on soil fertility; (ii) the influence of inter-annual variability of precipitation on the pattern of pasture vegetative cycle; (iii) the positive effect of trees in pasture quality; (iv) the negative effect of trees in pasture productivity; (v) the role of pasture floristic composition as an indicator of soil limitations or climatic changes; (vi) the potential of technologies associated with the concept of PA as express tools to decision making support and for the optimization of the herbaceous stratum and the dynamic management of grazing in this ecosystem in a holistic and sustainable form.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; Emanuel Carreira; Alfredo Pereira; Mário Carvalho. Climate Changes Challenges to the Management of Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem: Perspectives for Use of Precision Agriculture Technologies. Agronomy 2020, 10, 218 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva, Luís Paixão, Emanuel Carreira, Alfredo Pereira, Mário Carvalho. Climate Changes Challenges to the Management of Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem: Perspectives for Use of Precision Agriculture Technologies. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (2):218.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; Emanuel Carreira; Alfredo Pereira; Mário Carvalho. 2020. "Climate Changes Challenges to the Management of Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem: Perspectives for Use of Precision Agriculture Technologies." Agronomy 10, no. 2: 218.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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This topic suggests reading and analysing an article about big data and data sharing issues (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.023). Data Privacy and Use White Paper. (2017). AgGateway.

ACS Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. Data sharing who is the owner? Who will use it? Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva, Manuela Correia. Data sharing who is the owner? Who will use it? Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. 2020. "Data sharing who is the owner? Who will use it?" Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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This topic presents the macro-design of SPA that will surely appear in the coming years and also the future technological trends in SPA applied to viticulture and arable crops. A vision of the future of SPA is presented in three layers: i) human intelligence (related to soil, plants, climate, pests, diseases, environment, food production, fibre and energy) on top; ii) artificial intelligence (related to hardware, communications, data) in the middle; iii) and again human intelligence on the bottom (consumers, business models, transparency, food traceability). “Big Data” challenges are discussed regarding the specific needs of agriculture. The technological groups identified in a Foresight Analysis report are discussed and the future technological trends on arable crops and vineyards are presented. In this topic, materials include a slide presentation, a document text and the Foresight Analysis report.

ACS Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. Future trends: businness view and high tech. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva, Manuela Correia. Future trends: businness view and high tech. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. 2020. "Future trends: businness view and high tech." Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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Three case study situations are presented and analysed in this topic about rice and corn production cycle. The materials created include: i) A video describing rice production cycle in Portugal, using SPA technologies. This video shows the terrain preparation, sowing, herbicide and fertilizers application and harvesting, explaining all the operations; ii) A presentation of a case study, also about rice production, describing other important issues related to the use of SPA, like determining soil fertility and nutrient needs, relationships between NDVI and productivity, smart sampling, crop monitoring, net income analysis and ways to improve productivity. iii) A presentation showing the use of several SPA technologies in corn production complemented with a text document.

ACS Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia; João Coimbra. Arable crops production cycle with SPA technologies. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva, Manuela Correia, João Coimbra. Arable crops production cycle with SPA technologies. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia; João Coimbra. 2020. "Arable crops production cycle with SPA technologies." Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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The goal of Geostatistic is to predict the spatial distribution of a property. In this topic we are going to study two types of Spatial Analysis: i) Conventional Analysis (Nongeostatistical); ii) Spatial Continuity Analysis (Geostatistical). We will also try to understand what are Experimental variograms (Nugget; Range and Sill), Variogram models (basic variogram functions) and Estimation (Kriging). The video includes an Exercise. The materials for this topic are a slide presentation, a video with an exercise resolution using geostatistics and two guidebooks.

ACS Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. Basics of geostatistical analyses with GIS. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva, Manuela Correia. Basics of geostatistical analyses with GIS. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. 2020. "Basics of geostatistical analyses with GIS." Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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Soil and water are essential for plants to grow. By analysing a Vegetation Index map of a corn field after emergency we are going to observe different concentrations of chlorophyll across the field. We will try to identify possible causes for those differences and discuss the strategies to solve any problems that are occurring. These problems can be related with soil characteristics, irrigation, plant germination capacity, nutrition, etc., highlighting the importance of soil-water-plant agrisystem.

ACS Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. The soil-water-plant agrisystem:a little about soil, water and plants. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva, Manuela Correia. The soil-water-plant agrisystem:a little about soil, water and plants. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. 2020. "The soil-water-plant agrisystem:a little about soil, water and plants." Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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Some examples of SPA definitions are presented, including the most recent definition released by the International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA). The SPARKLE definition of SPA is presented, with a list of all the keywords used to accomplish that definition. The three dimensions of Precision Agriculture (Economy, Agronomy and Technology) and their relative weight are discussed. Materials for this topic include a presentation and a text, that are complementary.

ACS Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. Definition of SPA. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva, Manuela Correia. Definition of SPA. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Manuela Correia. 2020. "Definition of SPA." Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2019 in AgriEngineering
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Dryland pastures in the Alentejo region, located in the south of Portugal, normally occupy soils that have low fertility but, simultaneously, important spatial variability. Rational application of fertilizers requires knowledge of spatial variability of soil characteristics and crop response, which reinforces the interest of technologies that facilitates the identification of homogeneous management zones (HMZ). In this work, a pasture field of about 25 ha, integrated in the Montado mixed ecosystem (agro-silvo-pastoral), was monitored. Surveys of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) were carried out in November 2017 and October 2018 with a Veris 2000 XA contact sensor. A total of 24 sampling points (30 × 30 m) were established in tree-free zones to allow readings of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI). Historical time series of these indices were obtained from satellite imagery (Sentinel-2) in winter and spring 2017 and 2018. Three zones with different potential productivity were defined based on the results obtained in terms of spatial variability and temporal stability of the measured parameters. These are the basis for the elaboration of differentiated prescription maps of fertilizers with variable application rate technology, taking into account the variability of soil characteristics and pasture development, contributing to the sustainability of this ecosystem.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; José Calado; Mário De Carvalho. Integration of Soil Electrical Conductivity and Indices Obtained through Satellite Imagery for Differential Management of Pasture Fertilization. AgriEngineering 2019, 1, 567 -585.

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva, Luís Paixão, José Calado, Mário De Carvalho. Integration of Soil Electrical Conductivity and Indices Obtained through Satellite Imagery for Differential Management of Pasture Fertilization. AgriEngineering. 2019; 1 (4):567-585.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Luís Paixão; José Calado; Mário De Carvalho. 2019. "Integration of Soil Electrical Conductivity and Indices Obtained through Satellite Imagery for Differential Management of Pasture Fertilization." AgriEngineering 1, no. 4: 567-585.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2019 in Remote Sensing
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Fire severity is a key factor for management of post-fire vegetation regeneration strategies because it quantifies the impact of fire, describing the amount of damage. Several indices have been developed for estimation of fire severity based on terrestrial observation by satellite imagery. In order to avoid the implicit limitations of this kind of data, this work employed an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) carrying a high-resolution multispectral sensor including green, red, near-infrared, and red edge bands. Flights were carried out pre- and post-controlled fire in a Mediterranean forest. The products obtained from the UAV-photogrammetric projects based on the Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm were a Digital Surface Model (DSM) and multispectral images orthorectified in both periods and co-registered in the same absolute coordinate system to find the temporal differences (d) between pre- and post-fire values of the Excess Green Index (EGI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) index. The differences of indices (dEGI, dNDVI, and dNDRE) were reclassified into fire severity classes, which were compared with the reference data identified through the in situ fire damage location and Artificial Neural Network classification. Applying an error matrix analysis to the three difference of indices, the overall Kappa accuracies of the severity maps were 0.411, 0.563, and 0.211 and the Cramer’s Value statistics were 0.411, 0.582, and 0.269 for dEGI, dNDVI, and dNDRE, respectively. The chi-square test, used to compare the average of each severity class, determined that there were no significant differences between the three severity maps, with a 95% confidence level. It was concluded that dNDVI was the index that best estimated the fire severity according to the UAV flight conditions and sensor specifications.

ACS Style

Fernando Carvajal-Ramírez; José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Francisco Agüera-Vega; Patricio Martínez-Carricondo; João Serrano; Francisco Jesús Moral. Evaluation of Fire Severity Indices Based on Pre- and Post-Fire Multispectral Imagery Sensed from UAV. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 993 .

AMA Style

Fernando Carvajal-Ramírez, José Rafael Marques Da Silva, Francisco Agüera-Vega, Patricio Martínez-Carricondo, João Serrano, Francisco Jesús Moral. Evaluation of Fire Severity Indices Based on Pre- and Post-Fire Multispectral Imagery Sensed from UAV. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (9):993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Carvajal-Ramírez; José Rafael Marques Da Silva; Francisco Agüera-Vega; Patricio Martínez-Carricondo; João Serrano; Francisco Jesús Moral. 2019. "Evaluation of Fire Severity Indices Based on Pre- and Post-Fire Multispectral Imagery Sensed from UAV." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9: 993.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Water
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Extensive animal production in Iberian Peninsula is based on pastures, integrated within the important agro-silvo-pastoral system, named “montado” in Portugal and “dehesa” in Spain. Temperature and precipitation are the main driving climatic factors affecting agricultural productivity and, in dryland pastures, the hydrological cycle of soil, identified by soil moisture content (SMC), is the main engine of the vegetation development. The objective of this work was to evaluate the normalized difference water index (NDWI) based on Sentinel-2 imagery as a tool for monitoring pasture seasonal dynamics and inter-annual variability in a Mediterranean agro-silvo-pastoral system. Forty-one valid NDWI records were used between January and June 2016 and between January 2017 and June 2018. The 2.3 ha experimental field is located within the “Mitra” farm, in the South of Portugal. Soil moisture content, pasture moisture content (PMC), pasture surface temperature (Tir), pasture biomass productivity and pasture quality degradation index (PQDI) were evaluated in 12 satellite pixels (10 m × 10 m). The results show significant correlations (p < 0.01) between NDWI and: (i) SMC (R2 = 0.7548); (ii) PMC (R2 = 0.8938); (iii) Tir (R2 = 0.5428); (iv) biomass (R2 = 0.7556); and (v) PQDI (R2 = 0.7333). These findings suggest that satellite-derived NDWI can be used in site-specific management of “montado” ecosystem to support farmers’ decision making.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva. Evaluation of Normalized Difference Water Index as a Tool for Monitoring Pasture Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability in a Mediterranean Agro-Silvo-Pastoral System. Water 2019, 11, 62 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva. Evaluation of Normalized Difference Water Index as a Tool for Monitoring Pasture Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability in a Mediterranean Agro-Silvo-Pastoral System. Water. 2019; 11 (1):62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva. 2019. "Evaluation of Normalized Difference Water Index as a Tool for Monitoring Pasture Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability in a Mediterranean Agro-Silvo-Pastoral System." Water 11, no. 1: 62.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Crop and Pasture Science
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Mapping of the apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) can be used to estimate the variability of forage yield within a plot. However, forage production can vary according to the growing season and to soil properties that do not affect the ECa (e.g. nitrogen (N) content). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between ECa and forage yield of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) during different regrowth periods and contrasting levels of N availability and then use this information to determine potential management zones. The ECa was measured and geo-referenced in a 5.75-ha paddock that sustained a permanent pasture dominated by tall fescue. In addition, a 30 m by 30 m grid cell size was chosen and 43 sampling areas, each 4 m2 in size, were geo-referenced and divided into two experimental units of 1 m by 2 m, one of which was fertilised with 250 kg N ha–1 (N250) at the beginning of four regrowth periods (spring 2015, spring 2016, autumn 2016 and autumn 2017) and the other was not fertilised with N (N0). At the end of each regrowth period, we estimated the accumulated biomass. During the spring growing season, accumulated biomass was positively associated with ECa in both N0 and N250 treatments (R2 = 47% and 54%, respectively). By contrast, in autumn, accumulated biomass and ECa were poorly associated (R2 = 10% and 27% for N0 and N250). This may be due to seasonal interactions that alter soil–yield relationships. To assess whether ECa can be used to determine management zones, the differences in accumulated biomass were compared through analysis of variance. Results showed that ECa is associated with the spatial distribution of tall fescue forage yield variability in spring at different N availabilities. Thus, ECa can be reliably used for defining management zones in marginal soils under permanent pastures.

ACS Style

P. L. Cicore; M. Castro Franco; N. R. Peralta; José Rafael Marques da Silva; J. L. Costa. Relationship between soil apparent electrical conductivity and forage yield in temperate pastures according to nitrogen availability and growing season. Crop and Pasture Science 2019, 70, 908 .

AMA Style

P. L. Cicore, M. Castro Franco, N. R. Peralta, José Rafael Marques da Silva, J. L. Costa. Relationship between soil apparent electrical conductivity and forage yield in temperate pastures according to nitrogen availability and growing season. Crop and Pasture Science. 2019; 70 (10):908.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. L. Cicore; M. Castro Franco; N. R. Peralta; José Rafael Marques da Silva; J. L. Costa. 2019. "Relationship between soil apparent electrical conductivity and forage yield in temperate pastures according to nitrogen availability and growing season." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 10: 908.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2018 in Water
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Montado is an agro-forestry system occupying a large surface in countries of the Mediterranean region. In this system, the natural dryland pasture is the principal source for animal feed in extensive grazing. The climatic seasonality associated with the inter-annual irregularity of precipitation greatly influences the development of pasture and its vegetative cycle. The end of spring is a critical period in terms of animal feed due to the notable reduction in the nutritive value of the plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate, through the correlation between pasture quality indexes (Pasture Quality Degradation Index, PQDI and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI), two technological approaches for monitoring the evolution of the quality of a biodiverse pasture in the period of greatest vegetative development (between February and June). The technological approaches consisted of (i) proximal sensing (PS), with the use of an active optical sensor; and (ii) remote sensing (RS), using images captured by a Sentinel-2 satellite. The results of this study show strong and significant correlations between PQDI and NDVI (obtained by PS or RS). These two techniques (PS or RS) can, therefore, be used in a complementary way to identify and anticipate the food supplementation needs for animals and support farmers in decision making.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva. Monitoring Seasonal Pasture Quality Degradation in the Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem: Proximal versus Remote Sensing. Water 2018, 10, 1422 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva. Monitoring Seasonal Pasture Quality Degradation in the Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem: Proximal versus Remote Sensing. Water. 2018; 10 (10):1422.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva. 2018. "Monitoring Seasonal Pasture Quality Degradation in the Mediterranean Montado Ecosystem: Proximal versus Remote Sensing." Water 10, no. 10: 1422.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2018 in Sensors
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The Montado is a silvo-pastoral system characterized by open canopy woodlands with natural or cultivated grassland in the undercover and grazing animals. The aims of this study were to present several proximal sensors with potential to monitor relevant variables in the complex montado ecosystem and demonstrate their application in a case study designed to evaluate the effect of trees on the pasture. This work uses data collected between March and June 2016, at peak of dryland pasture production under typical Mediterranean conditions, in twenty four sampling points, half under tree canopy (UTC) and half outside tree canopy (OTC). Correlations were established between pasture biomass and capacitance measured by a commercial probe and between pasture quality and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured by a commercial active optical sensor. The interest of altimetric and apparent soil electrical conductivity maps as the first step in the implementation of precision agriculture projects was demonstrated. The use of proximal sensors to monitor soil moisture content, pasture photosynthetically active radiation and temperature helped to explain the influence of trees on pasture productivity and quality. The significant and strong correlations obtained between capacitance and pasture biomass and between NDVI and pasture nutritive value (in terms of crude protein, CP and neutral detergent fibre, NDF) can make an important contribution to determination of key components of pasture productivity and quality and implementation of site-specific pasture management. Animal tracking demonstrated its potential to be an important tool for understanding the interaction between various factors and components that interrelate in the montado ecosystem and to support grazing management decisions.

ACS Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Mário De Carvalho. A Holistic Approach to the Evaluation of the Montado Ecosystem Using Proximal Sensors. Sensors 2018, 18, 570 .

AMA Style

João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, José Marques Da Silva, Mário De Carvalho. A Holistic Approach to the Evaluation of the Montado Ecosystem Using Proximal Sensors. Sensors. 2018; 18 (2):570.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João Serrano; Shakib Shahidian; José Marques Da Silva; Mário De Carvalho. 2018. "A Holistic Approach to the Evaluation of the Montado Ecosystem Using Proximal Sensors." Sensors 18, no. 2: 570.