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One of the priority lines of action in Poland is to increase energy production from renewable energy sources (RESs). Based on the “Poland’s national energy and climate plan for the years 2021–2030”, Poland aims to achieve 21%–23% of RES share in gross final energy consumption by 2030. While coal is still the most important source of energy, new technological and organisational solutions for increasing RESs are being tested and implemented. Therefore, the creation of energy clusters based on the idea of urban and industrial symbiosis was first proposed by the Ministry of Energy in 2016. To date, there are 66 clusters in different regions in Poland, but only a few of them are active and innovative. One of them is located in the city of Zakopane, a mountain resort, which attracts about 3 million tourists annually and has developed the wide-ranging use of geothermal sources for energy supply and recreation. The paper aims to analyse the impact of the creation of energy clusters on the city’s development, including economic, social, and environmental aspects. The “willingness to pay” (WTP) method was used to calculate the impact of air pollution on Zakopane and to compare it with the Polish average to estimate the significance of the transformation to RESs in this tourist city. The results from the studies are as follows: health cost per capita in Zakopane is between 252.07 and 921.30 euro. The investigations presented can be the basis for recommendations in strategic documents in the field of regional development and environmental protection, especially on the use and promotion of urban symbiosis for increasing use of RESs.
Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas; Joanna Kulczycka; Natalia Iwaszczuk. Energy Clusters as a New Urban Symbiosis Concept for Increasing Renewable Energy Production—A Case Study of Zakopane City. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5634 .
AMA StyleAgnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas, Joanna Kulczycka, Natalia Iwaszczuk. Energy Clusters as a New Urban Symbiosis Concept for Increasing Renewable Energy Production—A Case Study of Zakopane City. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas; Joanna Kulczycka; Natalia Iwaszczuk. 2020. "Energy Clusters as a New Urban Symbiosis Concept for Increasing Renewable Energy Production—A Case Study of Zakopane City." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5634.
Municipal waste management has been an area of special interest for the European Commission (EC) for many years, especially in the transformation process towards a circular economy (CE), which is a priority of the European Union’s (EU’s) economic policy. This paper presents the overview of the Polish waste management system (WMS) and the CE-related tasks indicated in the Polish CE Roadmap. Despite the fact that Poland is one of the countries that generates the least waste per capita (329 kg in 2018) in the EU (489 kg), it still has problems with adapting the levels of municipal waste recycling to European requirements (34.3% in 2018, EU average 47%), which result from the lack of sufficient infrastructure for waste management and the insufficiently developed public awareness and behaviors. The current paper presents an inventory of the recommended actions, which support transformation towards CE in municipal waste management. These actions have been grouped into six core principles of circularity, indicated in the ReSOLVE framework: Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize, and Exchange. In each of presented areas, recommended tasks and actions were identified that should be taken by governments and residents themselves, such as landfill remediation, use of selected municipal waste fractions for economic purposes, sharing products with co-users, waste recovery, remanufacturing products or components, virtual solutions in everyday life to reduce the amount of generated waste, or replacement of household appliances by items with a higher energy class. An implementation of specific actions indicated in the paper could positively influence transformation towards CE in Poland. Because the presented examples of actions are model solutions, they can also be used in other countries and regions.
Marzena Smol; Joanna Duda; Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas; Dominika Szołdrowska. Transformation towards Circular Economy (CE) in Municipal Waste Management System: Model Solutions for Poland. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4561 .
AMA StyleMarzena Smol, Joanna Duda, Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas, Dominika Szołdrowska. Transformation towards Circular Economy (CE) in Municipal Waste Management System: Model Solutions for Poland. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4561.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzena Smol; Joanna Duda; Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas; Dominika Szołdrowska. 2020. "Transformation towards Circular Economy (CE) in Municipal Waste Management System: Model Solutions for Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4561.