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Nanotechnology-based materials are currently being tested in the protection of cultural heritage: ethyl silicate or silica nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous colloidal suspensions mixed with titanium dioxide are used as a coating for stone materials. These coatings can play a key role against the degradation of stone materials, due to the deposit of organic matter and other contaminants on the substrate, a phenomenon that produces a greater risk for the monuments in urban areas because of the increasing atmospheric pollution. However, during the application phase, it is important to evaluate the amount of titanium dioxide in the coatings on the substrate, as it can produce a coverage effect on the asset. In this work, we present the hyperspectral data obtained through a field spectroradiometer on samples of different stone materials, which have been prepared in laboratory with an increasing weight percentage of titanium dioxide from 0 to 8 wt%. The data showed spectral signatures dependent on the content of titanium dioxide in the wavelength range 350–400 nm. Afterwards, blind tests were performed on other samples in order to evaluate the reliability of these measurements in detecting the unknown weight percentage of titanium dioxide. Moreover, an investigation was also performed on a test application of nanoparticle coatings on a stone statue located in a coastal town in Calabria (southern Italy). The results showed that the surveys can be useful for verifying the phase of application of the coating on cultural heritage structures; however, they could also be used to check the state of the coated stone directly exposed over time to atmospheric, biological and chemical agents.
Antonio Costanzo; Donatella Ebolese; Silvestro Ruffolo; Sergio Falcone; Carmelo la Piana; Mauro La Russa; Massimo Musacchio; Maria Buongiorno. Detection of the TiO2 Concentration in the Protective Coatings for the Cultural Heritage by Means of Hyperspectral Data. Sustainability 2020, 13, 92 .
AMA StyleAntonio Costanzo, Donatella Ebolese, Silvestro Ruffolo, Sergio Falcone, Carmelo la Piana, Mauro La Russa, Massimo Musacchio, Maria Buongiorno. Detection of the TiO2 Concentration in the Protective Coatings for the Cultural Heritage by Means of Hyperspectral Data. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):92.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Costanzo; Donatella Ebolese; Silvestro Ruffolo; Sergio Falcone; Carmelo la Piana; Mauro La Russa; Massimo Musacchio; Maria Buongiorno. 2020. "Detection of the TiO2 Concentration in the Protective Coatings for the Cultural Heritage by Means of Hyperspectral Data." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 92.
This multidisciplinary research focuses on diagnostic investigations to characterize the archaeological materials, as well as the alteration and degradation forms detected at the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria (Calabria, South Italy) site. The thermal complex, (dating I–II century B.C.), was built around three main rooms such as the caldarium (hot bath), the tepidarium (warm bath) and the frigidarium (cold bath), all connected to a central room through several entrances. The central hall still preserves a suggestive mosaic floor dating between the II and III century A.D., characterized by geometric motifs and black and white tesserae. Fragments of various archaeological stone materials, such as bricks, mortars, sedimentary, volcanic and metamorphic rocks have been studied with different and complementary techniques. Particularly, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were performed to characterize the materials employed to construct the site and evaluate their state of preservation. Finally, laboratory microbiological culture analysis was conducted to identify the main microorganisms composing the biological patinas detected on the sampled materials. Results allowed us to evaluate the most suitable restoration procedures to conduct at the archaeological site, considering the different stone materials present in the studied area and their state of conservation.
Michela Ricca; Clara Enza Urzì; Natalia Rovella; Alessandro Sardella; Alessandra Bonazza; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Filomena De Leo; Luciana Randazzo; Anna Arcudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy). Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5106 .
AMA StyleMichela Ricca, Clara Enza Urzì, Natalia Rovella, Alessandro Sardella, Alessandra Bonazza, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Filomena De Leo, Luciana Randazzo, Anna Arcudi, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (15):5106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichela Ricca; Clara Enza Urzì; Natalia Rovella; Alessandro Sardella; Alessandra Bonazza; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Filomena De Leo; Luciana Randazzo; Anna Arcudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "Multidisciplinary Approach to Characterize Archaeological Materials and Status of Conservation of the Roman Thermae of Reggio Calabria Site (Calabria, South Italy)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15: 5106.
Natural stones have represented one of the main building materials since ancient times. In recent decades, a worsening in degradation phenomena related mostly to environmental pollution was observed, threatening their conservation. The present work is focused on the minero-petrographic and geochemical characterization of black crust (BC) samples taken from the historical center of Naples, after selecting two pilot monumental areas. The latter were chosen based on their historical importance, type of material, state of preservation and position in the urban context (i.e., high vehicular traffic area, limited traffic area, industrial area, etc.). The building materials used and their interaction with environmental pollutions were studied comparing the results obtained by means of different analytical techniques such as polarized light Optical Microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion system (SEM-EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and laser ablation coupled with inductive plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).
Valeria Comite; Michela Ricca; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Sossio Fabio Graziano; Natalia Rovella; Concetta Rispoli; Chiara Gallo; Luciana Randazzo; Donatella Barca; Piergiulio Cappelletti; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy). Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4241 .
AMA StyleValeria Comite, Michela Ricca, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Sossio Fabio Graziano, Natalia Rovella, Concetta Rispoli, Chiara Gallo, Luciana Randazzo, Donatella Barca, Piergiulio Cappelletti, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):4241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValeria Comite; Michela Ricca; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Sossio Fabio Graziano; Natalia Rovella; Concetta Rispoli; Chiara Gallo; Luciana Randazzo; Donatella Barca; Piergiulio Cappelletti; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2020. "Multidisciplinary Approach for Evaluating the Geochemical Degradation of Building Stone Related to Pollution Sources in the Historical Center of Naples (Italy)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4241.
The protection of the stone materials represents an ongoing challenge in the field of conservation of cultural heritage. Protective coatings are used to make the stone more resistant against pollutants, biological growths, and especially against the action of water. In last decades, nanoparticles were synthetized and tested to improve the performance of such coatings. In this review, two main enhanced coatings are reported: superhydrophobic coatings and photocatalytic coatings. The first ones have a very low adhesion, so dirty, pollutants and colonies of microorganisms can be easily “washed out” by the water. Photocatalytic coatings are able to oxidize organic matter on their surface, thanks to the combination of light and photocatalyst. The state-of-art of both technologies are discussed with advantages and drawbacks.
Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Nanostructured Coatings for Stone Protection: An Overview. Frontiers in Materials 2019, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleSilvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Nanostructured Coatings for Stone Protection: An Overview. Frontiers in Materials. 2019; 6 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2019. "Nanostructured Coatings for Stone Protection: An Overview." Frontiers in Materials 6, no. : 1.
This work focused on the study of decorated pottery dated back to the 16th century from the Roman archaeological site of Villa dei Quintili, a monumental complex located in the south-eastern part of Rome (Italy). A minero-petrographic and geochemical study was undertaken to analyse five archaeological samples in order to define textural features and raw materials used for their production, along with the chemical and physical composition of the superficial decorative glazed coatings. For this purpose, different analytical methods were used, such as polarising optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), and electron microprobe analysis coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EMPA-EDS). The results of such a multidisciplinary approach allowed us to achieve important results crucial to recognise the shards as majolica of the Renaissance period, improving knowledge about manufacturing processes of these renowned painted ceramic artefacts.
Michela Ricca; Giuseppe Paladini; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Luciana Randazzo; Vincenza Crupi; Barbara Fazio; Domenico Majolino; Valentina Venuti; Giuliana Galli; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study. Geosciences 2019, 9, 172 .
AMA StyleMichela Ricca, Giuseppe Paladini, Natalia Rovella, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Luciana Randazzo, Vincenza Crupi, Barbara Fazio, Domenico Majolino, Valentina Venuti, Giuliana Galli, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study. Geosciences. 2019; 9 (4):172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichela Ricca; Giuseppe Paladini; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Luciana Randazzo; Vincenza Crupi; Barbara Fazio; Domenico Majolino; Valentina Venuti; Giuliana Galli; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2019. "Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study." Geosciences 9, no. 4: 172.
In the archaeological site of Pompeii, epigraphs Tituli Picti applied on stone, such as Campanian ignimbrite in Oscan and Latin language, were surveyed by different authors. Although there are several publications concerning the building materials and artefacts of Pompeii, the scientific literature lacks of studies regarding the knowledge and conservation of such paints. The diagnostic and conservation project is aimed at determining the execution technique, as well as at defining the state of conservation of the Tituli Picti realized on the Campanian ignimbrite. In addition, the study will provide experimental data useful to suggest proper conservation procedures, mainly in terms of protective and consolidating products to be used. Results carried out by means of Optical Microscopy, Electron Probe Microanalysis, portable XRF and portable Raman techniques revealed that the epigraphs were applied on the stone surface, without any setting layer. Hematite-based red ochre was detected as pigment. On the contrary, it is still unclear if any substance was used to bind the pigment on the stone substrate. The subsequent stage of the project will include the reproduction of Tituli Picti in laboratory and the development of suitable conservation procedures to be tested in situ.
Natalia Rovella; Anna Arcudi; Vincenza Crupi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Domenico Majolino; Massimo Osanna; Rossella Pace; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Michela Ricca; Nicola Ruggieri; Valentina Venuti. Tituli Picti in the archaeological site of Pompeii: diagnostic analysis and conservation strategies. The European Physical Journal Plus 2018, 133, 539 .
AMA StyleNatalia Rovella, Anna Arcudi, Vincenza Crupi, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Domenico Majolino, Massimo Osanna, Rossella Pace, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Michela Ricca, Nicola Ruggieri, Valentina Venuti. Tituli Picti in the archaeological site of Pompeii: diagnostic analysis and conservation strategies. The European Physical Journal Plus. 2018; 133 (12):539.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Rovella; Anna Arcudi; Vincenza Crupi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Domenico Majolino; Massimo Osanna; Rossella Pace; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Michela Ricca; Nicola Ruggieri; Valentina Venuti. 2018. "Tituli Picti in the archaeological site of Pompeii: diagnostic analysis and conservation strategies." The European Physical Journal Plus 133, no. 12: 539.
This paper deals with the characterization of black crusts collected from several historical buildings in the city of Venice. This city suffers from pollution from the industrial area of Marghera, as well as from the maritime traffic. Black crust can be considered as a passive sampler of pollutants, with particular reference to heavy metals. For this reason, in order to fully characterize those samples, several techniques were used, including scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and ion chromatography. This integrated approach allowed us to gain information about the mineralogical phases and the elements within the crusts giving the possibility to identify the pollution sources causing the stone decay within the buildings, as well as the variability in composition depending on the exposure of the analyzed surfaces.
Mauro F. La Russa; Valeria Comite; Nevin Aly; Donatella Barca; Paola Fermo; Natalia Rovella; Fabrizio Antonelli; Elena Tesser; Marco Aquino; Silvestro A. Ruffolo. Black crusts on Venetian built heritage, investigation on the impact of pollution sources on their composition. The European Physical Journal Plus 2018, 133, 370 .
AMA StyleMauro F. La Russa, Valeria Comite, Nevin Aly, Donatella Barca, Paola Fermo, Natalia Rovella, Fabrizio Antonelli, Elena Tesser, Marco Aquino, Silvestro A. Ruffolo. Black crusts on Venetian built heritage, investigation on the impact of pollution sources on their composition. The European Physical Journal Plus. 2018; 133 (9):370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauro F. La Russa; Valeria Comite; Nevin Aly; Donatella Barca; Paola Fermo; Natalia Rovella; Fabrizio Antonelli; Elena Tesser; Marco Aquino; Silvestro A. Ruffolo. 2018. "Black crusts on Venetian built heritage, investigation on the impact of pollution sources on their composition." The European Physical Journal Plus 133, no. 9: 370.
The historical earthquake known as “Terremoto delle Calabrie” in 1783 heavily damaged the Cultural Heritage of Southern Italy. Many buildings were recovered and revalued in the subsequent reconstruction, among which the Saint Maria Assunta church. It is rich in stuccoes and false marble decorations, which have never been restored after that reconstruction. The results of the diagnostic campaign carried out throughout OM, FT-IR, EPMA-EDS, provided important information on the ancient executive techniques in Southern Italy useful in the project of conservative restoration of the church.
Natalia Rovella; Anna Arcudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Maurizio Licchelli; Marco Malagodi; Sara Nocella; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Angela Sacco. Cultural Heritage and historical earthquakes: The diagnostic methodologies applied in an integrated project of conservative restoration in St. Maria Assunta’s church (Cirella di Platì, Italy). The European Physical Journal Plus 2018, 133, 367 .
AMA StyleNatalia Rovella, Anna Arcudi, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Maurizio Licchelli, Marco Malagodi, Sara Nocella, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Angela Sacco. Cultural Heritage and historical earthquakes: The diagnostic methodologies applied in an integrated project of conservative restoration in St. Maria Assunta’s church (Cirella di Platì, Italy). The European Physical Journal Plus. 2018; 133 (9):367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Rovella; Anna Arcudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Maurizio Licchelli; Marco Malagodi; Sara Nocella; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Angela Sacco. 2018. "Cultural Heritage and historical earthquakes: The diagnostic methodologies applied in an integrated project of conservative restoration in St. Maria Assunta’s church (Cirella di Platì, Italy)." The European Physical Journal Plus 133, no. 9: 367.
This research has been focused on the study of mortars from four bridges of the ancient city of Foligno (Umbria, Italy), located along the old path of the Topino-Tinia River. An archaeometric study was undertaken to analyse ten archaeological samples in order to define textural features, chemical composition and raw materials used for their production. For this purpose, different analytical methods were used, such as polarising optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analysis coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EMPA-EDS).
Michela Ricca; Giuliana Galli; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Angela Sacco; Marco Aquino; Mauro Francesco La Russa. An archaeometric approach of historical mortars taken from Foligno City (Umbria, Italy): news insight of Roman Empire in Italy. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2018, 11, 2649 -2657.
AMA StyleMichela Ricca, Giuliana Galli, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Angela Sacco, Marco Aquino, Mauro Francesco La Russa. An archaeometric approach of historical mortars taken from Foligno City (Umbria, Italy): news insight of Roman Empire in Italy. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2018; 11 (6):2649-2657.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichela Ricca; Giuliana Galli; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Angela Sacco; Marco Aquino; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2018. "An archaeometric approach of historical mortars taken from Foligno City (Umbria, Italy): news insight of Roman Empire in Italy." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 6: 2649-2657.
By the joint use of traditional techniques and portable non-invasive instrumentations, we investigated different wall painting samples taken from the domus, La Casa de los Grifos, of Roman site, Complutum, which is located in World Heritage Site Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain). The aim of the study was to characterize the wall paintings and different layers of supporting mortars. For this portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) device and portable Raman spectrometer were used for the pigment identification. Complementary micro-destructive laboratory techniques (Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)) were used on the same samples to further investigate the petrography, mineralogy and pigment composition. In addition to the experiments on collected non-restored samples, spectrophotometric measurements in the laboratory and their associated colours in situ were compared, to see the colour difference. The results allowed the characterization of materials in the painted surface layer together with the mortar support, providing useful information about the painting technologies and for suitable restoration processes.
Duygu Ergenç; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Rafael Fort; Ana Lucía Sánchez Montes. Characterization of the wall paintings in La Casa de los Grifos of Roman city Complutum. The European Physical Journal Plus 2018, 133, 355 .
AMA StyleDuygu Ergenç, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Rafael Fort, Ana Lucía Sánchez Montes. Characterization of the wall paintings in La Casa de los Grifos of Roman city Complutum. The European Physical Journal Plus. 2018; 133 (9):355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuygu Ergenç; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Rafael Fort; Ana Lucía Sánchez Montes. 2018. "Characterization of the wall paintings in La Casa de los Grifos of Roman city Complutum." The European Physical Journal Plus 133, no. 9: 355.
Nano-sized TiO2 is widely used as photocatalysts for many applications; however, some aspects in the application in cultural heritage conservation are still unresolved. In particular, in this research, we focused our attention on nanostructured product composed by silica, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and TiO2 nanoparticles. We explored the effect of variable amounts of nanoparticles on the features of coating, since this issue still has some unclear aspects. Several samples of limestone have been treated, and then, analysed. The chromatic variations induced by the treatments have been measured by colorimetric analysis, while the hydrophobic properties of coatings have been evaluated by contact angle measurements and capillary water absorption. The photocatalytic efficiency has been evaluated by methylene blue staining. In addition, two large facilities have been involved in this study, in order to obtain accurate results in a non-invasive way. On one side, middle-UV Raman spectroscopy measurements at IUVS [email protected] (Trieste), by using UV synchrotron radiation (SR) source, revealed successful, with respect to conventional set-up, in order to quantify the amount of the anatase on the surface. On the other side, neutron radiography measurements at RAD Radiography [email protected] (Budapest) permitted a sensitive monitoring of the water absorption dynamics on untreated and treated samples.
Vincenza Crupi; Barbara Fazio; Alessandro Gessini; Zoltán Kis; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Domenico Majolino; Claudio Masciovecchio; Michela Ricca; Barbara Rossi; Silvestro A. Ruffolo; Valentina Venuti. TiO2–SiO2–PDMS nanocomposite coating with self-cleaning effect for stone material: Finding the optimal amount of TiO2. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 166, 464 -471.
AMA StyleVincenza Crupi, Barbara Fazio, Alessandro Gessini, Zoltán Kis, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Domenico Majolino, Claudio Masciovecchio, Michela Ricca, Barbara Rossi, Silvestro A. Ruffolo, Valentina Venuti. TiO2–SiO2–PDMS nanocomposite coating with self-cleaning effect for stone material: Finding the optimal amount of TiO2. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 166 ():464-471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenza Crupi; Barbara Fazio; Alessandro Gessini; Zoltán Kis; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Domenico Majolino; Claudio Masciovecchio; Michela Ricca; Barbara Rossi; Silvestro A. Ruffolo; Valentina Venuti. 2018. "TiO2–SiO2–PDMS nanocomposite coating with self-cleaning effect for stone material: Finding the optimal amount of TiO2." Construction and Building Materials 166, no. : 464-471.
During the last restoration of the Fontana di Trevi -Rome (2014–2015), it has been performed a diagnostic investigation to characterize the materials used to build and obtain the colors of the surfaces of some architectural elements of this fountain. According to the restoration teamwork needs, we focussed our efforts on the dome over the central statue of Oceanus, on the bas-relieves on the sides of the dome, and on the cliff where the water flows. Several samples were collected from these elements and therefore, they were subjected to an analytical approach including infrared spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy. The achieved results indicated the use of red earth pigments on the dome. The same pigment has been revealed on the bas-relieves, although their colors have an additional contribution due to degraded layers. Samples taken from the cliff showed a complex stratigraphy, although a white scialbo has been identified as original layer, testifying the intentions of the authors in term of color rendering. This information was essential for the restores in order to choose the proper intervention procedure for each investigated surface. The research testified the importance of an integrated diagnostic analysis to preserve the original colours of monuments and building.
Mauro F. La Russa; Michela Ricca; Anna Maria Cerioni; Maria Grazia Chilosi; Valeria Comite; Marina De Santis; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro A. Ruffolo. The colors of the Fontana di Trevi: an analytical approach. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2017, 12, 114 -124.
AMA StyleMauro F. La Russa, Michela Ricca, Anna Maria Cerioni, Maria Grazia Chilosi, Valeria Comite, Marina De Santis, Natalia Rovella, Silvestro A. Ruffolo. The colors of the Fontana di Trevi: an analytical approach. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2017; 12 (1):114-124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauro F. La Russa; Michela Ricca; Anna Maria Cerioni; Maria Grazia Chilosi; Valeria Comite; Marina De Santis; Natalia Rovella; Silvestro A. Ruffolo. 2017. "The colors of the Fontana di Trevi: an analytical approach." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12, no. 1: 114-124.
Nanotechnologies provide new materials for the consolidation and protection of the Cultural Heritage: innovative solutions are represented by ethyl silicate or silica nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous colloidal suspensions mixed to titanium dioxide in nanometric form. The challenge of this work is to provide a quick and non-invasive survey method able to evaluate the titanium dioxide amount in the coatings applied on the treated stones. In fact, the titanium dioxide weight percentage incorporate into the coating depends on both application phase and, over time, environmental biological and chemical conditions. In this paper, we show the preliminary results obtained by spectroradiometric survey carried out on marble samples coated through nanoparticle films. The coatings were prepared increasing weight percentage of the titanium dioxide from 0 w% to 8 w%. The data obtained through a field hyperspectral sensors shown spectral signatures depending on the content of titanium dioxide. In fact, the samples are characterized by different spectral shapes in the wavelength range 350–400 nm, especially. The results are useful to develop a procedure for checking the application phase of coatings on the tangible Cultural Heritage. Moreover, the same method can be used, also, both to analyze the effect of the nanoparticle product on the base stone, before its application, and to verify the efficiency of the coating, over time.
Antonio Costanzo; Donatella Ebolese; Sergio Falcone; Carmelo Antonino Giuseppe La Piana; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Massimo Musacchio. Hyperspectral Survey Method to Detect the Titanium Dioxide Percentage in the Coatings Applied to the Cultural Heritage. Proceedings 2017, 2, 120 .
AMA StyleAntonio Costanzo, Donatella Ebolese, Sergio Falcone, Carmelo Antonino Giuseppe La Piana, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Massimo Musacchio. Hyperspectral Survey Method to Detect the Titanium Dioxide Percentage in the Coatings Applied to the Cultural Heritage. Proceedings. 2017; 2 (3):120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Costanzo; Donatella Ebolese; Sergio Falcone; Carmelo Antonino Giuseppe La Piana; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Massimo Musacchio. 2017. "Hyperspectral Survey Method to Detect the Titanium Dioxide Percentage in the Coatings Applied to the Cultural Heritage." Proceedings 2, no. 3: 120.
This paper deals with the analysis of black crust coming from the statue of Oceanus belonging to the Fontana di Trevi (Rome). This monument is undoubtedly one of the main touristic attractions of Rome. During the restoration held between 2014 and 2015, some diagnostic analyses had been carried out. It has been highlighted that the sheltered surfaces suffer the formation of black crust, especially on the marble statues. The possibility to sample those degradation products, together with the unaltered substrate, represented an excellent opportunity to characterize the marble itself, to assess the impact of the urban air pollution on the stone material, and to detect the pollutant on a precise timescale. In fact, it is known that the previous restoration of the fountain had been carried out between 1989 and 1991 then, information about the air pollution over the last 25years can be highlighted, because it has been proved that black crusts act as passive samplers of pollution. In order to fully characterize those samples, several techniques were used, including optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and ion chromatography. Furthermore, a new methodology based on CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) analysis has been developed for the quantification of the two main constituents of the carbonaceous fraction present in the black crusts, i.e. OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon). This integrated approach proposed in the present study allowed us to gain information about the mineralogical phases and the elements within the crusts and at the crust-substrate interface, giving the possibility to identify the pollution sources causing the stone decay within the monument.
Mauro Francesco La Russa; Paola Fermo; Valeria Comite; Cristina M. Belfiore; Donatella Barca; Annamaria Cerioni; Marina De Santis; Lorena Francesca Barbagallo; Michela Ricca; Silvestro A. Ruffolo. The Oceanus statue of the Fontana di Trevi (Rome): The analysis of black crust as a tool to investigate the urban air pollution and its impact on the stone degradation. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 593-594, 297 -309.
AMA StyleMauro Francesco La Russa, Paola Fermo, Valeria Comite, Cristina M. Belfiore, Donatella Barca, Annamaria Cerioni, Marina De Santis, Lorena Francesca Barbagallo, Michela Ricca, Silvestro A. Ruffolo. The Oceanus statue of the Fontana di Trevi (Rome): The analysis of black crust as a tool to investigate the urban air pollution and its impact on the stone degradation. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 593-594 ():297-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauro Francesco La Russa; Paola Fermo; Valeria Comite; Cristina M. Belfiore; Donatella Barca; Annamaria Cerioni; Marina De Santis; Lorena Francesca Barbagallo; Michela Ricca; Silvestro A. Ruffolo. 2017. "The Oceanus statue of the Fontana di Trevi (Rome): The analysis of black crust as a tool to investigate the urban air pollution and its impact on the stone degradation." Science of The Total Environment 593-594, no. : 297-309.
In the field of restoration of cultural heritage, it has been developed coatings containing nanoparticles having multifunctional features, to protect stone materials against environmental degrading agents. Detecting such nanoparticle concentration within the coating, can represent a challenging issue because its monitoring over time can provide insights about the treatment durability. This paper deals with a theoretical basis to develop an instrumental method to fulfil this requirement. The “sample” under consideration consists in marble coated by silica in which nanoparticles are dispersed. The latter have a core–shell structure, in which the shell consists of titania, while different cores have been tested. The technique is based on the measurement of the interaction of the electromagnetic fields with coated surface. It has been shown the possibility to estimate the thickness of the protective coating and the concentration of nanoparticles contained in it, by using the transition matrix method and radiofrequency impedance measurement. The measurement of reflection coefficient of the electric field incident to the coated surface can be carried out with an Horn antenna, by using a frequency of about 350 Ghz. This makes it possible to assess the thickness of the coating. On the contrary, impedentiometry at about 10 MHz, carried out with an open-ended coaxial probe, allows to detect the concentration of the nanoparticles into the coating.
Andrea Macchia; Fabio Mangini; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Marco Muzi; Laura Rivaroli; Michela Ricca; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Fabrizio Frezza. A novel model to detect the content of inorganic nanoparticles in coatings used for stone protection. Progress in Organic Coatings 2016, 106, 177 -185.
AMA StyleAndrea Macchia, Fabio Mangini, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Marco Muzi, Laura Rivaroli, Michela Ricca, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Fabrizio Frezza. A novel model to detect the content of inorganic nanoparticles in coatings used for stone protection. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2016; 106 ():177-185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Macchia; Fabio Mangini; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Marco Muzi; Laura Rivaroli; Michela Ricca; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Fabrizio Frezza. 2016. "A novel model to detect the content of inorganic nanoparticles in coatings used for stone protection." Progress in Organic Coatings 106, no. : 177-185.
On November 2, 2001, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage provided a detailed state cooperation system and set out the basic principles for the protection of underwater cultural heritage. To date, the Convention has been ratified by 51 countries. One of the four main principles states that the In situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage should be considered as the first option before allowing or engaging in any further activities. In accordance with these principles and recommendations, in the last years many projects intended for developing and testing new techniques and tools to support In situ conservation of underwater archaeological remains have been funded and are now underway.This paper describes the contribution of the CoMAS project (In situ conservation planning of Underwater Archaeological Artifacts—http://www.comasproject.eu), funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) and run by a partnership of private companies and public research centers. The CoMAS project aims at the development of new materials, techniques, and tools for the documentation, conservation, and restoration of underwater archaeological sites in their natural environment. The paper describes in detail the results achieved during the project in the development of innovative materials, mechatronic tools, and armed remotely operated vehicle systems that can efficiently support the restorers' work in all their activities for preserving underwater cultural heritage in its original location on the seafloor.
Fabio Bruno; Maurizio Muzzupappa; Loris Barbieri; Alessandro Gallo; Gerardo Ritacco; Antonio Lagudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Gino Mirocle Crisci; Michela Ricca; Valeria Comite; Barbara Davidde Pietraggi; Giuseppe Di Stefano; Ramona Guida. The CoMAS Project: New Materials and Tools for Improving the In situ Documentation, Restoration, and Conservation of Underwater Archaeological Remains. Marine Technology Society Journal 2016, 50, 108 -118.
AMA StyleFabio Bruno, Maurizio Muzzupappa, Loris Barbieri, Alessandro Gallo, Gerardo Ritacco, Antonio Lagudi, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Gino Mirocle Crisci, Michela Ricca, Valeria Comite, Barbara Davidde Pietraggi, Giuseppe Di Stefano, Ramona Guida. The CoMAS Project: New Materials and Tools for Improving the In situ Documentation, Restoration, and Conservation of Underwater Archaeological Remains. Marine Technology Society Journal. 2016; 50 (4):108-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFabio Bruno; Maurizio Muzzupappa; Loris Barbieri; Alessandro Gallo; Gerardo Ritacco; Antonio Lagudi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Gino Mirocle Crisci; Michela Ricca; Valeria Comite; Barbara Davidde Pietraggi; Giuseppe Di Stefano; Ramona Guida. 2016. "The CoMAS Project: New Materials and Tools for Improving the In situ Documentation, Restoration, and Conservation of Underwater Archaeological Remains." Marine Technology Society Journal 50, no. 4: 108-118.
Cristina Maria Belfiore; Michela Ricca; Mauro F. La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Giuliana Galli; Donatella Barca; Marco Malagodi; Mattia Vallefuoco; Mario Sprovieri; Antonio Pezzino. Provenance study of building and statuary marbles from the Roman archaeological site of "Villa dei Quintili" (Rome, Italy). Italian Journal of Geosciences 2016, 135, 236 -249.
AMA StyleCristina Maria Belfiore, Michela Ricca, Mauro F. La Russa, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Giuliana Galli, Donatella Barca, Marco Malagodi, Mattia Vallefuoco, Mario Sprovieri, Antonio Pezzino. Provenance study of building and statuary marbles from the Roman archaeological site of "Villa dei Quintili" (Rome, Italy). Italian Journal of Geosciences. 2016; 135 (2):236-249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Maria Belfiore; Michela Ricca; Mauro F. La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Giuliana Galli; Donatella Barca; Marco Malagodi; Mattia Vallefuoco; Mario Sprovieri; Antonio Pezzino. 2016. "Provenance study of building and statuary marbles from the Roman archaeological site of "Villa dei Quintili" (Rome, Italy)." Italian Journal of Geosciences 135, no. 2: 236-249.
Highlights•A multi-technique approach applied to study mortars from Cappadocia•Cappadocian mortars and plasters have been studied with an integrated approach.•Mortars from the Forty Martyrs Church in Cappadocia have been studied. AbstractMortars and plasters from the Forty Martyrs rupestrian complex (Cappadocia, Turkey) were characterized by means of different and complementary analytical techniques, in order to achieve evidence about the raw materials and the production technologies employed in the site dwelled by some of the first Cappadocian Christian communities. The investigated area is constituted by rooms directly hewn in the volcanic deposits named “Fairy Chimneys” and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Archaeological studies attributed different uses to the rooms, i.e. chapels, storages and wineries. The multi-analytical approach means to confirm or to retract the archaeological thesis and to highlight probable differences in the production techniques of the stone materials. In this regard, textural and compositional data of the binder and the aggregate fractions were collected by optical microscopy and electron microscopy coupled with microanalysis. Pigments and binder composition were investigated by Fourier transform infrared and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Lastly, probable traces of organic residues were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The obtained results allowed for identifying variations in the technical and compositional characteristics of mortars and plasters which can be related to different uses of the rooms constituting the rupestrian complex.
Mauro Francesco La Russa; Natalia Rovella; Claudia Pelosi; Daniele Rossi; Michele Benucci; Giuseppe Romagnoli; Valentina Emanuela Selva Bonino; Antonella Casoli; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo. A multi-analytical approach applied to the archaeometric study of mortars from the Forty Martyrs rupestrian complex in Cappadocia (Turkey). Microchemical Journal 2016, 125, 34 -42.
AMA StyleMauro Francesco La Russa, Natalia Rovella, Claudia Pelosi, Daniele Rossi, Michele Benucci, Giuseppe Romagnoli, Valentina Emanuela Selva Bonino, Antonella Casoli, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo. A multi-analytical approach applied to the archaeometric study of mortars from the Forty Martyrs rupestrian complex in Cappadocia (Turkey). Microchemical Journal. 2016; 125 ():34-42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMauro Francesco La Russa; Natalia Rovella; Claudia Pelosi; Daniele Rossi; Michele Benucci; Giuseppe Romagnoli; Valentina Emanuela Selva Bonino; Antonella Casoli; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo. 2016. "A multi-analytical approach applied to the archaeometric study of mortars from the Forty Martyrs rupestrian complex in Cappadocia (Turkey)." Microchemical Journal 125, no. : 34-42.
The archaeological excavation of the Villa dei Quintili in Rome (2nd century AD) brought to light one of the most impressive residential complexes of the Roman Empire. Among the astonishing number of findings, inside and outside the buildings, a large amount of glass mosaic tesserae were gathered from the thermal bath environments. This work reports the results of a microtextural and microchemical characterization of 29 colored opaque glass tesserae, by using an analytical approach that included the use of scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The glass is usually a soda-lime-silicate glass, with the exception of red and orange glass tesserae, which showed the typical composition of lead glasses mixed with plant ashes. Red tesserae were likely produced with a natron-based glass mixed with plant ashes, acting as flux and reducing agent. The opacifiers were all antimony-based with different natures according to the chemical composition: calcium antimonates (white in color) and lead antimonates (yellow in color). In the 29 tesserae studied in this research, the colors of glass were strictly correlated to the concentrations of coloring agents, the two main coloring ions identified were copper, introduced in the majority of samples as bronze scrap, and cobalt. Finally, the levels of trace elements indicate the use of mature sand, rich in quartz and poor in heavy metals and clay minerals, for the production of all samples.
Donatella Barca; Elena Basso; Danilo Bersani; Giuliana Galli; Claudia Invernizzi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Pier Paolo Lottici; Marco Malagodi; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo. Vitreous tesserae from the calidarium mosaics of the Villa dei Quintili, Rome. Chemical composition and production technology. Microchemical Journal 2016, 124, 726 -735.
AMA StyleDonatella Barca, Elena Basso, Danilo Bersani, Giuliana Galli, Claudia Invernizzi, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Pier Paolo Lottici, Marco Malagodi, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo. Vitreous tesserae from the calidarium mosaics of the Villa dei Quintili, Rome. Chemical composition and production technology. Microchemical Journal. 2016; 124 ():726-735.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonatella Barca; Elena Basso; Danilo Bersani; Giuliana Galli; Claudia Invernizzi; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Pier Paolo Lottici; Marco Malagodi; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo. 2016. "Vitreous tesserae from the calidarium mosaics of the Villa dei Quintili, Rome. Chemical composition and production technology." Microchemical Journal 124, no. : 726-735.
This paper is focused on archaeometric investigations of white marbles taken from the submerged archaeological site of Baia (Naples). The marine area includes the ruins of this ancient Roman city, whose structures range from luxurious maritime villas and imperial buildings with private thermae and tabernae, to more simple and modest houses. Analyses were carried out on fifty marble fragments of covering slabs, belonging to several pavements of the monumental villa, called the Villa con ingresso a protiro, in order to ascertain their provenance. The most distinctive properties of marbles are their variety of textural property especially regarding grain size (MGS), associated with the Mn content and the variation of stable isotopes. These features, supported by the contribution of other variables and studies, establish the basis for the correct identification of the marbles. For this purpose, minero-petrographic and geochemical techniques were used. Results were compared with literature data of white marbles commonly used in antiquity, especially in the Mediterranean basin and showed that a variety of precious marbles from Carrara, Docimium (Afyon), Thasos-D, Aphrodisias, Proconnesos (Marmara), Paros and Pentelicon were used in the ancient roman city of Baia, confirming the importance of the submerged archaeological site and also allowing researchers to broaden the existing database.
Michela Ricca; Cristina Maria Belfiore; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Donatella Barca; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Gino Mirocle Crisci; Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multi-analytical approach applied to the provenance study of marbles used as covering slabs in the archaeological submerged site of Baia (Naples, Italy): The case of the “Villa con ingresso a protiro”. Applied Surface Science 2015, 357, 1369 -1379.
AMA StyleMichela Ricca, Cristina Maria Belfiore, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Donatella Barca, Monica Alvarez De Buergo, Gino Mirocle Crisci, Mauro Francesco La Russa. Multi-analytical approach applied to the provenance study of marbles used as covering slabs in the archaeological submerged site of Baia (Naples, Italy): The case of the “Villa con ingresso a protiro”. Applied Surface Science. 2015; 357 ():1369-1379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichela Ricca; Cristina Maria Belfiore; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Donatella Barca; Monica Alvarez De Buergo; Gino Mirocle Crisci; Mauro Francesco La Russa. 2015. "Multi-analytical approach applied to the provenance study of marbles used as covering slabs in the archaeological submerged site of Baia (Naples, Italy): The case of the “Villa con ingresso a protiro”." Applied Surface Science 357, no. : 1369-1379.