Risk management is a comparatively new field and there is no core system of risk management in the construction industries of developing countries. In Pakistan, construction is an extremely risk-seeking industry lacking a good reputation for handling risk. However, it is gradually giving it more importance as a result of increased competition and construction activities. For this purpose, a survey-based study has been conducted which aims to investigate the risk management practices used in construction projects in Pakistan. To achieve the objective, data was collected from 22 contractor firms working on 100 diverse projects. The analysis indicates that risk management has been implemented at a low level in the local environment. The results also disclose that there is a higher degree of correlation between effective risk management and project success. The findings reveal the importance of risk management techniques, their usage, implication, and the effect of these techniques on the success of construction projects from the contractor’s perspective, thus convincing the key participants of projects about the use of risk management.

Large-scale disturbances, like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or glacier calving, produce tsunamis, which cause vast amounts of water to be displaced and long-wavelength waves that can get taller as they get closer to shallow waters. The study of tsunami waves took into account significant wave characteristics like width, velocity, and collision by solving the damped geophysical model analytically. First, by applying appropriate transformation and the Hirota bilinear method (HBM) to the tsunami wave model, we analyze a formal wave propagation that shows discrete lumps, breathers, and their interactions. For the governing equation, localized solutions in the form of lump solutions and multiple lump wave solutions are found via a positive quadratic transformation. The lump one strip, lump two strips, lump periodic solutions, and a variety of interactions are computed, among distinct lumps, 1-kink wave (KW), and 2-kink waves, respectively, by using a mix of positive quadratic, exponential, and trigonometric transformations. Positive quadratic transformation and cosine are combined to evaluate the rogue waves (RW) solutions. Next, the Ma-breathers (MBs), Kuznetsov-Ma breathers (KMBs), and generalized breathers (GBs) are computed together with the corresponding standard RWs. Furthermore, we use the logarithmic transformation and symbolic computation with ansatz function technique to obtain Homoclinic breathers (HBs), M-shape solitons, interaction of one kink and M-soliton, interaction of two kink and M-soliton, interaction of RW, KWs, and M-soliton. Also, the periodic cross-rational solutions (PCRs), multi-wave solutions, amplitude, energy, and solitary wave relations are obtained.

A nonlinear $(3+1)$-dimensional nonlinear Geng equation that can be utilized to explain the dynamics of shallow-water waves in fluids is given special attention. Various wave solutions are produced with the aid of the Hirota bilinear and Cole–Hopf transformation techniques. By selecting the appropriate polynomial function and implementing the distinct transformations in bilinear form, bright lump waves, dark lump waves, and rogue waves (RWs) are generated. A positive quadratic transformation and cosine function are combined in Hirota bilinear form to evaluate the RW solutions. Typically, RWs have crests that are noticeably higher than those of surrounding waves. These waves are also known as killer, freak, or monster waves. The lump periodic solutions (LPSs) are obtained using a combination of the cosine and positive quadratic functions. The lump-one stripe solutions are computed by using a mix of positive quadratic and exponential transformations to the governing equation. The lump two-stripe solutions are obtained by using a mix of positive quadratic and exponential transformations to the governing equation. The interactional solutions of lump, kink, and periodic wave solutions are obtained. Additionally, mixed solutions with butterfly waves, X-waves and lump waves are computed. The Ma breather (MB), Kuznetsov–Ma breather (KMB), and generalized breathers GBs are generated. Furthermore, solitary wave solution is obtained and a relation for energy of the wave via ansatz function technique.

A series of two‐dimensional finite element analyses are performed to simulate the seismic response of slope composed of granular soil. Four sets of input parameters for the nonlinear soil model are used to fit the reference the shear modulus reduction and damping curves, thereby to evaluate the influence of the nonlinear soil model. The first set is fitted to the shear modulus reduction curve. The second and third sets are fitted simultaneously to both shear modulus reduction and damping curves. The final set applied the shear strength adjustment to adequately capture the nonlinear soil response at large strains. The accuracy of each set of parameters are evaluated through comparison with centrifuge model test measurements. It is observed that the nonlinear soil model has a marginal influence on the acceleration response. On the contrary, the vertical settlement is highly influenced by the nonlinear soil model. The discrepancy is shown to increase with an increase in the intensity of the input ground motion. It is demonstrated that the adjustment for the shear strength is important in performing seismic analyses of slopes, which is most often ignored in practice. Based on the results, practical guidelines on how to select the parameters for the nonlinear soil model are provided.