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Seung-Nam Kim
Department of Urban Design and Studies, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea

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Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Pedestrian Priority Street (PPS) project, launched to encourage safer and more convenient walking by improving the inferior pedestrian environment on narrow streets without sidewalks, is based on Monderman’s shared space concept. Similar to the shared space approach, PPS aims for mutual consideration between pedestrians and drivers and strives to create a pedestrian-friendly environment, but the project relies on a unique road surface design. Considering the two main goals of the PPS project, this study investigated how subjective safety and pedestrians’ movements differed by design types. To analyze safety perception, ordered Logit regression and post-hoc interviews were conducted with visual assessment survey using recorded VR (virtual reality) videos. Next, trace mapping and analysis were performed based on the video recordings to measure the degree of free walking. The results found that pedestrians perceived higher safety level in PPSs than in general back road. Further, the pedestrians moved more freely in the street with an integrated design. In other types, which suggested a pedestrian zone at the roadside, there was not much difference in behavior from the general back roads. Thus, the design principle of PPS, which does not set a boundary between pedestrian and vehicle area, should be observed to lead to behavioral changes in pedestrians.

ACS Style

Haeryung Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2501 .

AMA Style

Haeryung Lee, Seung-Nam Kim. Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (5):2501.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haeryung Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. 2021. "Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2501.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Though several studies have explored the ways in which people perceive the qualities of urban squares, the influence of living environments on such perceptions has received little attention. To fill this gap, this study examined differences in preferences for urban square design elements, particularly, the ratio of the width of a public space to the height of the surrounding buildings (D/H ratio), square size, and façade details, among people with different living environments. Virtual reality simulation techniques were used in controlled experiments with 100 participants of various nationalities, mostly Koreans, and conjoint analysis was applied to determine what combination of design elements most influenced urban square preferences. Participants experienced eight virtual squares designed with different combinations of the three design elements and assessed them based on five indicators of the quality of urban squares. Among the three design elements, the D/H ratio most significantly influenced the perceptions of quality, regardless of participants’ living environments. We conclude that the level of experience in various urban environments may affect people’s familiarity with these environments and their spatial perception and preferences. We thus suggest that socio-cultural differences related to users’ living environments should receive more attention in urban design practice. We also demonstrate that the emerging combination of immersive virtual reality technology and conjoint analysis can function as a useful tool for urban design research.

ACS Style

Seungnam Kim; Jaecheol Kim; Beakchan Kim. Immersive Virtual Reality-Aided Conjoint Analysis of Urban Square Preference by Living Environment. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6440 .

AMA Style

Seungnam Kim, Jaecheol Kim, Beakchan Kim. Immersive Virtual Reality-Aided Conjoint Analysis of Urban Square Preference by Living Environment. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6440.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungnam Kim; Jaecheol Kim; Beakchan Kim. 2020. "Immersive Virtual Reality-Aided Conjoint Analysis of Urban Square Preference by Living Environment." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6440.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Most studies highlighting the link between the urban environment and fear of crime (FoC) have focused on less populated spaces in urban areas, and concluded that the presence of activities and people in a space makes its users more confident. This study analyses the paradoxical phenomenon of FoC in occupied public spaces in the setting of Yaoundé, Cameroon. To this end, this study analyses the relationship between intersection level, pedestrian density and perceived FoC. The results of the multi-level binary logistic regression demonstrate that women, vulnerable age groups, people with a weak sense of community and high-income people tend to express a higher level of FoC. Among the major FoC theories, these results confirm the theories of physical vulnerability and social networks and invalidate the theory of social vulnerability in the local context. The results also reveal that the relationship between “pedestrian density” and FoC seems to be a convex curve with the minimum value, implying that the concept of ‘eyes on the street’ is not valid in places where pedestrian density exceeds a specific threshold. This suggests that policy makers and planners should consider pedestrian density when designing public spaces, not only to secure wellbeing, but also due to the impact it can have on perceived FoC among those who use such spaces.

ACS Style

Paul Tchinda; Seung-Nam Kim. The Paradox of “Eyes on the Street”: Pedestrian Density and Fear of Crime in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5300 .

AMA Style

Paul Tchinda, Seung-Nam Kim. The Paradox of “Eyes on the Street”: Pedestrian Density and Fear of Crime in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul Tchinda; Seung-Nam Kim. 2020. "The Paradox of “Eyes on the Street”: Pedestrian Density and Fear of Crime in Yaoundé, Cameroon." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5300.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Although many studies have revealed that both air quality and walking activity are dominant contributors to public health, little is known about the relationship between them. Moreover, previous studies on this subject have given little consideration to the day-to-day atmospheric conditions and floating populations of surrounding areas even though most pedestrian count surveys are not conducted on a single day. Against this backdrop, using the 2015 Pedestrian Volume Survey data and quasi-real-time weather, air quality, and transit ridership data in Seoul, this study investigates the relationship between particulate matter (PM)10 and pedestrian street volumes empirically. The regression results suggest that PM10 concentration determines people’s intention to walk and affects the volume of street-level pedestrians. The three regression models, which adopted different spatial aggregation units of air quality, demonstrated that PM10 elasticity of pedestrian volume is the largest in the borough-level (the smallest spatial unit of air quality alert) model. This means that people react to the most accurate information they can access, implying that air quality information should be provided in smaller spatial units for public health. Thus, strengthening air quality warning standards of PM is an effective measure for enhancing public health.

ACS Style

Juwon Chung; Seung-Nam Kim; Hyungkyoo Kim. The Impact of PM10 Levels on Pedestrian Volume: Findings from Streets in Seoul, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4833 .

AMA Style

Juwon Chung, Seung-Nam Kim, Hyungkyoo Kim. The Impact of PM10 Levels on Pedestrian Volume: Findings from Streets in Seoul, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (23):4833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juwon Chung; Seung-Nam Kim; Hyungkyoo Kim. 2019. "The Impact of PM10 Levels on Pedestrian Volume: Findings from Streets in Seoul, South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4833.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2019 in Sustainability
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To provide safe and comfortable walking environments on narrow streets without sidewalks, the Seoul city government has implemented the Pedestrian Priority Street (PPS) projects. Based on Monderman’s “shared space” concept, the PPS involves applying diverse paving design techniques, particularly stamped asphalt pavement of various colors and patterns. This study investigated the effectiveness of the PPS for pedestrian safety. Data sources were; (1) video recordings of the nine concurrent PPS in 2014 before and after the projects were completed; and (2) a cross-sectional survey at the nine streets. Two groups of multiple regression models analyzed the objective safety, by using the variables, mean vehicle speed and change in mean speed, which were then compared with subjective safety through a questionnaire analysis. The results found that the design strategies reduced the vehicle speed and increased perceptions of pedestrian safety. These suggest that the PPS principles are practical and feasible ways to tackle the safety problems of narrow streets without sidewalks. Further, vehicle speeds increased on streets where the pedestrian zone was clearly distinguishable from the vehicular zone, by applying PPS techniques only at the roadside. Thus, clearly separating pedestrians from vehicular zones, which is neither the original principle, nor the intent of the PPS, should be avoided.

ACS Style

Haeryung Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. Shared Space and Pedestrian Safety: Empirical Evidence from Pedestrian Priority Street Projects in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4645 .

AMA Style

Haeryung Lee, Seung-Nam Kim. Shared Space and Pedestrian Safety: Empirical Evidence from Pedestrian Priority Street Projects in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (17):4645.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haeryung Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. 2019. "Shared Space and Pedestrian Safety: Empirical Evidence from Pedestrian Priority Street Projects in Seoul, Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4645.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Using immersive virtual reality (VR), this study examined the D/H ratio principle (where “D” means the depth or width of a public space and “H” means the height of its surrounding buildings.) that urban design theorists have suggested as an important design principle for public spaces. The authors built VR models of eight enclosed urban public squares with different D/H ratios ranging from 1/3 to 6/1. They then carried out an experiment in the form of a visual assessment survey using the VR models with 69 university students majoring in urban planning and compared the optimal D/H ratios from the experimental results with those proposed by urban design theorists. The statistical analysis of the experimental results revealed that the optimal D/H ratios for most qualities of public squares are larger than the optimal ratios claimed by theorists.

ACS Style

Jaecheol Kim; Seungnam Kim. Finding the Optimal D/H Ratio for an Enclosed Urban Square: Testing an Urban Design Principle Using Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Techniques. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 865 .

AMA Style

Jaecheol Kim, Seungnam Kim. Finding the Optimal D/H Ratio for an Enclosed Urban Square: Testing an Urban Design Principle Using Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Techniques. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (5):865.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaecheol Kim; Seungnam Kim. 2019. "Finding the Optimal D/H Ratio for an Enclosed Urban Square: Testing an Urban Design Principle Using Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation Techniques." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 865.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2018 in Land Use Policy
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The transformation of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, is relatively unknown despite the rapid suburbanization that has occurred since the late twentieth century. This study examines the area and its evolution between 1985 and 2015. It finds increasing levels of polycentricity in the SMA measured with five indices. With a refined set of metrics, it identifies nine Edge Cities and eight Boomburbs in the SMA that operate as new suburban centers of growth in the area, as well as several types within them. The evolution of the SMA is largely due to the active role of the state in implementing regional planning, as well as the autonomous actions of private companies and citizens. These result in a unique suburban landscape that differs from those of Europe and the US. This study suggests the need for further research on the SMA in search of new models and concepts that theorize new transformations that metropolitan areas experience.

ACS Style

Hyungkyoo Kim; Nayeon Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. Suburbia in evolution: Exploring polycentricity and suburban typologies in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Land Use Policy 2018, 75, 92 -101.

AMA Style

Hyungkyoo Kim, Nayeon Lee, Seung-Nam Kim. Suburbia in evolution: Exploring polycentricity and suburban typologies in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Land Use Policy. 2018; 75 ():92-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyungkyoo Kim; Nayeon Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. 2018. "Suburbia in evolution: Exploring polycentricity and suburban typologies in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea." Land Use Policy 75, no. : 92-101.

Article
Published: 13 January 2018 in Journal of Housing and the Built Environment
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The concept of social mix is perceived as an attempt to minimize social exclusion by enhancing individual social capital. Related policies have been implemented in many countries to prevent isolation of certain groups and achieve social integration. However, few studies have examined their impacts on various income groups. This study uses data from the National Social Capital Survey in South Korea to empirically investigate the impact of the social mix policy on trust, networks, and norms, which are the three types of social capital that promote social integration. Multiple regression models present that the income mix is negatively associated with neighborly trust and networks, while being positively associated with norms. These models also suggest that mixing of income groups improves the norms of low-income groups but reduces the trust of high-income groups. Thus, this study argues for the need to establish specific goals and targets when promoting a social mix policy and understanding the side effects of introducing such a policy.

ACS Style

Seungho Yang; Hyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim; KunHyuck Ahn. What is achieved and lost in living in a mixed-income neighborhood? Findings from South Korea. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 2018, 33, 807 -828.

AMA Style

Seungho Yang, Hyungkyoo Kim, Seung-Nam Kim, KunHyuck Ahn. What is achieved and lost in living in a mixed-income neighborhood? Findings from South Korea. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 2018; 33 (4):807-828.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seungho Yang; Hyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim; KunHyuck Ahn. 2018. "What is achieved and lost in living in a mixed-income neighborhood? Findings from South Korea." Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 33, no. 4: 807-828.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2017 in Sustainability
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There is a growing interest in understanding how the built environment affects temperature in cities. This study explores the impact of land use on temperature and how it varies by season and time of day in Seoul, South Korea. Unlike other studies that rely on extracted data from remotely sensed information, this study uses land use data from local GIS and near-ground temperature data from a network of state-run weather stations. To deal with multicollinearity among the land use variables, partial least squares regression models were used for analysis. Results suggest that residential and commercial uses and roads increase the temperature while open spaces decrease it. In detail, central commercial use, high-density residential use, and roads were influential heaters, while greenery was an influential cooler throughout the year. This study suggests the need for place-based planning and design solutions that help build climate resilience of cities.

ACS Style

Hyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim. The Seasonal and Diurnal Influence of Surrounding Land Use on Temperature: Findings from Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1443 .

AMA Style

Hyungkyoo Kim, Seung-Nam Kim. The Seasonal and Diurnal Influence of Surrounding Land Use on Temperature: Findings from Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (8):1443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim. 2017. "The Seasonal and Diurnal Influence of Surrounding Land Use on Temperature: Findings from Seoul, South Korea." Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1443.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2016 in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
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ACS Style

Seung-Nam Kim. Is telecommuting sustainable? An alternative approach to estimating the impact of home-based telecommuting on household travel. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2016, 11, 72 -85.

AMA Style

Seung-Nam Kim. Is telecommuting sustainable? An alternative approach to estimating the impact of home-based telecommuting on household travel. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2016; 11 (2):72-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seung-Nam Kim. 2016. "Is telecommuting sustainable? An alternative approach to estimating the impact of home-based telecommuting on household travel." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 11, no. 2: 72-85.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2016 in The Annals of Regional Science
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This study aims to provide empirical evidence for two traditional research questions in the field of telecommuting studies: (1) Does telecommuting promotes dispersion of urban space? (2) Does telecommuting substitute for household travel? Although these causality issues have received great deal of attention, no multivariate analysis approaches exist. Using the 2006 household travel survey data from the Seoul Metropolitan Area, this study adopts a path analysis to discover the complex relationships between telecommuting, residential/job locations, and household travel. First, the path analysis shows that rather than telecommuting serving as the determinant of location choice, job locations determine the choice to telecommute. Hence, secondary impacts of telecommuting on travel may not occur with location changes as the medium. Second, the analysis also shows that the household head’s telecommuting has a positive influence on his/her non-commuting travel in both the person kilometers traveled (PKT) and vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) models and on household members’ travel in VKT models. Moreover, the VKT model suggests that the household head’s non-commuting travel has a negative impact on the household members’ travel. These results indicate that although telecommuting reduces commute travel, this may be offset by other travel demand within the household, owing to exhaustion of the limited travel budget. Thus, planners and policymakers must consider these impacts when evaluating the benefits and costs of telecommuting as an urban management policy.

ACS Style

Seung-Nam Kim. Two traditional questions on the relationships between telecommuting, job and residential location, and household travel: revisited using a path analysis. The Annals of Regional Science 2016, 56, 537 -563.

AMA Style

Seung-Nam Kim. Two traditional questions on the relationships between telecommuting, job and residential location, and household travel: revisited using a path analysis. The Annals of Regional Science. 2016; 56 (2):537-563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seung-Nam Kim. 2016. "Two traditional questions on the relationships between telecommuting, job and residential location, and household travel: revisited using a path analysis." The Annals of Regional Science 56, no. 2: 537-563.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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ACS Style

Seung-Nam Kim; Sangho Choo; Patricia L. Mokhtarian. Home-based telecommuting and intra-household interactions in work and non-work travel: A seemingly unrelated censored regression approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2015, 80, 197 -214.

AMA Style

Seung-Nam Kim, Sangho Choo, Patricia L. Mokhtarian. Home-based telecommuting and intra-household interactions in work and non-work travel: A seemingly unrelated censored regression approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2015; 80 ():197-214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seung-Nam Kim; Sangho Choo; Patricia L. Mokhtarian. 2015. "Home-based telecommuting and intra-household interactions in work and non-work travel: A seemingly unrelated censored regression approach." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 80, no. : 197-214.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2015 in The Annals of Regional Science
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This study investigates the spatial distribution of economic benefits and costs of an ecological restoration project for an urban branch stream, namely Yeocheon-Cheon in Nam-Gu, Ulsan metropolitan city, South Korea. A contingent valuation method with the one and one-half bounded dichotomous choice model was applied, and a spike model was employed to address zero-WTP responses. First, benefits of the project were not limited to the project site jurisdiction (Nam-Gu) but extended to the whole metropolitan city. Second, the significant negative coefficient of the distance variable indicates the distance decay of WTP for the project. Third, respondents who visited the site showed a significantly higher willingness to pay for the project. Finally, the project was economically profitable and socially desirable from the benefit–cost perspective. However, the cost allocation between jurisdictions was fiscally nonequivalent in terms of the spatial benefit distribution.

ACS Style

Jae Hong Kim; Seung-Nam Kim; Soogwan Doh. The distance decay of willingness to pay and the spatial distribution of benefits and costs for the ecological restoration of an urban branch stream in Ulsan, South Korea. The Annals of Regional Science 2015, 54, 835 -853.

AMA Style

Jae Hong Kim, Seung-Nam Kim, Soogwan Doh. The distance decay of willingness to pay and the spatial distribution of benefits and costs for the ecological restoration of an urban branch stream in Ulsan, South Korea. The Annals of Regional Science. 2015; 54 (3):835-853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jae Hong Kim; Seung-Nam Kim; Soogwan Doh. 2015. "The distance decay of willingness to pay and the spatial distribution of benefits and costs for the ecological restoration of an urban branch stream in Ulsan, South Korea." The Annals of Regional Science 54, no. 3: 835-853.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2012 in Urban Geography
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Although theoretical studies have contended that telecommuting could cause residential relocation to peripheral areas, empirical evidence regarding this argument is scant and inconclusive. Moreover, previous studies have given little consideration to telecommuters' job locations. Using data from the 2006 Seoul Metropolitan Area Household Travel Survey, this study investigates the relationships between telecommuting and residential location, considering job location. Regression results suggest that telecommuter households are indeed more likely to reside in outlying areas, consistent with theory. However, this does not necessarily mean that telecommuting facilitates living in outlying areas, nor, conversely, that long commutes stimulate telecommuting: causality cannot be established with these data. But contrary to both hypotheses, the result partially arises from the fact that firms allowing telecommuting also tend to be located in peripheral areas, with telecommuters having shorter commute distances compared to office workers. Consequently, issues regarding telesprawl need to be discussed considering the distribution of telecommuting-conducive occupations.

ACS Style

Seung-Nam Kim; Patricia L. Mokhtarian; Kun-Hyuck Ahn. The Seoul of Alonso: New Perspectives on Telecommuting and Residential Location from South Korea. Urban Geography 2012, 33, 1163 -1191.

AMA Style

Seung-Nam Kim, Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Kun-Hyuck Ahn. The Seoul of Alonso: New Perspectives on Telecommuting and Residential Location from South Korea. Urban Geography. 2012; 33 (8):1163-1191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seung-Nam Kim; Patricia L. Mokhtarian; Kun-Hyuck Ahn. 2012. "The Seoul of Alonso: New Perspectives on Telecommuting and Residential Location from South Korea." Urban Geography 33, no. 8: 1163-1191.