Coaxial thermocouples have the advantages of fast response and good durability. They are widely used for heat transfer measurements in transient facilities, and researchers have also considered their use for long-duration heat transfer measurements. However, the model thickness, transverse heat transfer, and changes in the physical parameters of the materials with increasing temperature influence the accuracy of heat transfer measurements. A numerical analysis of coaxial thermocouples is conducted to determine the above influences on the measurement deviation. The minimum deviation is obtained if the thermal effusivity of chromel that changes with the surface temperature is used to derive the heat flux from the surface temperature. The deviation of the heat flux is less than 5.5% when the Fourier number is smaller than 0.255 and 10% when the Fourier number is smaller than 0.520. The results provide guidance for the design of test models and coaxial thermocouples in long-duration heat transfer measurements. The numerical calculation results are verified by a laser radiation heating experiment, and heat transfer measurements using coaxial thermocouples in an arc tunnel with a test time of several seconds are performed.

The starting process of the flow in the nozzle of the JF-14 shock tunnel (1.6 m in length, 500 mm in outlet diameter) in the State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics is analyzed by calculation and experiment. Two key factors which directly affect the duration of the nozzle starting are the velocity of the expansion wave and the low-velocity zone generated by the interaction between the secondary shock wave and boundary layer on the wall surface. In the process of the nozzle starting, the flow field stabilizes at the center of the nozzle outlet first, and then gradually stabilizes along the radius direction, thus defining the central startup and complete startup of the nozzle. It is found that there is a critical initial pressure. When the initial pressure is lower than the critical pressure, the airflow can reach stability in the nozzle outlet center with the shortest time, otherwise, the time required is much longer. The time required for the airflow to stabilize in the whole outlet section is mainly affected by the size of the low-velocity zone. It is also found that only at a very low initial pressure can the airflow simultaneously reach stability at the entire outlet of the nozzle.

A gasdynamic gun driven by gaseous detonation was developed to address the disadvantages of the insufficient driving capability of high-pressure gas and the constraints of gunpowder. The performance of this gasdynamic gun was investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. Much more powerful launching capability was achieved by this gun relative to a conventional high-pressure gas gun, owing to the use of the chemical energy of the driver gas. To achieve the same launching condition, the initial pressure required for this gun was an order of magnitude lower than that for a gun driven by high-pressure H2. Because of the presence of the detonation, however, a more complex internal ballistic process of this gun was observed. Acceleration of projectiles for this gun was accompanied by a series of impulse loads, in contrast with the smooth acceleration for a conventional one, which indicates that this gun should be used conditionally. The practical feasibility of this gun was verified by experiments. The experiments demonstrated the convenience of taking advantage of the techniques developed for detonation-driven shock tubes and tunnels.

This study investigates the radiative properties of hypersonic carbon dioxide (CO2) expanding flows. Spatially resolved spectral measurements for the expansion region of a two-dimensional model were conducted in the JF14 shock tunnel. Experiments were performed in a shock tube mode, where the shock wave with velocities ranging from 3.37 to 3.88 km/s directly propagates to the test section, forming a stable flow field around the model. Results showed that the radiation emission within the 250–710 nm range is primarily dominated by CO2 chemiluminescence and Schumann–Runge bands of molecular oxygen (O2). The intensity of the Schumann–Runge spectrum was found to be significantly higher than the O2 thermal radiation calculated under the two-temperature (2-T) model, indicating that the O2 excited state (O2(3B)) was overpopulated relative to the Boltzmann distribution in the expansion region. In regions with lower degrees of expansion, the CO2 chemiluminescence intensity was overestimated by about 3 to 6 times, which may be attributed to an overprediction of the atomic oxygen (O) and carbon monoxide (CO) number densities in the current thermochemical model. As the degree of expansion intensified, the CO2 chemiluminescence intensity gradually exceeded the predicted values, suggesting that the expansion process can accelerate the recombination of O and CO, leading to stronger CO2 chemiluminescence. This work enhances the understanding of radiative processes in hypersonic CO2 expanding flow and provides benchmarks for the development of thermochemical and radiative models.

Robust fast-response transient calorimeters with novel calorimeter elements have attracted the attention of researchers as new synthetic materials have been developed. This sensor uses diamonds as the calorimeter element, and a platinum film resistance is sputtered on the back to measure the temperature. The surface heat flux is obtained based on the calorimetric principle. The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity and not being prone to erosion. However, non-ideal conditions, such as heat dissipation from the calorimeter element to the surroundings, can lead to measurement deviation and result in challenges for sensor miniaturization. In this study, a novel transient calorimeter (NTC) with two different sizes was developed using air or epoxy as the back-filling material. Numerical simulations were conducted to explain the complex heat exchange between the calorimeter element and its surroundings, which showed that it deviated from the assumption of an ideal calorimeter sensor. Accordingly, a dynamic correction method was proposed to compensate for the energy loss from the backside of the calorimeter element. The numerical results showed that the dynamic correction method significantly improved the measurement deviation, and the relative error was within 2.3% if the test time was smaller than 12 ms in the simulated cases. Detonation shock tunnel experiments confirmed the results of the dynamic correction method and demonstrated a practical method to obtain the dynamic correction coefficient. The accuracy and feasibility of the dynamic correction method were verified in a single detonation shock tunnel and under shock tube conditions. The NTC calorimeter exhibited good repeatability in all experiments.