Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has become a topical research area due to its diverse applications in agriculture, medicine, environment, materials, energy, nanotechnology, and other fields. Plasmas in contact with liquids form marked sensitivity patterns at the interface depending on controlling parameters, including gas species, driving current, gas flow rate, gap length, and electrolyte conductivity. This review overviews basic aspects of plasmas inducing self-organization including computational and experimental studies and potential applications of such plasmas-treated liquids in agriculture and medicine. Representative experimental evidence of self-organized pattern (SOP) in diverse types of plasma discharges is reviewed. Generation and transport of reactive species in SOP plasma and SOP plasma interacting with liquids are introduced and discussed from their potential applications in agriculture and medicine.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been proved a type of novel and effective anti-cancer method. However, a current problem lies in the complexity of cancer using CAP treatment because of the different types and developments of cancers, resulting in the necessity of in-depth investigations on underlying mechanisms. This review will introduce a variety of mechanisms behind CAP cancer treatment, including apoptosis-related signaling pathways, the ROS/RNS-based “bystander effect”, ferroptosis regulation for lipid peroxidation, genetically DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, amino acid structural modification, calreticulin exposure and immune cell maturation, and necrosis. Despite the listed diverse mechanisms, drawbacks and future prospects of CAP treatment are discussed for more in-depth thinking. This review will be of great interest for understanding the current state-of-the-art of cancer treatment of plasma.

In this study, comparative heat flux measurements for a sharp cone model were conducted by utilizing a high enthalpy shock tunnel JF-10 and a large-scale shock tunnel JF-12, responsible for providing nonequilibrium and perfect gas flows, respectively. Experiments were performed at the Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics (LHD), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Corresponding numerical simulations were also conducted in effort to better understand the phenomena accompanying in these experiments. By assessing the consistency and accuracy of all the data gathered during this study, a detailed comparison of sharp cone heat transfer under a totally different kind of freestream conditions was build and analyzed. One specific parameter, defined as the product of the Stanton number and the square root of the Reynold number, was found to be more characteristic for the aerodynamic heating phenomena encountered in hypersonic flight. Adequate use of said parameter practically eliminates the variability caused by the deferent flow conditions, regardless of whether the flow is in dissociation or the boundary condition is catalytic. Essentially, the parameter identified in this study reduces the amount of ground experimental data necessary and eases data extrapolation to flight.