Research was conducted employing the extended socio-ecological model (ESEM) to examine factors associated with cesarean sections (CSs) and vaginal deliveries (VDs) among the women in our study population. Using the ESEM to determine South-Punjab and Pakistani women's mode of delivery predictors. The cross-sectional study with a sample size of 908 patients was conducted through private and public obstetrics and gynecology departments in South Punjab, Pakistan, from 12 June 2022 to 29 May 2023. The Chi-square analysis compared baseline variables, delivery outcomes and delivery methods. Logistic regression analysis is used to determine predictive factors. The study revealed that 75.66% of women had CS, while 24.34% had VD. Education level, age, residential area and fetal presentation all had significant associations with mode of delivery. Logistic regression analysis suggested that gynecologist recommendation, belief in CS safety, abnormal fetal presentation, maternal anemia and meconium aspiration syndrome were all significant predictors of CS. The ESEM model concluded that age, fatigue and women's preference for CS due to its reliability for her and her fetus were predictive factors for mode of delivery choices among South-Punjab Pakistani women.

Several studies have been conducted to examine the complicated relationships between various factors that influence Kangaroo mother care (KMC) for preterm infants. However, the extended socio-economic model has not been seen in any of the previous studies that looked into the factors related to KMC and how it affects the health outcomes of babies born before in our study population. This study examines the various dimensions of KMC implementation and its influence on the health outcomes of premature infants. The current cross-sectional study was carried out in South Punjab, Pakistan, covering both private and public KMC units in obstetrics and gynecology departments. The study included a sample size of 719 patients and was conducted during a period covering 21 September 2022 to 14 October 2023. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is employed to ascertain the factors by using SPSS-26 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The use of folic acid (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 0.87–3.11) and factor anemia (OR: 8.82; 95% CI: 1.69–14.59) no significantly correlated with better health outcomes, while environmental toxin exposure had a negative impact (OR: 0.90). The findings underscore the need for comprehensive interventions and policies to bridge socioeconomic gaps, ensuring all preterm infants benefit from KMC.

Background Previously, most researchers explored the association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigates the distinct influence of COVID-19 vaccination status on patients with both conditions. Objective We investigate the relationship between COPD and CVD in a cohort of 838 individuals who presented with both conditions. Our aim is to understand how these conditions interact and how COVID-19 vaccination status affects patient outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 838 patients with COPD and CVD treated at DHQ Hospital in Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan, from November 2022 to April 2023. We employed multiple logistic regression and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess the odds ratio and relative risk of COPD in patients with-CVD under various conditions. Additionally, we analyzed time-to-death and survival using Kaplan–Meier methods. Results Findings reveal a 7.95 times higher risk of death in patients without COVID-19 vaccination compared with those who were vaccinated (95% CI, 6.12–10.33). Conversely, COVID-19-vaccinated patients exhibited a 0.221 times lower risk of recovery than their nonvaccinated counterparts (95% CI, 0.08–0.60). We also observed significant differences in time-to-death and recovery based on the presence of COPD and CVD, with vaccinated patients generally experiencing milder disease. Conclusion Our study assessed the impact of COVID-19 vaccination status on patient outcomes in patients with overlapping COPD and CVD. Individuals diagnosed with COPD and CVD display significant differences in terms of their probability of survival, with those who have received vaccinations.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients commonly exhibit significant morbidity and experience a diminished quality of life. Since there has been no prior research on pneumonia in our study population, we carried out this study to learn more about the situation. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 912 COPD patients with CAP who were receiving ICS treatment at the DHQ Hospital in Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan was conducted. Study began in February 2022 and ended in February 2023. Using multinomial logistic regression, the odds ratio and relative risk and Kaplan – Meier curves showed time ‐ to ‐ death and recovery by COPD status. Results: Patients with COPD having a smoking history from 25 pack years and above had 22.791 higher odds of CAP (95% CI: 20.413 – 31.515), 21.527 higher odds of HTN (95% CI: 12.323 – 57.103), 16.955 higher odds of diabetes (95% CI: 22.954 – 29.331), and 13.964 higher odds of death in severity without COVID ‐ 19 vaccination (95% CI: 5.988 – 32.561) compared to patients with COPD having a smoking history from 10 to 15 pack years. Conclusion: COPD patients with a shorter ICS duration had a lower CAP risk, and vice versa, while vaccinated patients had a less severe disease as compared to non ‐ vaccinated patients.

Climate variability has had major health consequences for both humans and animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six administrative regions of The Gambia to respond to three questions: (i) what are the livestock farmers’ perceived occurrences and causes of climate variability? (ii) what are the perceived impacts of climate variability on livestock farming? (iii) what factors influence livestock farmers’ knowledge and perception of the causes and impact of climate variability? A total of 440 livestock farmers comprising 351 (80%) males and 89 (20%) females were interviewed and 6 Focus Group Discussions were held. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-squares test and Binary logistic regression. Livestock farmers are aware of the causes and effects of climate variability on their productivity. Climate variability caused cattle farmers to have production issues, and as a result, this investigation also reveals the impact on their productivity. Finally, the result also shows that the explanatory variables (age and region of residence) were the main factors significantly influencing livestock farmers’ perception of climate variability. There is need for the government of The Gambia to address the challenges faced by livestock farmers due to climate variability.