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Prof. Nomanbhay Saifuddin
Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)

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0 Bioplastics
0 Microwave assisted
0 CO2 capture and Utilization
0 Hydrogen and Syngas
0 Biojet fuel

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Microwave assisted
Hydrogen and Syngas
Biojet fuel

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Journal article
Published: 01 August 2021 in Processes
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In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique was employed for investigating the impact of hydroxy gas (HHO) enriched diesel on performance, acoustics, smoke and exhaust gas emissions of the compression ignition (CI) engine. The engine was operated within the HHO flow rate range of 0–10 L/min and engine loads of 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%. The results disclosed that HHO concentration and engine load had a substantial influence on the response variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of developed quadratic models indicated the appropriate fit for all models. Moreover, the optimization of the user-defined historical design of an experiment identified an optimum HHO flow rate of 8 L/min and 41% engine load, with composite desirability of 0.733. The responses corresponding to optimal study factors were 25.44%, 0.315 kg/kWh, 117.73 ppm, 140.87 ppm, 99.37 dB, and 1.97% for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), CO, HC, noise, and smoke, respectively. The absolute percentage errors (APEs) of RSM were predicted and experimental results were below 5%, which vouched for the reliable use of RSM for the prediction and optimization of acoustics and smoke and exhaust emission characteristics along with the performance of a CI engine.

ACS Style

Muhammad Usman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Ong; Muhammad Saleem; Muneeb Irshad; Zain Hassan; Fahid Riaz; Muhammad Shah; Muhammad Qyyum; Moonyong Lee; Pau Show. Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines. Processes 2021, 9, 1355 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Usman, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Mei Ong, Muhammad Saleem, Muneeb Irshad, Zain Hassan, Fahid Riaz, Muhammad Shah, Muhammad Qyyum, Moonyong Lee, Pau Show. Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines. Processes. 2021; 9 (8):1355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Usman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Ong; Muhammad Saleem; Muneeb Irshad; Zain Hassan; Fahid Riaz; Muhammad Shah; Muhammad Qyyum; Moonyong Lee; Pau Show. 2021. "Response Surface Methodology Routed Optimization of Performance of Hydroxy Gas Enriched Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines." Processes 9, no. 8: 1355.

Review
Published: 29 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020 prompted a global lockdown from March to July 2020. Due to strict lockdown measures, many countries experienced economic downturns, negatively affecting many industries including energy, manufacturing, agriculture, finance, healthcare, food, education, tourism, and sports. Despite this, the COVID-19 pandemic provided a rare opportunity to observe the impacts of worldwide lockdown on global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and climate change. Being the main greenhouse gas responsible for rising global surface temperature, CO2 is released to the atmosphere primarily by burning fossil fuels. Compared to 2019, CO2 emissions for the world and Malaysia decreased significantly by 4.02% (−1365.83 MtCO2) and 9.7% (−225.97 MtCO2) in 2020. However, this is insufficient to cause long-term impacts on global CO2 levels and climate change. Therefore, in this review, we explored the effects of worldwide lockdown on global CO2 levels, the impacts of national lockdown on Malaysia’s CO2 emissions, and the influence of climate change in Malaysia.

ACS Style

Chung Tan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Abd Shamsuddin; Pau Show. The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8461 .

AMA Style

Chung Tan, Mei Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Abd Shamsuddin, Pau Show. The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8461.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung Tan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Abd Shamsuddin; Pau Show. 2021. "The Influence of COVID-19 on Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change: A Perspective from Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8461.

Review
Published: 22 May 2021 in Fuel
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The excessive global emission of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2 and methane, CH4), especially due to the burning of fossil fuel for energy and power generation, is the main cause to the air pollution and greenhouse effect. This has eventually brought many issues, such as climate change and global warming, that will affect the standard life of human beings. Many strategies have been proposed to further reduce the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, including CO2 and CH4 utilization. This method not only reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, but also producing renewable energy (syngas) at the same time. Hence, CO2 and CH4 utilization is also a promising approach to assist in overcoming the energy crisis due to the increasing population in time. Basically, the utilization of CO2 and CH4 system can be categorized into four: (i) electrochemical reduction, (ii) advanced catalyst system, (iii) photocatalytic reduction, and (iv) plasma technology. In this review paper, the mechanism implemented on the four abovementioned categories and their respective limitations are presented. Besides, future recommendations to optimize the greenhouse gases utilization system for up-scaling purpose is also highlighted.

ACS Style

Luqman Jeffry; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; M. Mofijur; Muhammad Mubashir; Pau Loke Show. Greenhouse gases utilization: A review. Fuel 2021, 301, 121017 .

AMA Style

Luqman Jeffry, Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, M. Mofijur, Muhammad Mubashir, Pau Loke Show. Greenhouse gases utilization: A review. Fuel. 2021; 301 ():121017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luqman Jeffry; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; M. Mofijur; Muhammad Mubashir; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Greenhouse gases utilization: A review." Fuel 301, no. : 121017.

Review
Published: 22 April 2021 in Environmental Research
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The composition of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing day by day in the Earth's atmosphere. Worldwide energy demand is now increasing, and this has led to an increase in the percentage of global carbon emission. Moreover, this phenomenon can occur from the careless use of heating systems, generators and especially transportation, therefore, the release of these gases will continue to be widespread if there is no solution. Interaction within the microwave plasma-based gasification system of synthetic natural gas (syngas) production is presented in this paper. Consequently, this reduces the high concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide emission in our atmosphere. Syngas is very useful products that can be used as a source of energy such as fuel production and fuel source. The overview and basic theory about gasification process and microwave plasma technology are provided. Modelling of the microwave plasma system particularly on its application of system electromagnetic field inside waveguide of plasma reactor to produce microwave plasma and how it was calculated are presented in this paper. To recapitulate, the global challenges on the rising of greenhouse gases volume can be regulated with microwave plasma technology and its important aspects have been underlined.

ACS Style

Alif Aiman Zamri; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Pau Loke Show. Microwave plasma technology for sustainable energy production and the electromagnetic interaction within the plasma system: A review. Environmental Research 2021, 197, 111204 .

AMA Style

Alif Aiman Zamri, Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Pau Loke Show. Microwave plasma technology for sustainable energy production and the electromagnetic interaction within the plasma system: A review. Environmental Research. 2021; 197 ():111204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alif Aiman Zamri; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Pau Loke Show. 2021. "Microwave plasma technology for sustainable energy production and the electromagnetic interaction within the plasma system: A review." Environmental Research 197, no. : 111204.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2021 in Energies
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In this study, coconut oils have been transesterified with ethanol using microwave technology. The product obtained (biodiesel and FAEE) was then fractional distillated under vacuum to collect bio-kerosene or bio-jet fuel, which is a renewable fuel to operate a gas turbine engine. This process was modeled using RSM and ANN for optimization purposes. The developed models were proved to be reliable and accurate through different statistical tests and the results showed that ANN modeling was better than RSM. Based on the study, the optimum bio-jet fuel production yield of 74.45 wt% could be achieved with an ethanol–oil molar ratio of 9.25:1 under microwave irradiation with a power of 163.69 W for 12.66 min. This predicted value was obtained from the ANN model that has been optimized with ACO. Besides that, the sensitivity analysis indicated that microwave power offers a dominant impact on the results, followed by the reaction time and lastly ethanol–oil molar ratio. The properties of the bio-jet fuel obtained in this work was also measured and compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D1655 standard.

ACS Style

Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Fitranto Kusumo; Raja Mohamad Hafriz Raja Shahruzzaman; Abd Halim Shamsuddin. Modeling and Optimization of Microwave-Based Bio-Jet Fuel from Coconut Oil: Investigation of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network Methodology (ANN). Energies 2021, 14, 295 .

AMA Style

Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Fitranto Kusumo, Raja Mohamad Hafriz Raja Shahruzzaman, Abd Halim Shamsuddin. Modeling and Optimization of Microwave-Based Bio-Jet Fuel from Coconut Oil: Investigation of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network Methodology (ANN). Energies. 2021; 14 (2):295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Fitranto Kusumo; Raja Mohamad Hafriz Raja Shahruzzaman; Abd Halim Shamsuddin. 2021. "Modeling and Optimization of Microwave-Based Bio-Jet Fuel from Coconut Oil: Investigation of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network Methodology (ANN)." Energies 14, no. 2: 295.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In this novel study, oil was extracted from the kernel of an exotic indigenous species known as Canarium odontophyllum via an ultrasound-assisted process. The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD). The optimal conditions for the investigated parameters were determined as ultrasound amplitude level: 38.30%, ratio of n-hexane to kernel powder: 50:1 in mL/g, extraction time: 45.79 min, resulting in an oil extraction yield of 63.48%. For verification purposes, experiments were conducted using the same optimized values of the investigated parameters which resulted in the average oil yield of 63.27% and this prove the reliability of the regression model. The extracted oil’s fatty acid composition was obtained using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with flame-ionization detection (FID). The low acid value of the extracted oil is another interesting finding. This is important because it circumvents pretreatment processes such as degumming and esterification prior to the transesterification process. Biodiesel was produced from the oil via ultrasound-assisted transesterification, with a yield of 95.2%. Physiochemical properties of the C. odontophyllum biodiesel were determined, and it was found that all the tested properties comply with fuel specifications based on ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Significant savings of 52.3% and 80.9% in energy consumption and extraction time, respectively were achieved via ultrasound-assisted extraction compared with the conventional Soxhlet extraction. This study establishes the foundation and the need to further explore the usage of C. odontophyllum as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.

ACS Style

Fazril Ideris; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Fitranto Kusumo; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Mei Yin Ong; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted oil extraction from Canarium odontophyllum kernel as a novel biodiesel feedstock. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 288, 125563 .

AMA Style

Fazril Ideris, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Fitranto Kusumo, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Mei Yin Ong, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted oil extraction from Canarium odontophyllum kernel as a novel biodiesel feedstock. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 288 ():125563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fazril Ideris; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Fitranto Kusumo; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Mei Yin Ong; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. 2020. "Optimization of ultrasound-assisted oil extraction from Canarium odontophyllum kernel as a novel biodiesel feedstock." Journal of Cleaner Production 288, no. : 125563.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Processes
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Carbon dioxide is the most influential gas in greenhouse gasses and its amount in the atmosphere reached 412 µmol/mol in August 2020, which increased rapidly, by 48%, from preindustrial levels. A brand-new chemical industry, namely organic chemistry and catalysis science, must be developed with carbon dioxide (CO2) as the source of carbon. Nowadays, many techniques are available for controlling and removing carbon dioxide in different chemical processes. Since the utilization of CO2 as feedstock for a chemical commodity is of relevance today, this study will focus on how to increase CO2 solubility in culture media used for growing microbes. In this work, the CO2 solubility in a different medium was investigated. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monoethanolamine (MEA) were added to the culture media (3.0 g/L dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), 0.2 g/L magnesium chloride (MgCl2), 0.2 g/L calcium chloride (CaCl2), and 1.0 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl)) for growing microbes in order to observe the difference in CO2 solubility. Factors of temperature and pressure were also studied. The determination of CO2 concentration in the solution was measured by gas analyzer. The result obtained from optimization revealed a maximum CO2 concentration of 19.029 mol/L in the culture media with MEA, at a pressure of 136.728 kPa, operating at 20.483 °C.

ACS Style

Amir Adnan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Pau Show. Determination of Dissolved CO2 Concentration in Culture Media: Evaluation of pH Value and Mathematical Data. Processes 2020, 8, 1373 .

AMA Style

Amir Adnan, Mei Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Pau Show. Determination of Dissolved CO2 Concentration in Culture Media: Evaluation of pH Value and Mathematical Data. Processes. 2020; 8 (11):1373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Adnan; Mei Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Pau Show. 2020. "Determination of Dissolved CO2 Concentration in Culture Media: Evaluation of pH Value and Mathematical Data." Processes 8, no. 11: 1373.

Review
Published: 21 March 2020 in Energies
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As a promising alternative renewable liquid fuel, biodiesel production has increased and eventually led to an increase in the production of its by-product, crude glycerol. The vast generation of glycerol has surpassed the market demand. Hence, the crude glycerol produced should be utilized effectively to increase the viability of biodiesel production. One of them is through crude glycerol upgrading, which is not economical. A good deal of attention has been dedicated to research for alternative material and chemicals derived from sustainable biomass resources. It will be more valuable if the crude glycerol is converted into glycerol derivatives, and so, increase the economic possibility of the biodiesel production. Studies showed that glycerol carbonate plays an important role, as a building block, in synthesizing the glycerol oligomers at milder conditions under microwave irradiation. This review presents a brief outline of the physio-chemical, thermodynamic, toxicological, production methods, reactivity, and application of organic carbonates derived from glycerol with a major focus on glycerol carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), as a green chemical, for application in the chemical and biotechnical field. Research gaps and further improvements have also been discussed.

ACS Style

Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Yin Ong; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau-Loke Show; Man Kee Lam; Wei-Hsin Chen. Organic Carbonate Production Utilizing Crude Glycerol Derived as By-Product of Biodiesel Production: A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 1483 .

AMA Style

Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Mei Yin Ong, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau-Loke Show, Man Kee Lam, Wei-Hsin Chen. Organic Carbonate Production Utilizing Crude Glycerol Derived as By-Product of Biodiesel Production: A Review. Energies. 2020; 13 (6):1483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Mei Yin Ong; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau-Loke Show; Man Kee Lam; Wei-Hsin Chen. 2020. "Organic Carbonate Production Utilizing Crude Glycerol Derived as By-Product of Biodiesel Production: A Review." Energies 13, no. 6: 1483.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Bioengineered
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission will increase due to the increasing global plastic demand. Statistical data shows that plastic production alone will contribute to at least 20% of the annual global carbon budget in the near future. Hence, several alternative methods are recommended to overcome this problem, such as bio-product synthesis. Algae consist of diverse species and have huge potential to be a promising biomass feedstock for a range of purposes, including bio-oil production. The convenient cultivation method of algae could be one of the main support for algal biomass utilization. The aim of this study is to forecast and outline the strategies in order to meet the future demand (year 2050) of plastic production and, at the same time, reduce CO2 emission by replacing the conventional plastic with bio-based plastic. In this paper, the analysis for 25%, 50% and 75% CO2 reduction has been done by using carbon emission pinch analysis. The strategies of biomass utilization in Malaysia are also enumerated in this study. This study suggested that the algal biomass found in Malaysia coastal areas should be utilized and cultivated on a larger scale in order to meet the increasing plastic demand and, at the same time, reduce carbon footprint. Some of the potential areas for macroalgae sea-farming cultivation in Sabah coastline (Malaysia), comprised of about 3885 km2 (388,500 ha) in total, have been highlighted. These potential areas have the potential to produce up to 14.5 million tonnes (Mt)/y of macroalgae in total, which can contribute 370 Mt of phenol for bioplastic production. Graphical abstact

ACS Style

Nor-Insyirah Syahira Abdul-Latif; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Bello Salman; Pau Loke Show. Estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction by utilization of algal biomass bioplastic in Malaysia using carbon emission pinch analysis (CEPA). Bioengineered 2020, 11, 154 -164.

AMA Style

Nor-Insyirah Syahira Abdul-Latif, Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Bello Salman, Pau Loke Show. Estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction by utilization of algal biomass bioplastic in Malaysia using carbon emission pinch analysis (CEPA). Bioengineered. 2020; 11 (1):154-164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nor-Insyirah Syahira Abdul-Latif; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Bello Salman; Pau Loke Show. 2020. "Estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction by utilization of algal biomass bioplastic in Malaysia using carbon emission pinch analysis (CEPA)." Bioengineered 11, no. 1: 154-164.

Journal article
Published: 04 November 2019 in Energy
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The society's concern has moved toward sustainability nowadays and hence, the conversion of biomass into biofuels, through the pyrolysis process, is one of the current research trends. Green processing technologies, like microwave heating, has been suggested to replace the conventional heating for biomass conversion as it provides energy-efficient heating and reduce time consumption. In this work, COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to study the effects of the waveguide position (bottom-fed vs side-fed) and unit (single-fed vs double-fed) on the electromagnetic field and heat distribution profile within the sample. Based on the results, the double-fed microwave can achieve higher maximum temperature at the same simulation time (462 °C), followed by the single bottom-fed reactor (404 °C). An extension to the investigated work with more than two waveguides has shown that it will neither improve the electric field distribution nor increase the maximum temperature. This work concludes that both the position and unit of the waveguide are highly influential factors in determining the quality and speed of biomass heating process. The double-fed microwave is the most suitable design to accelerate the pyrolysis process. The assumption of this simulation study is further validated as there is only ∼5% difference between simulations and experiments.

ACS Style

Zafri Mohd Mokhta; Mei Yin Ong; Bello Salman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Siti Fatihah Salleh; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau-Loke Show; Wei-Hsin Chen. Simulation studies on microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bioenergy production with special attention on waveguide number and location. Energy 2019, 190, 116474 .

AMA Style

Zafri Mohd Mokhta, Mei Yin Ong, Bello Salman, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Siti Fatihah Salleh, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau-Loke Show, Wei-Hsin Chen. Simulation studies on microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bioenergy production with special attention on waveguide number and location. Energy. 2019; 190 ():116474.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zafri Mohd Mokhta; Mei Yin Ong; Bello Salman; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Siti Fatihah Salleh; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau-Loke Show; Wei-Hsin Chen. 2019. "Simulation studies on microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bioenergy production with special attention on waveguide number and location." Energy 190, no. : 116474.

Review
Published: 02 October 2019 in Bioengineering
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The environmental impacts and high long-term costs of poor waste disposal have pushed the industry to realize the potential of turning this problem into an economic and sustainable initiative. Anaerobic digestion and the production of biogas can provide an efficient means of meeting several objectives concerning energy, environmental, and waste management policy. Biogas contains methane (60%) and carbon dioxide (40%) as its principal constituent. Excluding methane, other gasses contained in biogas are considered as contaminants. Removal of these impurities, especially carbon dioxide, will increase the biogas quality for further use. Integrating biological processes into the bio-refinery that effectively consume carbon dioxide will become increasingly important. Such process integration could significantly improve the sustainability of the overall bio-refinery process. The biogas upgrading by utilization of carbon dioxide rather than removal of it is a suitable strategy in this direction. The present work is a critical review that summarizes state-of-the-art technologies for biogas upgrading with particular attention to the emerging biological methanation processes. It also discusses the future perspectives for overcoming the challenges associated with upgradation. While biogas offers a good substitution for fossil fuels, it still not a perfect solution for global greenhouse gas emissions and further research still needs to be conducted.

ACS Style

Amir Izzuddin Adnan; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. Technologies for Biogas Upgrading to Biomethane: A Review. Bioengineering 2019, 6, 92 .

AMA Style

Amir Izzuddin Adnan, Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show. Technologies for Biogas Upgrading to Biomethane: A Review. Bioengineering. 2019; 6 (4):92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amir Izzuddin Adnan; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show. 2019. "Technologies for Biogas Upgrading to Biomethane: A Review." Bioengineering 6, no. 4: 92.

Review
Published: 01 October 2019 in Processes
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As Malaysia is a fast-developing country, its prospects of sustainable energy generation are at the center of debate. Malaysian municipal solid waste (MSW) is projected to have a 3.3% increase in annual generation rate at the same time an increase of 3.3% for electricity demand. In Malaysia, most of the landfills are open dumpsite and 89% of the collected MSW end up in landfills. Furthermore, huge attention is being focused on converting MSW into energy due to the enormous amount of daily MSW being generated. Sanitary landfill to capture methane from waste landfill gas (LFG) and incineration in a combined heat and power plant (CHP) are common MSW-to-energy technologies in Malaysia. MSW in Malaysia contains 45% organic fraction thus landfill contributes as a potential LFG source. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies in treating MSW potentially provide an attractive economic investment since its feedstock (MSW) is collected almost for free. At present, there are considerable issues in WTE technologies although the technology employing MSW as feedstock are well established, for instance the fluctuation of MSW composition and the complexity in treatment facilities with its pollutant emissions. Thus, this study discusses various WTE technologies in Malaysia by considering the energy potentials from all existing incineration plants and landfill sites as an effective MSW management in Malaysia. Furthermore, to promote local innovation and technology development and to ensure successful long-term sustainable economic viability, social inclusiveness, and environmental sustainability in Malaysia, the four faculties of sustainable development namely technical, economic, environmental, and social issues affiliated with MSW-to-Energy technologies were compared and evaluated.

ACS Style

Zi Jun Yong; Mohammed J.K. Bashir; Choon Aun Ng; Sumathi Sethupathi; Jun Wei Lim; Pau Loke Show; Yong; Ng; Lim; Show. Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Development in Malaysia: Appraisal of Environmental, Financial, and Public Issues Related with Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste. Processes 2019, 7, 676 .

AMA Style

Zi Jun Yong, Mohammed J.K. Bashir, Choon Aun Ng, Sumathi Sethupathi, Jun Wei Lim, Pau Loke Show, Yong, Ng, Lim, Show. Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Development in Malaysia: Appraisal of Environmental, Financial, and Public Issues Related with Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste. Processes. 2019; 7 (10):676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zi Jun Yong; Mohammed J.K. Bashir; Choon Aun Ng; Sumathi Sethupathi; Jun Wei Lim; Pau Loke Show; Yong; Ng; Lim; Show. 2019. "Sustainable Waste-to-Energy Development in Malaysia: Appraisal of Environmental, Financial, and Public Issues Related with Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste." Processes 7, no. 10: 676.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2019 in Energies
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The potential of Caulerpa lentillifera, Gracilaria coronopifolia and Chaetomorpha linum, as biomass feedstock was investigated in this study. It was concluded that seaweed is more suitable for bio-based products synthesis, i.e., bioplastic and bio-lubricants, instead of biofuels due to its relatively low calorific value (~12 MJ/kg). Since seaweed has high moisture content (~80%), hydrothermal liquefaction is recommended, and its efficiency can be further enhanced through microwave technology. Besides, it is found that the thermal degradation of seaweed was best described with the reaction order of 1. The kinetic results also indicated that seaweed consists of lower activation energy (

ACS Style

Mei Yin Ong; Nor-Insyirah Syahira Abdul Latif; Hui Yi Leong; Bello Salman; Pau Loke Show; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. Characterization and Analysis of Malaysian Macroalgae Biomass as Potential Feedstock for Bio-Oil Production. Energies 2019, 12, 3509 .

AMA Style

Mei Yin Ong, Nor-Insyirah Syahira Abdul Latif, Hui Yi Leong, Bello Salman, Pau Loke Show, Saifuddin Nomanbhay. Characterization and Analysis of Malaysian Macroalgae Biomass as Potential Feedstock for Bio-Oil Production. Energies. 2019; 12 (18):3509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mei Yin Ong; Nor-Insyirah Syahira Abdul Latif; Hui Yi Leong; Bello Salman; Pau Loke Show; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. 2019. "Characterization and Analysis of Malaysian Macroalgae Biomass as Potential Feedstock for Bio-Oil Production." Energies 12, no. 18: 3509.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in Bioresource Technology
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Third generation biofuels, also known as microalgal biofuels, are promising alternatives to fossil fuels. One attractive option is microalgal biodiesel as a replacement for diesel fuel. Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03 was previously optimized for maximal lipid production for biodiesel generation, achieving biomass growth and productivity of 3.48 ± 0.04 g/L and 0.43 ± 0.01 g/L/d, with lipid content and productivity of 28.6 ± 1.41% and 124.1 ± 7.57 mg/L/d. In this study, further optimization using 5% CO2 concentration and semi-batch operation with 25% medium replacement ratio, enhanced the biomass growth and productivity to 4.15 ± 0.12 g/L and 1.23 ± 0.02 g/L/d, with lipid content and productivity of 19.4 ± 2.0% and 239.6 ± 24.8 mg/L/d. The major fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). These short-chain FAMEs combined with high growth make Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03 a suitable candidate for biodiesel synthesis.

ACS Style

Chung Hong Tan; Pau-Loke Show; Tau Chuan Ling; Dillirani Nagarajan; Duu-Jong Lee; Wei-Hsin Chen; Jo-Shu Chang. Exploring the potency of integrating semi-batch operation into lipid yield performance of Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03. Bioresource Technology 2019, 285, 121331 .

AMA Style

Chung Hong Tan, Pau-Loke Show, Tau Chuan Ling, Dillirani Nagarajan, Duu-Jong Lee, Wei-Hsin Chen, Jo-Shu Chang. Exploring the potency of integrating semi-batch operation into lipid yield performance of Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03. Bioresource Technology. 2019; 285 ():121331.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung Hong Tan; Pau-Loke Show; Tau Chuan Ling; Dillirani Nagarajan; Duu-Jong Lee; Wei-Hsin Chen; Jo-Shu Chang. 2019. "Exploring the potency of integrating semi-batch operation into lipid yield performance of Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03." Bioresource Technology 285, no. : 121331.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2019 in Processes
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Nigeria, being the world’s largest importer of diesel-powered gen-sets, is expected to invest in bio-fuels in the future. Hence, it is important to examine the thermal properties and synergy of wastes for potential downstream resource utilization. In this study, thermal conversion as a route to reduce the exploding volume of wastes from sachet-water plastic (SWP) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biomass was studied. Thermogravimetric (TGA) and subsequent differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used for the analysis. The effect of heating rate at 20 °C min−1 causes the increase of activation energy of the decomposition in the first-stage across all the blends (0.96 and 16.29 kJ mol−1). A similar phenomenon was seen when the heating rate was increased from 10 to 20 °C min−1 in the second-stage of decomposition. Overall, based on this study on the synergistic effects during the process, it can be deduced that co-pyrolysis can be an effective waste for energy platform.

ACS Style

Bello Salman; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Arshad Adam Salema; Revathy Sankaran; Pau Loke Show. Thermal Analysis of Nigerian Oil Palm Biomass with Sachet-Water Plastic Wastes for Sustainable Production of Biofuel. Processes 2019, 7, 475 .

AMA Style

Bello Salman, Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Arshad Adam Salema, Revathy Sankaran, Pau Loke Show. Thermal Analysis of Nigerian Oil Palm Biomass with Sachet-Water Plastic Wastes for Sustainable Production of Biofuel. Processes. 2019; 7 (7):475.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bello Salman; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Arshad Adam Salema; Revathy Sankaran; Pau Loke Show. 2019. "Thermal Analysis of Nigerian Oil Palm Biomass with Sachet-Water Plastic Wastes for Sustainable Production of Biofuel." Processes 7, no. 7: 475.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2019 in Energy Conversion and Management
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The main transesterification used in industries involves the reaction with basic catalysts that caused unwanted soap formation, and time-consuming as post-treatment is needed. This creates the need for the utilization of a non-catalytic transesterification reaction under subcritical condition for the transformation of palm oil into biodiesel. This study evaluates the potential of using microwave technology to implement the non-catalytic transesterification for the efficient production of biodiesel. Response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented to maximise the non-catalytic biodiesel yield based on three variables: Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 86% was obtained with DMC to oil molar ratio of 9.5:1 at 167 °C after 2.5 hr of reaction. Also, its activation energy and pre-exponential factor were 44.88 kJ/mol and 7.88 × 103 min−1, respectively. Biodiesel quality that satisfies the EN14214 biodiesel standard was successfully produced under subcritical condition in the absence of catalysts via this microwave processing technology. This new processing method will enhance the biodiesel production and feasibility in terms of simplicity and less production step. Besides, it needs lower power consumption compared to non-catalytic supercritical method, which brings slight enhancement in cost reduction.

ACS Style

Mei Yin Ong; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. Optimization and kinetic study of non-catalytic transesterification of palm oil under subcritical condition using microwave technology. Energy Conversion and Management 2019, 196, 1126 -1137.

AMA Style

Mei Yin Ong, Kit Wayne Chew, Pau Loke Show, Saifuddin Nomanbhay. Optimization and kinetic study of non-catalytic transesterification of palm oil under subcritical condition using microwave technology. Energy Conversion and Management. 2019; 196 ():1126-1137.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mei Yin Ong; Kit Wayne Chew; Pau Loke Show; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. 2019. "Optimization and kinetic study of non-catalytic transesterification of palm oil under subcritical condition using microwave technology." Energy Conversion and Management 196, no. : 1126-1137.

Review
Published: 15 April 2019 in Sustainability
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The management of solid waste presents a challenge for developing countries as thegeneration of waste is increasing at a rapid and alarming rate. Much awareness towards thesustainability and technological advances for solid waste management has been implemented toreduce the generation of unnecessary waste. The recycling of this waste is being applied to producevaluable organic matter, which can be used as fertilizers or amendments to improve the soil structure.This review studies the sustainable transformation of various types of biomass waste such as animalmanure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and food waste, into organic fertilizers and theirimpact on waste minimization and agricultural enhancement. The side effects of these organicfertilizers towards the soil are evaluated as the characteristics of these fertilizers will differ dependingon the types of waste used, in addition to the varying chemical composition of the organic fertilizers.This work will provide an insight to the potential management of biomass waste to be produced intoorganic fertilizer and the advantages of substituting chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer derivedfrom the biomass waste.

ACS Style

Kit Wayne Chew; Shir Reen Chia; Hong-Wei Yen; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Yeek-Chia Ho; Pau Loke Show. Transformation of Biomass Waste into Sustainable Organic Fertilizers. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2266 .

AMA Style

Kit Wayne Chew, Shir Reen Chia, Hong-Wei Yen, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Yeek-Chia Ho, Pau Loke Show. Transformation of Biomass Waste into Sustainable Organic Fertilizers. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kit Wayne Chew; Shir Reen Chia; Hong-Wei Yen; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Yeek-Chia Ho; Pau Loke Show. 2019. "Transformation of Biomass Waste into Sustainable Organic Fertilizers." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2266.

Review
Published: 05 February 2019 in Engineering in Life Sciences
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Currently, fossil materials make up the majority of our energy and chemical source. Many global concerns are forcing us to rethink our current dependence on fossil energy. Limiting the use of these energy sources is a key priority for most countries as a result of pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The application of biomass, used to substitute fossil resources to produce bio fuels, plastics and chemicals, is a widely accepted strategy towards sustainable development. Aquatic plants, including algae are seen to have competitive advantages as biomass resources compared to terrestrial plants in this current global situation. Production of bio‐oil from algal biomass is technically and economically viable and cost competitive, requires no capacious lands, requires minimal water use, and reduces atmospheric CO2. The aim of this paper is to review the potential of algal biomass as an aquatic plant in Malaysia to be converted into high quality crude bio‐oil through applicable processes. In particular, bio‐based materials and fuels from algal biomass are considered as one of the reliable alternatives for clean energy. At the present time, there are two foremost processes for bio‐oil production from biomass: pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. Hydrothermal liquefaction can directly converted high moisture algal biomass into bio‐oil while pyrolysis requires drying of feedstock to reduce the consumption of energy during the process. Microwave‐assisted hydrothermal liquefaction which can be conducted in aqueous environment, makes it suitable for aquatic plants and wet biomass such as algae. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Nor‐Insyirah Syahira Abdul Latif; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Malaysia's algal biomass for high‐quality bio‐oil production. Engineering in Life Sciences 2019, 19, 246 -269.

AMA Style

Nor‐Insyirah Syahira Abdul Latif, Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Malaysia's algal biomass for high‐quality bio‐oil production. Engineering in Life Sciences. 2019; 19 (4):246-269.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nor‐Insyirah Syahira Abdul Latif; Mei Yin Ong; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. 2019. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of Malaysia's algal biomass for high‐quality bio‐oil production." Engineering in Life Sciences 19, no. 4: 246-269.

Special issue on algal bioprocess engineering
Published: 01 January 2019 in Bioengineered
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FeOOH nanoparticles are commonly synthesized at very high temperature and pressure that makes the process energy consuming and non-economic. Recently, novel approaches were developed for the fabrication of these particles at room temperature. But, the main problem with these methods is that the prepared structures are aggregates of ultra-small nanoparticles where no intact separate nanoparticles are formed. In this study, for the first time, secretory compounds from Chlorella vulgaris cells were employed for the controlled synthesis of FeOOH nanoparticles at room atmosphere. Obtained particles were found to be goethite (α-FeO(OH)) crystals. Controlled synthesis of FeOOH nanoparticles resulted in uniform spherical nanoparticles ranging from 8 to 17 nm in diameter with 12.8 nm mean particle size. Fourier-transform infrared and elemental analyses were indicated that controlled synthesized nanoparticles have not functionalized with secretory compounds of C. vulgaris, and these compounds just played a controlling role over the synthesis reaction. Graphical abstract

ACS Style

Ali Ghanbariasad; Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh; Pau Loke Show; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Aydin Berenjian; Younes Ghasemi; Alireza Ebrahiminezhad. Controlled synthesis of iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) nanoparticles using secretory compounds from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae. Bioengineered 2019, 10, 390 -396.

AMA Style

Ali Ghanbariasad, Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh, Pau Loke Show, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Aydin Berenjian, Younes Ghasemi, Alireza Ebrahiminezhad. Controlled synthesis of iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) nanoparticles using secretory compounds from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae. Bioengineered. 2019; 10 (1):390-396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Ghanbariasad; Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh; Pau Loke Show; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Aydin Berenjian; Younes Ghasemi; Alireza Ebrahiminezhad. 2019. "Controlled synthesis of iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) nanoparticles using secretory compounds from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae." Bioengineered 10, no. 1: 390-396.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2018 in International Journal of Engineering & Technology
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Currently, the biodiesel production technology is moving toward the trend of non-catalytic reaction under subcritical condition as the conventional non-catalytic transesterification requires high energy input and high production cost. Hence, non-catalytic biodiesel production under subcritical condition using microwave energy is proposed. Before that, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to characterize the biodiesel feedstock and determine the suitable experimental temperature range for the proposed method. Besides, the thermal behavior of the palm oil and biodiesel at different stages of reaction was also investigated. The results showed that the palm oil and biodiesel were started to degrade from 335ºC and 160ºC respectively. However, the degradation point of palm oil was higher than the supercritical temperature of DMC. So, external energy is needed to bring down the operating condition, such as microwave energy as it has potential to reduce the activation energy. To further eliminate the problem of biodiesel thermal degradation during the transesterification process, the suggested experimental temperature range is within 80ºC to 180ºC, which is from the temperature lower than the boiling point of DMC (

ACS Style

Mei Yin Ong; Bello Salman; Nor-Insyirah Sal; Refal Hussein; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. A Preliminary Experiment of Non-Catalytic Transesterification: Thermal Analysis of Palm Oil and Biodiesel at Different Ratio. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 2018, 7, 190 -193.

AMA Style

Mei Yin Ong, Bello Salman, Nor-Insyirah Sal, Refal Hussein, Saifuddin Nomanbhay. A Preliminary Experiment of Non-Catalytic Transesterification: Thermal Analysis of Palm Oil and Biodiesel at Different Ratio. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. 2018; 7 (4.35):190-193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mei Yin Ong; Bello Salman; Nor-Insyirah Sal; Refal Hussein; Saifuddin Nomanbhay. 2018. "A Preliminary Experiment of Non-Catalytic Transesterification: Thermal Analysis of Palm Oil and Biodiesel at Different Ratio." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35: 190-193.