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Stabilized landfill leachate contains a wide variety of highly concentrated non-biodegradable organics, which are extremely toxic to the environment. Though numerous techniques have been developed for leachate treatment, advanced membrane filtration is one of the most environmentally friendly methods to purify wastewater effectively. In the current study, a novel polymeric membrane was produced by integrating powdered activated carbon (PAC) on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to synthesize a thin membrane using the phase inversion method. The membrane design was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The fabricated membrane was effectively applied for the filtration of stabilized leachate using a cross-flow ring (CFR) test. The findings suggested that the filtration properties of fabricated membrane were effectively enhanced through the incorporation of PAC. The optimum removal efficiencies by the fabricated membrane (14.9 wt.% PVDF, 1.0 wt.% PAC) were 35.34, 48.71, and 22.00% for COD, colour and NH3-N, respectively. Water flux and transmembrane pressure were also enhanced by the incorporated PAC and recorded 61.0 L/m2·h and 0.67 bar, respectively, under the conditions of the optimum removal efficiency. Moreover, the performance of fabricated membranes in terms of pollutant removal, pure water permeation, and different morphological characteristics were systematically analyzed. Despite the limited achievement, which might be improved by the addition of a hydrophilic additive, the study offers an efficient way to fabricate PVDF-PAC membrane and to optimize its treatability through the RSM tool.
Salahaldin M. A. Abuabdou; Zeeshan Haider Jaffari; Choon-Aun Ng; Yeek-Chia Ho; Mohammed J. K. Bashir. A New Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Synthesized by Integrating of Powdered Activated Carbon for Treatment of Stabilized Leachate. Water 2021, 13, 2282 .
AMA StyleSalahaldin M. A. Abuabdou, Zeeshan Haider Jaffari, Choon-Aun Ng, Yeek-Chia Ho, Mohammed J. K. Bashir. A New Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Synthesized by Integrating of Powdered Activated Carbon for Treatment of Stabilized Leachate. Water. 2021; 13 (16):2282.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalahaldin M. A. Abuabdou; Zeeshan Haider Jaffari; Choon-Aun Ng; Yeek-Chia Ho; Mohammed J. K. Bashir. 2021. "A New Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Synthesized by Integrating of Powdered Activated Carbon for Treatment of Stabilized Leachate." Water 13, no. 16: 2282.
This study highlights an innovative piece of hybrid technology, whereby the combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes into a single reactor, namely, the integrated anaerobic–aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) can surpass the limits of conventional methods treating palm oil mill effluent (POME). Optimisation of IAAB using SuperPro Designer V9 simulator for maximum biogas yield while addressing its economic and environmental trade-offs was conducted for the first time. Parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) were optimised in the anaerobic compartment from 10 days and 6.2 g COD/L day to 9 days and 6.9 g COD/L day, respectively. Furthermore, sludge recycle ratio was optimised from 20% to 50% in the aerobic compartment. The optimisation was successful where the biogas yield increased from 0.24 to 0.29 L CH4/g CODremoved with excellent Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal efficiencies up to 99% with 5.8% lower net expenditure. This simulation results were comparable against the pre-commercialized IAAB with 11.4% increase in methane yield after optimisation. Economic analysis had proven the optimised process to be feasible, resulting in return on investment (ROI), payback time, and internal rate of return (IRR) of 24.5%, 4.1 years, and 17.9%, respectively.
Jun Chong; Yi Chan; SiewHui Chong; Yeek Ho; Mardawani Mohamad; Wen Tan; Chin Cheng; Jun Lim. Simulation and Optimisation of Integrated Anaerobic-Aerobic Bioreactor (IAAB) for the Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Processes 2021, 9, 1124 .
AMA StyleJun Chong, Yi Chan, SiewHui Chong, Yeek Ho, Mardawani Mohamad, Wen Tan, Chin Cheng, Jun Lim. Simulation and Optimisation of Integrated Anaerobic-Aerobic Bioreactor (IAAB) for the Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Chong; Yi Chan; SiewHui Chong; Yeek Ho; Mardawani Mohamad; Wen Tan; Chin Cheng; Jun Lim. 2021. "Simulation and Optimisation of Integrated Anaerobic-Aerobic Bioreactor (IAAB) for the Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent." Processes 9, no. 7: 1124.
Sewage sludge has long been regarded as a hazardous waste by virtue of the loaded heavy metals and pathogens. Recently, more advanced technologies are introduced to make use of the nutrients from this hazardous sludge. Successful recovery of sludge’s carbon content could significantly convert waste to energy and promote energy sustainability. Meanwhile, the recovery of nitrogen and trace minerals allows the production of fertilizers. This review is elucidating the performances of modern thermal treatment technologies in recovering resources from sewage sludge while reducing its environmental impacts. Exhaustive investigations show that most modern technologies are capable of recovering sludge’s carbon content for energy generation. Concurrently, the technologies could as well stabilize heavy metals, destroy harmful pathogens, and reduce the volume of sludge to minimize the environmental impacts. Nevertheless, the high initial investment cost still poses a huge hurdle for many developing countries. Since the initial investment cost is inevitable, the future works should focus on improving the profit margin of thermal technologies; so that it would be more financially attractive. This can be done through process optimization, improved process design as well as the use of suitable co-substrates, additives, and catalyst as propounded in the review.
Chin-Seng Liew; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Jun-Wei Lim; Man-Kee Lam; Yeek-Chia Ho; Chii-Dong Ho; Seteno K.O. Ntwampe; Mardawani Mohamad; Anwar Usman. Stabilization of heavy metals loaded sewage sludge: Reviewing conventional to state-of-the-art thermal treatments in achieving energy sustainability. Chemosphere 2021, 277, 130310 .
AMA StyleChin-Seng Liew, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Jun-Wei Lim, Man-Kee Lam, Yeek-Chia Ho, Chii-Dong Ho, Seteno K.O. Ntwampe, Mardawani Mohamad, Anwar Usman. Stabilization of heavy metals loaded sewage sludge: Reviewing conventional to state-of-the-art thermal treatments in achieving energy sustainability. Chemosphere. 2021; 277 ():130310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChin-Seng Liew; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Jun-Wei Lim; Man-Kee Lam; Yeek-Chia Ho; Chii-Dong Ho; Seteno K.O. Ntwampe; Mardawani Mohamad; Anwar Usman. 2021. "Stabilization of heavy metals loaded sewage sludge: Reviewing conventional to state-of-the-art thermal treatments in achieving energy sustainability." Chemosphere 277, no. : 130310.
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is the wastewater produced during the palm oil sterilization process, which contains substantial amounts of nutrients and phosphorous that are harmful to the environment. High BOD and COD of POME are as high as 100,000 mg/L, which endanger the environment. Effective pre-treatment of POME is required before disposal. As microalgae have the ability of biosorption on nutrients and phosphorous to perform photosynthesis, they can be utilized as a sustainable POME treatment operation, which contributes to effective biofuel production. Microalgae species C. pyrenoidosa has shown to achieve 68% lipid production along with 71% nutrient reduction in POME. In this study, a brief discussion about the impacts of POME that will affect the environment is presented. Additionally, the potential of microalgae in treating POME is evaluated along with its benefits. Furthermore, the condition of microalgae growth in the POME is also assessed to study the suitable condition for microalgae to be cultivated in. Moreover, experimental studies on characteristics and performance of microalgae are being evaluated for their feasibility. One of the profitable applications of POME treatment using microalgae is biofuel production, which will be discussed in this review. However, with the advantages brought from cultivating microalgae in POME, there are also some concerns, as microalgae will cause pollution if they are not handled well, as discussed in the last section of this paper.
Sze Low; Kien Bong; Muhammad Mubashir; Chin Cheng; Man Lam; Jun Lim; Yeek Ho; Keat Lee; Heli Munawaroh; Pau Show. Microalgae Cultivation in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment and Biofuel Production. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3247 .
AMA StyleSze Low, Kien Bong, Muhammad Mubashir, Chin Cheng, Man Lam, Jun Lim, Yeek Ho, Keat Lee, Heli Munawaroh, Pau Show. Microalgae Cultivation in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment and Biofuel Production. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSze Low; Kien Bong; Muhammad Mubashir; Chin Cheng; Man Lam; Jun Lim; Yeek Ho; Keat Lee; Heli Munawaroh; Pau Show. 2021. "Microalgae Cultivation in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment and Biofuel Production." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3247.
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.
Ratchaprapa Raksasat; Kunlanan Kiatkittipong; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Chung Wong; Man Lam; Yeek Ho; Wen Oh; I Suryawan; Jun Lim. Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production. Processes 2021, 9, 297 .
AMA StyleRatchaprapa Raksasat, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Chung Wong, Man Lam, Yeek Ho, Wen Oh, I Suryawan, Jun Lim. Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production. Processes. 2021; 9 (2):297.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRatchaprapa Raksasat; Kunlanan Kiatkittipong; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Chung Wong; Man Lam; Yeek Ho; Wen Oh; I Suryawan; Jun Lim. 2021. "Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production." Processes 9, no. 2: 297.
Coagulation-flocculation is the key process of water treatment in water turbidity removal. However, the usage of inorganic coagulants has raised awareness of researchers due to the threat possess on human health and environment. Therefore, studies in natural coagulant and modification of natural coagulant have raised various interest of researchers. Natural coagulants are widely available and non-toxic that can be obtained from animal, fungi, bacteria, and plant. Preliminary studies of plant-based natural coagulant aid, Hylocereus undatus in synthetic turbid water was also conducted. Remarkably, the usage of H. undatus with the mixture of ferric chloride has achieved a turbidity removal of 93.03%.
Jia-Shen Lau; Wei-Jing Lee; Hoe-Guan Beh; Wawan Sujarwo; Krishnan Hariharan; Balamurugan Panneerselvam; Yeek-Chia Ho. Emerging Coagulant in Water Treatment: A Review and a Preliminary Study. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 2021, 187 -194.
AMA StyleJia-Shen Lau, Wei-Jing Lee, Hoe-Guan Beh, Wawan Sujarwo, Krishnan Hariharan, Balamurugan Panneerselvam, Yeek-Chia Ho. Emerging Coagulant in Water Treatment: A Review and a Preliminary Study. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2021; ():187-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia-Shen Lau; Wei-Jing Lee; Hoe-Guan Beh; Wawan Sujarwo; Krishnan Hariharan; Balamurugan Panneerselvam; Yeek-Chia Ho. 2021. "Emerging Coagulant in Water Treatment: A Review and a Preliminary Study." Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering , no. : 187-194.
This study was aimed to identify and optimize the culture conditions for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production by a lactic acid bacterium strain isolated from mam nem, a fermented fish sauce. Among the six isolates obtained from mam nem, the MN12 had the most potent GABA-producing capability. The strain was then identified to be Pedioccocus pentosaceus by employing MALDI-TOF-MS and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase sequencing methods. The initial cell density of 5.106 CFU/mL, monosodium glutamate concentration of 60 mM, initial pH of 7, temperature of 45°C and cultivation time of 72 h were found to be the optimal culture conditions for highest production of GABA, reaching 27.9 ± 0.42 mM, by this strain. The cultivation conditions for GABA production by P. pentosaceus MN12 have been successfully optimized, providing a foundation for the development of fermented foods enriched with GABA. Graphical Abstract
Do Thi Bich Thuy; An Tien Nguyen; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Margo Cnockaert; Peter Vandamme; Yeek-Chia Ho; Nguyen Duc Huy; Heriberto Hernández Cocoletzi; Pau Loke Show. Optimization of culture conditions for gamma-aminobutyric acid production by newly identified Pediococcus pentosaceus MN12 isolated from ‘mam nem’, a fermented fish sauce. Bioengineered 2020, 12, 54 -62.
AMA StyleDo Thi Bich Thuy, An Tien Nguyen, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Kit Wayne Chew, Margo Cnockaert, Peter Vandamme, Yeek-Chia Ho, Nguyen Duc Huy, Heriberto Hernández Cocoletzi, Pau Loke Show. Optimization of culture conditions for gamma-aminobutyric acid production by newly identified Pediococcus pentosaceus MN12 isolated from ‘mam nem’, a fermented fish sauce. Bioengineered. 2020; 12 (1):54-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDo Thi Bich Thuy; An Tien Nguyen; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Kit Wayne Chew; Margo Cnockaert; Peter Vandamme; Yeek-Chia Ho; Nguyen Duc Huy; Heriberto Hernández Cocoletzi; Pau Loke Show. 2020. "Optimization of culture conditions for gamma-aminobutyric acid production by newly identified Pediococcus pentosaceus MN12 isolated from ‘mam nem’, a fermented fish sauce." Bioengineered 12, no. 1: 54-62.
The full dependency on chemical fertilizers in oil palm plantation poses an enormous threat to the ecosystem through the degradation of soil and water quality through leaching to the groundwater and contaminating the river. A greenhouse study was conducted to test the effect of combinations of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizer focusing on the soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and the growth performance of oil palms seedlings. Soils used were histosol, spodosol, oxisol, and ultisol. The three treatments were T1: 100% chemical fertilizer (NPK 12:12:17), T2: 70% chemical fertilizer + 30% biofertilizer A (CF + BFA), and T3: 70% + 30% biofertilizer B (CF + BFB). T2 and T3, respectively increased the growth of oil palm seedlings and soil nutrient status but seedlings in oxisol and ultisol under T3 had the highest in almost all parameters due to the abundance of more efficient PGPR. The height of seedlings in ultisol under T3 was 22% and 17% more than T2 and T1 respectively, with enhanced girth size, chlorophyll content, with improved nutrient uptake by the seedlings. Histosol across all treatments has a high macronutrient content suggesting that the rate of chemical fertilizer application should be revised when planting using the particular soil. With the reduction of chemical fertilizer by 25%, the combined treatment with biofertilizers could enhance the growth of the oil palm seedlings and soil nutrient properties regardless of the soil orders.
Aaronn Avit Ajeng; Rosazlin Abdullah; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Kit Wayne Chew; Yeek-Chia Ho; Tau Chuan Ling; Beng Fye Lau; Pau Loke Show. The Effects of Biofertilizers on Growth, Soil Fertility, and Nutrients Uptake of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) under Greenhouse Conditions. Processes 2020, 8, 1681 .
AMA StyleAaronn Avit Ajeng, Rosazlin Abdullah, Marlinda Abdul Malek, Kit Wayne Chew, Yeek-Chia Ho, Tau Chuan Ling, Beng Fye Lau, Pau Loke Show. The Effects of Biofertilizers on Growth, Soil Fertility, and Nutrients Uptake of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) under Greenhouse Conditions. Processes. 2020; 8 (12):1681.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAaronn Avit Ajeng; Rosazlin Abdullah; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Kit Wayne Chew; Yeek-Chia Ho; Tau Chuan Ling; Beng Fye Lau; Pau Loke Show. 2020. "The Effects of Biofertilizers on Growth, Soil Fertility, and Nutrients Uptake of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) under Greenhouse Conditions." Processes 8, no. 12: 1681.
Rising solid waste production has caused high levels of environmental pollution. Population growth, economic patterns, and lifestyle patterns are major factors that have led to the alarming rate of solid waste production. Generally, solid wastes such as paper, wood, and plastic are disposed into landfills due to its low operation and maintenance costs. However, leachate discharged from landfills could be a problem in surfaces and groundwater if not adequately treated. This study investigated the patterns of the water quality index (WQI) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) along Johan River in Perak, Malaysia, which received treated leachate from a nearby landfill. An artificial neural network (ANN) was also applied to predict WQI and PAH concentration of the river. Seven sampling stations were chosen along the river. The stations represented the upstream of leachate discharge, point of leachate discharge, and five locations downstream of the landfill. Sampling was conducted for one year starting July 2018. Physicochemical parameters, namely pH, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen, total suspended solids, and dissolved oxygen, were used to compute the water quality index (WQI). PAH concentrations were determined by liquid–liquid extraction of water samples followed by an analysis using gas chromatography. Results showed that WQI of Johan River was under Class III where intensive treatment was required to make it suitable for drinking purposes. The highest recorded PAH concentrations were fluoranthene (333.4 ppb) in the dry season and benzo(a) pyrene (93.5 ppb) in the wet season. A correlation coefficient (Rp) for a model prediction based on WQI-ANN and TEC-ANN (toxicity equivalent concentration) in the wet and dry seasons was 0.9915, 0.9431, 0.9999, and 0.9999, respectively. ANN results showed good model performance with Rp ≈ 0.9. This study suggested that ANN is a useful tool for water quality studies.
Brenda Tan Pei Jian; Muhammad Ul Mustafa; Mohamed Hasnain Isa; Asim Yaqub; Yeek Chia Ho. Study of the Water Quality Index and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon for a River Receiving Treated Landfill Leachate. Water 2020, 12, 2877 .
AMA StyleBrenda Tan Pei Jian, Muhammad Ul Mustafa, Mohamed Hasnain Isa, Asim Yaqub, Yeek Chia Ho. Study of the Water Quality Index and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon for a River Receiving Treated Landfill Leachate. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2877.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrenda Tan Pei Jian; Muhammad Ul Mustafa; Mohamed Hasnain Isa; Asim Yaqub; Yeek Chia Ho. 2020. "Study of the Water Quality Index and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon for a River Receiving Treated Landfill Leachate." Water 12, no. 10: 2877.
This study demonstrated a novel approach of lipids extraction with simultaneous biofuels conversion on microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana CY-1 cultivation using waste molasses as culture medium. The lipid extraction process was based on a hybrid liquid biphasic system (HLBS) which comprises of disruptive and extractive solvents in a single system. The microalgae cultivation with waste molasses showed a reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS) and nitrate content on the waste medium (61.48 %, 63.94 % and 63.79 %, respectively). Additionally, a prompt lipids extraction with a recovery of 92.84 % and a cell disruption enhancement of 8.3-fold in the organic solvent phase was attained. The acid-treated C. sorokiniana CY-1 biomass showed a composition of carbon at 61.3 %, oxygen at 33.2 %, nitrogen at 5.5 % and potassium at 0.12 %. Sulphur content was not detected in the microalgae biomass and this had aided the production of fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) which was observed by a gas chromatographic-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) profile. A disruptive-extraction method using acid assisted phase on HLBS showed potential for direct conversion of lipids into FAME to produce biofuels for engine combustion.
Guo Yong Yew; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Wen Yi Chia; Yeek-Chia Ho; Chung Lim Law; Hui Yi Leong; Pau Loke Show. A novel lipids recovery strategy for biofuels generation on microalgae Chlorella cultivation with waste molasses. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2020, 38, 101665 .
AMA StyleGuo Yong Yew, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Wen Yi Chia, Yeek-Chia Ho, Chung Lim Law, Hui Yi Leong, Pau Loke Show. A novel lipids recovery strategy for biofuels generation on microalgae Chlorella cultivation with waste molasses. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2020; 38 ():101665.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo Yong Yew; Kuan Shiong Khoo; Wen Yi Chia; Yeek-Chia Ho; Chung Lim Law; Hui Yi Leong; Pau Loke Show. 2020. "A novel lipids recovery strategy for biofuels generation on microalgae Chlorella cultivation with waste molasses." Journal of Water Process Engineering 38, no. : 101665.
Oil and gas effluents contains highly toxic and harmful organic pollutants. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate and/or reduced the concertation of organic pollutants to a technologically acceptable levels before their discharge into water streams. This study investigates the application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for removal of organic pollutants from real oily produced water. Batch studies were performed and effect of different operating parameters, including concentration of nZVI and H2O2, pH and reaction time were studied. Moreover, optimization of independent variables was performed using central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental set up provided maximum removal efficiencies of 89.5% and 75.3% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. The optimum values of independent variables such as concentrations of nZVI, and H2O2, contact time and pH were obtained as 4.35 g/L, 1.60 g/L, 199.9 min and 2.9, respectively. Predicted PAHs and COD removal efficiencies at the optimum values of independent variables were found as 89.3% and 75.7%, respectively which are in line with the experimental values. The study indicates that application of heterogeneous Fenton like oxidation system using nZVI as a catalyst is an efficient treatment method for removal of organic pollutants from real produced water.
Tahir Haneef; Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa; Kashif Rasool; Yeek Chia Ho; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty. Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Heterogeneous Fenton Like Oxidation System Using Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron as a Catalyst. Water 2020, 12, 2430 .
AMA StyleTahir Haneef, Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa, Kashif Rasool, Yeek Chia Ho, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty. Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Heterogeneous Fenton Like Oxidation System Using Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron as a Catalyst. Water. 2020; 12 (9):2430.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTahir Haneef; Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa; Kashif Rasool; Yeek Chia Ho; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty. 2020. "Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Heterogeneous Fenton Like Oxidation System Using Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron as a Catalyst." Water 12, no. 9: 2430.
Increasing agricultural irrigation to counteract a soil moisture deficit has resulted in the production of hazardous agricultural wastewater with high turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). An innovative, sustainable, and effective solution is needed to overcome the pollution and water scarcity issues caused by the agricultural anthropogenic processes. This research focused on a sustainable solution that utilized a waste (broken lentil) as natural coagulant for turbidity and COD removal in agricultural wastewater treatment. The efficiency of the lentil extract (LE), grafted lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) and aluminium sulphate (alum) coagulants was optimized through the response surface methodology. Three-level Box–Behnken design was used to statistically visualize the complex interactions of pH, concentration of coagulants and settling time. LE achieved a significant 99.55% and 79.87% removal of turbidity and COD at pH 4, 88.46 mg/L of LE and 6.9 minutes of settling time, whereas LE-g-DMC achieved 99.83% and 80.32% removal of turbidity and COD at pH 6.7, 63.08 mg/L of LE-g-DMC and 5 minutes of settling time. As compared to alum, LE-g-DMC required approximately 30% less concentration. Moreover, LE and LE-g-DMC also required 75% and 65% less settling time as compared to the alum. Both LE and LE-g-DMC produced flocs with excellent settling ability (5.77 mg/L and 4.48 mL/g) and produced a significant less volume of sludge (10.60 mL/L and 8.23 mL/L) as compared with the alum. The economic analysis and assessments have proven the feasibility of both lentil-based coagulants in agricultural wastewater treatment.
Siong-Chin Chua; Pau Loke Show; Fai-Kait Chong; Yeek-Chia Ho. Lentil waste as novel natural coagulant for agricultural wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology 2020, 82, 1833 -1847.
AMA StyleSiong-Chin Chua, Pau Loke Show, Fai-Kait Chong, Yeek-Chia Ho. Lentil waste as novel natural coagulant for agricultural wastewater treatment. Water Science and Technology. 2020; 82 (9):1833-1847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiong-Chin Chua; Pau Loke Show; Fai-Kait Chong; Yeek-Chia Ho. 2020. "Lentil waste as novel natural coagulant for agricultural wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 9: 1833-1847.
This review presents the extractions, characterisations, applications and economic analyses of natural coagulant in separating pollutants and microalgae from water medium, known as microalgae harvesting. The promising future of microalgae as a next-generation energy source is reviewed and the significant drawbacks of conventional microalgae harvesting using alum are evaluated. The performances of natural coagulant in microalgae harvesting are studied and proven to exceed the alum. In addition, the details of each processing stage in the extraction of natural coagulant (plant, microbial and animal) are comprehensively discussed with justifications. This information could contribute to future exploration of novel natural coagulants by providing description of optimised extraction steps for a number of natural coagulants. Besides, the characterisations of natural coagulants have garnered a great deal of attention, and the strategies to enhance the flocculating activity based on their characteristics are discussed. Several important characterisations have been tabulated in this review such as physical aspects, including surface morphology and surface charges; chemical aspects, including molecular weight, functional group and elemental properties; and thermal stability parameters including thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, various applications of natural coagulant in the industries other than microalgae harvesting are revealed. The cost analysis of natural coagulant application in mass harvesting of microalgae is allowed to evaluate its feasibility towards commercialisation in the industrial. Last, the potentially new natural coagulants, which are yet to be exploited and applied, are listed as the additional information for future study.
Teik-Hun Ang; Kunlanan Kiatkittipong; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Siong-Chin Chua; Jun Wei Lim; Pau-Loke Show; Mohammed J. K. Bashir; Yeek-Chia Ho. Insight on Extraction and Characterisation of Biopolymers as the Green Coagulants for Microalgae Harvesting. Water 2020, 12, 1388 .
AMA StyleTeik-Hun Ang, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Siong-Chin Chua, Jun Wei Lim, Pau-Loke Show, Mohammed J. K. Bashir, Yeek-Chia Ho. Insight on Extraction and Characterisation of Biopolymers as the Green Coagulants for Microalgae Harvesting. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1388.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeik-Hun Ang; Kunlanan Kiatkittipong; Worapon Kiatkittipong; Siong-Chin Chua; Jun Wei Lim; Pau-Loke Show; Mohammed J. K. Bashir; Yeek-Chia Ho. 2020. "Insight on Extraction and Characterisation of Biopolymers as the Green Coagulants for Microalgae Harvesting." Water 12, no. 5: 1388.
Recently, worldwide researchers have been focusing on exploiting of black soldier fly larval (BSFL) biomass to serve as the feed mediums for farmed animals, including aquaculture farming, in order to assuage the rising demands for protein sources. In this study, yeast was introduced into coconut endosperm waste (CEW) whilst serving as the feeding medium to rear BSFL in simultaneously performed in situ fermentation. It was found that at a 2.5 wt% yeast concentration, the total biomass gained, growth rate and rearing time were improved to 1.145 g, 0.085 g/day and 13.5 days, respectively. In terms of solid waste reduction, the inoculation of yeast over 0.5 wt% in CEW was able to achieve more than 50% overall degradation, with the waste reduction indexes (WRIs) ranging from 0.038 to 0.040 g/day. Disregarding the concentration of yeast introduced, the protein productivity from 20 BSFL was enhanced from only 0.018 g/day (the control) to 0.025 g/day with the presence of yeast at arbitrary concentrations. On the other hand, the larval protein yield was fortified from the control (28%) to a highest value of 35% with the presence of a mere 0.02 wt% yeast concentration. To summarize, the inclusion of a minimal amount of yeast into CEW for in situ fermentation ultimately enhanced the growth of BSFL, as well as its protein yield and productivity.
Chung Yiin Wong; Yeek Chia Ho; Jun Wei Lim; Pau Loke Show; SiewHui Chong; Yi Jing Chan; Chii Dong Ho; Mardawani Mohamad; Ta Yeong Wu; Man Kee Lam; Guan Ting Pan. In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly. Processes 2020, 8, 337 .
AMA StyleChung Yiin Wong, Yeek Chia Ho, Jun Wei Lim, Pau Loke Show, SiewHui Chong, Yi Jing Chan, Chii Dong Ho, Mardawani Mohamad, Ta Yeong Wu, Man Kee Lam, Guan Ting Pan. In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly. Processes. 2020; 8 (3):337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChung Yiin Wong; Yeek Chia Ho; Jun Wei Lim; Pau Loke Show; SiewHui Chong; Yi Jing Chan; Chii Dong Ho; Mardawani Mohamad; Ta Yeong Wu; Man Kee Lam; Guan Ting Pan. 2020. "In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly." Processes 8, no. 3: 337.
The growing global concern with environmental issues has raised the interest in the research into natural biopolymers as a coagulant aid in order to reduce the use of inorganic coagulants. This paper investigated the feasibility of sesbania seed gum (SSG) as a plant-based coagulant aid and ferric chloride as a coagulant in drinking water treatment. Acid extraction method marked the highest and most promising extraction yield at 20.8%, as compared to other extraction methods. Further, the SSG extracted carried a weak negative charge of −3.02 mV, which is classified as a near neutral coagulant aid. Hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, which aid in coagulation–flocculation, were found in the SSG. These physiochemical analyses results evinced good characteristics of SSG as a coagulant aid. On the other hand, response surface methodology (RSM) with three-factor Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate and optimize the reaction condition of the coagulation–flocculation process in drinking water treatment. A quadratic polynomial model was fitted to the data with a high value of R2 (0.9901). Model validation experiments revealed the good correspondence between actual and predicted values. In drinking water treatment, a promising 98.3% turbidity reduction was achieved with 10.2 mg/L of FeCl3 and 4.52 mg/L of SSG. Therefore, SSG exhibited potential as a coagulant aid in drinking water treatment.
Siong-Chin Chua; Fai-Kait Chong; M. A. Malek; Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa; Norli Ismail; Wawan Sujarwo; Jun-Wei Lim; Yeek-Chia Ho. Optimized Use of Ferric Chloride and Sesbania Seed Gum (SSG) as Sustainable Coagulant Aid for Turbidity Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2273 .
AMA StyleSiong-Chin Chua, Fai-Kait Chong, M. A. Malek, Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa, Norli Ismail, Wawan Sujarwo, Jun-Wei Lim, Yeek-Chia Ho. Optimized Use of Ferric Chloride and Sesbania Seed Gum (SSG) as Sustainable Coagulant Aid for Turbidity Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiong-Chin Chua; Fai-Kait Chong; M. A. Malek; Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa; Norli Ismail; Wawan Sujarwo; Jun-Wei Lim; Yeek-Chia Ho. 2020. "Optimized Use of Ferric Chloride and Sesbania Seed Gum (SSG) as Sustainable Coagulant Aid for Turbidity Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2273.
Oily-biological sludge (OBS) generated from petroleum refineries has high toxicity. Therefore, it needs an appropriate disposal method to reduce the negative impacts on the environment. The anaerobic co-digestion process is an effective method that manages and converts organic waste to energy. For effective anaerobic digestion, a co-substrate would be required to provide a suitable environment for anaerobic bacteria. In oily-biological sludge, the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and volatile solids (VS) content are very low. Therefore, it needs to be digested with organic waste that has a high C/N ratio and high VS content. This study investigates the use of sugarcane bagasse (SB) as an effective co-substrate due to its high C/N ratio and high VS content to improve the anaerobic co-digestion process with oily-biological sludge. The sugarcane bagasse also helps to delay the toxicity effect of the methane bacteria. Batch anaerobic co-digestion of oily-biological sludge was conducted with sugarcane bagasse as a co-substrate in twelve reactors with two-liter capacity, each under mesophilic conditions. The interaction effect of a C/N ratio of 20-30 and a VS co-substrate/VS inoculum ratio of 0.06-0.18 on the methane yield (mL CH4/g VSremoved) was investigated. Before the anaerobic digestion, thermochemical pre-treatment of the inoculum and co-substrate was conducted using sodium hydroxide to balance their acidic nature and provide a suitable pH environment for methane bacteria. Design and optimization for the mixing ratios were carried out by central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). The highest predicted methane yield was found to be 63.52 mL CH4/g VSremoved, under optimum conditions (C/N ratio of 30 and co-substrate/inoculum ratio of 0.18).
Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty; Yeek-Chia Ho; Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba; Azmatullah Noor; Abdulnaser Mohammed Al-Sabaeei; Najib Mohammed Yahya Almahbashi. Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Methane Production from Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Oily-Biological Sludge and Sugarcane Bagasse. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2116 .
AMA StyleAiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty, Yeek-Chia Ho, Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Azmatullah Noor, Abdulnaser Mohammed Al-Sabaeei, Najib Mohammed Yahya Almahbashi. Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Methane Production from Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Oily-Biological Sludge and Sugarcane Bagasse. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):2116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty; Yeek-Chia Ho; Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba; Azmatullah Noor; Abdulnaser Mohammed Al-Sabaeei; Najib Mohammed Yahya Almahbashi. 2020. "Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Methane Production from Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Oily-Biological Sludge and Sugarcane Bagasse." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 2116.
Simultaneous Nitrification, Anammox, and Denitrification (SNAD) which was discovered around 2008 has become a promising alternative to conventional nitrogen treatment process. The increasing number of researches on SNAD can be seen lately from lab-scale experiment to full-scale operation around the world. However, due to complexity of mutual relationship between three different bacteria, more researches are needed to be done to have better understanding of SNAD on real-scale application. This study is aimed to examine the performance of SNAD on treating effluent from anaerobic digester of palm oil mill effluent. The study will discuss cultivation of anammox, completion of SNAD process, and the feasibility of SNAD on effluent from anaerobic digester. The result of this study will help in explore further application of SNAD besides treating nitrogen-rich wastewater.
Wee-Shen Wong; Jih-Gaw Lin; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty; Yeek-Chia Ho. Start-up of simultaneous nitrification, anammox and denitrification-sequential batch reactor (SNAD-SBR) for treating anaerobic palm oil mill (POME) Digester Effluent. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 736, 1 .
AMA StyleWee-Shen Wong, Jih-Gaw Lin, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty, Yeek-Chia Ho. Start-up of simultaneous nitrification, anammox and denitrification-sequential batch reactor (SNAD-SBR) for treating anaerobic palm oil mill (POME) Digester Effluent. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 736 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWee-Shen Wong; Jih-Gaw Lin; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty; Yeek-Chia Ho. 2020. "Start-up of simultaneous nitrification, anammox and denitrification-sequential batch reactor (SNAD-SBR) for treating anaerobic palm oil mill (POME) Digester Effluent." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 736, no. : 1.
Fenton oxidation, one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP), has high efficiency in the eradication of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), including those persistent organic compounds, with minimal time. Fenton oxidation is employed for further study in the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater sample collected from site. In this study, the efficiency of Fenton Oxidation is investigated toward the degradation of hydrocarbon in groundwater samples. The percentage removal of hydrocarbon, in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in different operating condition for Fenton oxidation of contaminated groundwater was determined. The treatment parameters were selected by carrying out Factorial Design in which pH 3 to 6, concentration of hydrogen peroxide 0.01 mg/L to 0.1 mg/L, concentration of ferrous ions 0.01 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L, and Reaction Time 30 minutes to 120 minutes were proven to be significant model terms.
Jing Chern Chok; Zahidi Bin Hamzah; Jun Ma; Yeek-Chia Ho. Remediation on underground water pollution using Fenton Oxidation Method. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 736, 1 .
AMA StyleJing Chern Chok, Zahidi Bin Hamzah, Jun Ma, Yeek-Chia Ho. Remediation on underground water pollution using Fenton Oxidation Method. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 736 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJing Chern Chok; Zahidi Bin Hamzah; Jun Ma; Yeek-Chia Ho. 2020. "Remediation on underground water pollution using Fenton Oxidation Method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 736, no. : 1.
The importance of graft copolymerization in the field of polymer science is analogous to the importance of alloying in the field of metals. This is attribute to the ability of the grafting method to regulate the properties of polymer ‘tailor-made’ according to specific needs. This paper described a novel plant-based coagulant, LE-g-DMC that synthesized through grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) onto the backbone of the lentil extract. The grafting process was optimized through the response surface methodology (RSM) using three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Under optimum conditions, a promising grafting percentage of 120% was achieved. Besides, characterization study including SEM, zeta potential, TGA, FTIR and EDX were used to confirm the grafting of the DMC monomer chain onto the backbone of lentil extract. The grafted coagulant, LE-g-DMC outperformed lentil extract and alum in turbidity reduction and effective across a wide range of pH from pH 4 to pH 10. Besides, the use of LE-g-DMC as coagulant produced flocs with excellent settling ability (5.09 mL/g) and produced the least amount of sludge. Therefore, from an application and economic point of views, LE-g-DMC was superior to native lentil extract coagulant and commercial chemical coagulant, alum.
Siong Chin Chua; Fai Kait Chong; Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty; Wawan Sujarwo; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Pau Loke Show; Yeek Chia Ho. Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -13.
AMA StyleSiong Chin Chua, Fai Kait Chong, Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty, Wawan Sujarwo, Marlinda Abdul Malek, Pau Loke Show, Yeek Chia Ho. Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiong Chin Chua; Fai Kait Chong; Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa; Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty; Wawan Sujarwo; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Pau Loke Show; Yeek Chia Ho. 2020. "Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-13.
The aim of this study was to spur the lipid accumulation by larvae of Hermetia illucens or black soldier fly (BSFL) via feeding with yeast fermented medium. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a single cell yeast, was introduced at different concentrations (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 wt %) to execute an in-situ fermentation on coconut endosperm waste. The rearing of BSFL was started simultaneously and the rearing was stopped once the BSFL reached the fifth instar. With the increasing of yeast concentration, the rearing duration of BSFL was shortened from 15.5 to 13.5 days. Moreover, it was found that at 0.5 to 1.0 wt % yeast concentration, the lipid yield and lipid productivity of BSFL were statistically enhanced to their highest peaks, namely, at 49.4% and 0.53 g/day, respectively. With regard to biodiesel composition, BSFL-derived biodiesel contained mainly C12:0, C14:0, C16:0 and C18:1. The higher amount of saturated fatty acids could strengthen the oxidative stability biodiesel produced as compared with non-edible oils or microalgal lipid. At last, the addition of yeast was also found to improve the waste reduction index of coconut endosperm waste (CEW) from 0.31 to 0.40 g/day, heralding the capability of BSFL to valorize organic waste via bioconversion into its biomass to serve as a feedstock for biodiesel production.
Chung Yiin Wong; Muhammad Naeim Mohd Aris; Hanita Daud; Man Kee Lam; Ching Seong Yong; Hadura Abu Hasan; SiewHui Chong; Pau Loke Show; Oetami Dwi Hajoeningtijas; Yeek Chia Ho; Pei Sean Goh; Husnul Kausarian; Guan-Ting Pan; Jun Wei Lim. In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1558 .
AMA StyleChung Yiin Wong, Muhammad Naeim Mohd Aris, Hanita Daud, Man Kee Lam, Ching Seong Yong, Hadura Abu Hasan, SiewHui Chong, Pau Loke Show, Oetami Dwi Hajoeningtijas, Yeek Chia Ho, Pei Sean Goh, Husnul Kausarian, Guan-Ting Pan, Jun Wei Lim. In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1558.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChung Yiin Wong; Muhammad Naeim Mohd Aris; Hanita Daud; Man Kee Lam; Ching Seong Yong; Hadura Abu Hasan; SiewHui Chong; Pau Loke Show; Oetami Dwi Hajoeningtijas; Yeek Chia Ho; Pei Sean Goh; Husnul Kausarian; Guan-Ting Pan; Jun Wei Lim. 2020. "In-Situ Yeast Fermentation to Enhance Bioconversion of Coconut Endosperm Waste into Larval Biomass of Hermetia illucens: Statistical Augmentation of Larval Lipid Content." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1558.