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Straw is the main by-product of grain production, used as bedding material and animal feed. If produced or stored under adverse hygienic conditions, straw is prone to the growth of filamentous fungi. Some of them, e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp. are well-known mycotoxin producers. Since studies on mycotoxins in straw are scarce, 192 straw samples (wheat n = 80; barley n = 79; triticale n = 12; oat n = 11; rye n = 12) were collected across Germany within the German official feed surveillance and screened for the presence of 21 mycotoxins. The following mycotoxins (positive samples for at least one mycotoxin n = 184) were detected: zearalenone (n = 86, 6.0–785 μg/kg), nivalenol (n = 51, 30–2,600 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (n = 156, 20–24,000 μg/kg), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 34, 20–2,400 μg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 16, 40–340 μg/kg), scirpentriol (n = 14, 40–680 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (n = 67, 10–250 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (n = 92, 20–800 μg/kg), T-2 tetraol (n = 13, 70–480 μg/kg). 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (30 μg/kg) and T-2 triol (60 μg/kg) were only detected in one barley sample. Macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, F, roridin E, and verrucarin J) were also found in only one barley sample (quantified as roridin A equivalent: total 183 μg/kg). The occurrence of stachybotrylactam was monitored for the first time in four samples (n = 4, 0.96–7.4 μg/kg). Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H and roridin-L2 were not detectable in the samples. The results indicate a non-negligible contribution of straw to oral and possibly inhalation exposure to mycotoxins of animals or humans handling contaminated straw.
Sebastian Ulrich; Christoph Gottschalk; Barbara Biermaier; Eunike Bahlinger; Magdalena Twarużek; Sarah Asmussen; Margit Schollenberger; Hana Valenta; Frank Ebel; Sven Dänicke. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. Archives of Animal Nutrition 2021, 75, 105 -120.
AMA StyleSebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk, Barbara Biermaier, Eunike Bahlinger, Magdalena Twarużek, Sarah Asmussen, Margit Schollenberger, Hana Valenta, Frank Ebel, Sven Dänicke. Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 2021; 75 (2):105-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Ulrich; Christoph Gottschalk; Barbara Biermaier; Eunike Bahlinger; Magdalena Twarużek; Sarah Asmussen; Margit Schollenberger; Hana Valenta; Frank Ebel; Sven Dänicke. 2021. "Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes, zearalenone and stachybotrylactam in straw." Archives of Animal Nutrition 75, no. 2: 105-120.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA-N-oxides (PANO) are a group of more than 660 secondary plant metabolites with hepatotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in animals and humans. The phytotoxins can enter the food chain by transfer of PA/PANO between plants via the soil, unintended co-harvesting of PA/PANO-producing weeds, as well as by honeybees collecting pollen and nectar of these plants. Thus, bee- and plant-based products, e.g. (herbal) teas, spices and culinary herbs were identified to be a main source of consumers’ exposure to PA/PANO. Consequently, food supplements based on those ingredients may as well be contaminated with PA/PANO, but so far there are only very few studies available on this topic. Therefore, the current study investigated 50 herbal and bee product-based food supplements available in German retail pharmacies, drugstores, and online on the occurrence of 44 PA/PANO. In total, 19 samples contained PA/PANO with sum contents ranging from 0.1 to 105.1 ng/g in solid samples and from 0.03 to 2.20 ng/mL in liquid preparations. Considering the recommended daily consumption, the sum contents were of no or little concern for the health risk of adults, whereas in case of children the contents of singular samples could significantly contribute to the overall PA/PANO exposure.
Florian Kaltner; Verena Kukula; Christoph Gottschalk. Screening of food supplements for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 2020, 15, 237 -243.
AMA StyleFlorian Kaltner, Verena Kukula, Christoph Gottschalk. Screening of food supplements for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. 2020; 15 (3):237-243.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Kaltner; Verena Kukula; Christoph Gottschalk. 2020. "Screening of food supplements for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids." Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 15, no. 3: 237-243.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA N-oxides (PANO) are secondary plant metabolites exhibiting genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Apart from the roots and leaves, PA/PANO are particularly present in pollen and nectar. Therefore, the spread of Jacobaea vulgaris in certain regions of northern Germany has an impact on the safety of honey produced in that region. In this study, raw honey samples (n = 437) were collected from usually three individual beehives per site (n = 73) in the district of Ostholstein and analyzed for 25 PA/PANO. The results reveal mean levels of 8.4, 1.5, and 72.6 µg/kg and maximum levels of 111, 59.4, and 3313 µg/kg, depending on the season (summer 2015 and spring/summer 2016, respectively). As far as individual data are concerned, sites near areas with J. vulgaris growth did not necessarily result in high PA/PANO values. Furthermore, intra-site investigations revealed remarkable differences in PA/PANO levels of raw honey collected by different bee colonies at the same site. Consumption of these regionally produced honeys entails an increased exposure to PA/PANO, especially in children and high consumers. Margin of exposure values of <10,000 and an exceedance of the health-based guidance value highlight that regionally produced and marketed honey must be considered with care for a proper risk assessment and risk management.
Christoph Gottschalk; Florian Kaltner; Matthias Zimmermann; Rainer Korten; Oliver Morris; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis. Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups. Toxins 2020, 12, 441 .
AMA StyleChristoph Gottschalk, Florian Kaltner, Matthias Zimmermann, Rainer Korten, Oliver Morris, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis. Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups. Toxins. 2020; 12 (7):441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Gottschalk; Florian Kaltner; Matthias Zimmermann; Rainer Korten; Oliver Morris; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis. 2020. "Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups." Toxins 12, no. 7: 441.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N-oxides (PANO) are a group of toxic secondary plant metabolites occurring predominantly as contaminants in (herbal) teas, honeys and food supplements, as well as in spices and culinary herbs. Depending on the botanical origin of the contaminating plant, the pattern of PA/PANO can strongly vary within a sample. The current study aimed to broaden the existing data on the occurrence of PA/PANO in spices and culinary herbs. For this, 305 authentic samples covering 15 different matrices mainly harvested in 2016 or 2017 and originating from 36 countries were investigated for the presence of 44 PA/PANO. Fifty-eight percent of the samples contained at least one PA/PANO. The average sum content over all samples was 323 µg/kg (median of 0.9 µg/kg, 95% percentile of 665 µg/kg). The highest amount of 24.6 mg/kg was detected in an oregano sample. Additionally, conspicuous analyte patterns were discovered in samples from similar cultivation regions, indicating related botanical sources of PA/PANO contaminations. Particularly, oregano and cumin from Turkey often contained high amounts of PA/PANO. The results were used to assess the acute and chronic health risks related to PA/PANO intake via spices and culinary herbs, indicating a potential health risk in particular for adults and children with high consumption or when considering worst-case contamination scenarios of a sum content of 5500 µg/kg.
Florian Kaltner; Michael Rychlik; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins. Toxins 2020, 12, 155 .
AMA StyleFlorian Kaltner, Michael Rychlik, Manfred Gareis, Christoph Gottschalk. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Kaltner; Michael Rychlik; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. 2020. "Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins." Toxins 12, no. 3: 155.
The fungus Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs, damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either macrocyclic trichothecenes (21 SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14 ATR (Atranone) genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detect SAT and ATR genes in 19 S. chartarum chemotype S and eight S. chartarum chemotype A strains. Our analysis revealed the existence of three different genotypes: satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all SAT genes but lacked the ATR gene cluster (genotype S), non-satratoxin-producing strains that possessed the ATR genes but lacked SAT genes (genotype A), and a hitherto undescribed hybrid genotype among non-satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all ATR genes and an incomplete set of SAT genes (genotype H). In order to improve the discrimination of genotypes, a triplex PCR assay was developed and applied for the analysis of S. chartarum and S. chlorohalonata cultures. The results show that genes for macrocyclic trichothecenes and atranones are not mutually exclusive in S. chartarum. Correlation of the new genotype-based concept with mycotoxin production data shows also that macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively produced by S. chartarum genotype S strains.
Sebastian Ulrich; Ludwig Niessen; Julia Ekruth; Cornelius Schäfer; Florian Kaltner; Christoph Gottschalk. Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. Mycotoxin Research 2019, 36, 83 -91.
AMA StyleSebastian Ulrich, Ludwig Niessen, Julia Ekruth, Cornelius Schäfer, Florian Kaltner, Christoph Gottschalk. Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. Mycotoxin Research. 2019; 36 (1):83-91.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Ulrich; Ludwig Niessen; Julia Ekruth; Cornelius Schäfer; Florian Kaltner; Christoph Gottschalk. 2019. "Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes." Mycotoxin Research 36, no. 1: 83-91.
The increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms is one of the main global public health problems. The consumption of food contaminated with such bacteria (ARB), especially of raw products, might result in the direct acquisition of ARB and in a spread of resistant bacteria along the food chain. The aim of the study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of potentially extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing or AmpC resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the surface of 147 muskmelons from wholesale and retail. A phenotypic analysis was carried out by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test strips for ESBL detection and MIC susceptibility plates against 14 antimicrobials. Furthermore, ESBL genes, sul-genes and plasmid-mediated AmpC resistance were analyzed by real-time PCR. Additionally, a further insight in the AmpC resistance of isolates of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) was obtained by analyzing the sequence of the ampC regulatory region (n = 15). A total of 73 potentially resistant Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 56 muskmelons. Of these, 15 isolates of the ECC were suspicious for ESBL/AmpC resistance, and eleven thereof were positive for the AmpC family EBC. Phenotypic analysis showed diminished susceptibility against “critically” and “highly important” antimicrobials, according to the WHO classification. Furthermore, divergence in the ampC regulatory region was detected between the 15 isolates. These findings highlight the important role that raw produce might play in the transmission of antimicrobial resistances along the food chain.
Irene Esteban-Cuesta; Samart Dorn-In; Nathalie Drees; Christina Hölzel; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis; Karin Schwaiger. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from the surface of muskmelons. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2019, 301, 19 -26.
AMA StyleIrene Esteban-Cuesta, Samart Dorn-In, Nathalie Drees, Christina Hölzel, Christoph Gottschalk, Manfred Gareis, Karin Schwaiger. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from the surface of muskmelons. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2019; 301 ():19-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrene Esteban-Cuesta; Samart Dorn-In; Nathalie Drees; Christina Hölzel; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis; Karin Schwaiger. 2019. "Antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates from the surface of muskmelons." International Journal of Food Microbiology 301, no. : 19-26.
The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites, including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future research.
Annika Jagels; Viktoria Lindemann; Sebastian Ulrich; Christoph Gottschalk; Benedikt Cramer; Florian Hübner; Manfred Gareis; Hans-Ulrich Humpf. Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. Toxins 2019, 11, 133 .
AMA StyleAnnika Jagels, Viktoria Lindemann, Sebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk, Benedikt Cramer, Florian Hübner, Manfred Gareis, Hans-Ulrich Humpf. Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnika Jagels; Viktoria Lindemann; Sebastian Ulrich; Christoph Gottschalk; Benedikt Cramer; Florian Hübner; Manfred Gareis; Hans-Ulrich Humpf. 2019. "Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS." Toxins 11, no. 3: 133.
The Bacillus (B.) cereus group consists of nine recognized species which are present worldwide. B. cereus play an important role in food-borne diseases by producing different toxins. Yet, only a small percentage of B. cereus strains are able to produce the heat stable cereulide, the causative agent of emetic food poisoning. To minimize the entry of emetic B. cereus into the food chain, food business operators are dependent on efficient and reliable methods enabling the differentiation between emetic and non-emetic strains. Currently, only time-consuming cell bioassays, molecular methods and tandem mass spectrometry are available for this purpose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish a fast and reliable method for the differentiation between emetic/non-emetic strains by MALDI-TOF MS. Selected strains/isolates of the B. cereus group as well as other Bacillus spp. (total n=121) were cultured on sheep blood agar for 48h before analysis. Subsequently, the cultures were directly analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS without prior extraction steps. The samples were measured in the mass range of m/z 800 – 1,800 Da. Using ClinProTools 3.0 statistical software and Flex analysis software (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Bremen, Germany), a differentiation between emetic/non-emetic isolates was possible with a rate of correct identification of 99.1 % by means of the evaluation of two specific biomarkers (m/z 1171 and 1187 Da).
Sebastian Ulrich; Christoph Gottschalk; Richard Dietrich; Erwin Märtlbauer; Manfred Gareis. Identification of cereulide producing Bacillus cereus by MALDI-TOF MS. Food Microbiology 2019, 82, 75 -81.
AMA StyleSebastian Ulrich, Christoph Gottschalk, Richard Dietrich, Erwin Märtlbauer, Manfred Gareis. Identification of cereulide producing Bacillus cereus by MALDI-TOF MS. Food Microbiology. 2019; 82 ():75-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Ulrich; Christoph Gottschalk; Richard Dietrich; Erwin Märtlbauer; Manfred Gareis. 2019. "Identification of cereulide producing Bacillus cereus by MALDI-TOF MS." Food Microbiology 82, no. : 75-81.
The applicability of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) to analyse these toxins in donkey milk (Equus asinus) was studied. For AFM1 and OTA analysis, milk could be analysed by EIA without sample pretreatment. For ZEN, heat treatment at 78 °C for 30 min prior EIA analysis was required to avoid false positives. To include detection of phase II metabolites of ZEN, samples were additionally treated with glucuronidase/sulfatase for this EIA. Detection limits were 5 ng/kg (AFM1), 9 ng/kg (OTA) and 600 ng/kg (ZEN). All donkey milk samples were negative for all three toxins. Satisfactory quantitation was achieved for spiked samples. Analysis of some cereal-containing donkey feed components (pellets, oats) by EIA revealed absence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, < 3 μg/kg) and OTA (< 4 μg/kg), while ZEN was found in pellets (180 μg/kg) and in oats (7 μg/kg). This is the first one study on multitoxin determination in donkey milk by antibody-based test systems. In general, the results confirm that EIAs are convenient tools for mycotoxin detection in donkey milk. However, false-positive results may occur, possibly due to the high lysozyme content of donkey milk, which may exert inhibitory activity in some competitive EIA systems. Therefore, specific validation of each EIA for this specific matrix is required, and re-analysis after heat treatment of EIA-positive donkey milk is highly recommended.
Madeleine Gross; Christian Puck Ploetz; Christoph Gottschalk. Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk. Mycotoxin Research 2018, 35, 83 -87.
AMA StyleMadeleine Gross, Christian Puck Ploetz, Christoph Gottschalk. Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk. Mycotoxin Research. 2018; 35 (1):83-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadeleine Gross; Christian Puck Ploetz; Christoph Gottschalk. 2018. "Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk." Mycotoxin Research 35, no. 1: 83-87.
A comprehensive definition introducing the term “modified mycotoxins” to encompass all possible forms in which mycotoxins and their modifications can occur was recently proposed and has rapidly gained wide acceptance within the scientific community. It is becoming increasingly evident that exposure to such modified mycotoxins due to their presence in food and feed has the potential to pose a substantial additional risk to human and animal health. Zearalenone (ZEN) is a well-characterized Fusarium toxin. Considering the diversity of modified forms of ZEN occurring in food and feed, the toxicologically relevant endocrine activity of many of these metabolites, and the fact that modified forms add to a dietary exposure which approaches the tolerable daily intake by free ZEN alone, modified forms of ZEN present an ideal case study for critical evaluation of modified mycotoxins in food safety. Following a summary of recent scientific opinions of EFSA dealing with health risk assessment of ZEN alone or in combination with its modified forms, uncertainties and data gaps are highlighted. Issues essential for evaluation and prioritization of modified mycotoxins in health risk assessment are identified and discussed, including opportunities to improve exposure assessment using biomonitoring data. Further issues such as future consideration of combinatory effects of the parent toxin with its modified forms and also other compounds co-occurring in food and feed are addressed. With a particular focus on ZEN, the most pressing challenges associated with health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins are identified and recommendations for further research to fill data gaps and reduce uncertainties are made.
Nicole Lorenz; Sven Dänicke; Lutz Edler; Christoph Gottschalk; Eva Lassek; Doris Marko; Michael Rychlik; Angela Mally. A critical evaluation of health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins with a special focus on zearalenone. Mycotoxin Research 2018, 35, 27 -46.
AMA StyleNicole Lorenz, Sven Dänicke, Lutz Edler, Christoph Gottschalk, Eva Lassek, Doris Marko, Michael Rychlik, Angela Mally. A critical evaluation of health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins with a special focus on zearalenone. Mycotoxin Research. 2018; 35 (1):27-46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole Lorenz; Sven Dänicke; Lutz Edler; Christoph Gottschalk; Eva Lassek; Doris Marko; Michael Rychlik; Angela Mally. 2018. "A critical evaluation of health risk assessment of modified mycotoxins with a special focus on zearalenone." Mycotoxin Research 35, no. 1: 27-46.
The contamination of honey with hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is a well-known hazard for food safety. While management strategies and controls of the honey industry aim to reduce the PA levels, uncertainties remain with regard to the safety of regionally produced and marketed honey. In addition, a previous study showed large differences of results obtained after various periods of storage and apparent differences between the analytical results of different laboratories. Therefore, this study aimed at examining these uncertainties by monitoring the impact of storage on the PA and PA N-oxide (PANO) content of two freshly harvested honeys and on possible demixing effects caused by pollen settling. Additionally, three analytical approaches – target analysis with matrix-matched calibration or standard addition and a sum parameter method – were applied for a comparative analysis of 20 honeys harvested in summer 2016. All samples originated from Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany where the PA plant Jacobaea vulgaris is currently observed on a massive scale. The results of the time series analyses showed that PANO levels markedly decreased within a few weeks and practically reached the LOD 16 weeks after harvest. Tertiary PAs, by contrast, remained stable and did not increase as a consequence of PANO decrease. The experiments on a putative demixing, which may result in a heterogeneous distribution of PAs/PANOs, revealed that there was no such effect during storage of up to 12 weeks. A comparison of the PA/PANO levels obtained by different analytical approaches showed that in some cases the sum parameter method yielded much higher levels than the target approaches, whereas in other cases, the target analysis with standard addition found higher levels than the other two methods. In summary, the results of this study highlight uncertainties regarding the validity and comparability of analytical results and consequently regarding health risk assessment.
Christoph Gottschalk; Aiko Huckauf; Arne Dübecke; Florian Kaltner; Matthias Zimmermann; Ines Rahaus; Till Beuerle. Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2018, 35, 1366 -1383.
AMA StyleChristoph Gottschalk, Aiko Huckauf, Arne Dübecke, Florian Kaltner, Matthias Zimmermann, Ines Rahaus, Till Beuerle. Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2018; 35 (7):1366-1383.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Gottschalk; Aiko Huckauf; Arne Dübecke; Florian Kaltner; Matthias Zimmermann; Ines Rahaus; Till Beuerle. 2018. "Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 7: 1366-1383.
The present study revealed a regularly occurring internal contamination of melons. Possible health risks for consumers due to an occurrence of microorganisms in melon pulp should be considered in future food safety assessments.
Irene Esteban-Cuesta; Nathalie Drees; Sebastian Ulrich; Peter Stauch; Brigitte Sperner; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (Cucumis melo) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer? Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2018, 98, 5074 -5081.
AMA StyleIrene Esteban-Cuesta, Nathalie Drees, Sebastian Ulrich, Peter Stauch, Brigitte Sperner, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis, Christoph Gottschalk. Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (Cucumis melo) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer? Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2018; 98 (13):5074-5081.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrene Esteban-Cuesta; Nathalie Drees; Sebastian Ulrich; Peter Stauch; Brigitte Sperner; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. 2018. "Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (Cucumis melo) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer?" Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98, no. 13: 5074-5081.
1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA-N-oxides (PANO) are phytotoxins, which presumably occur in more than 6000 plant species worldwide. Plants containing PA/PANO are responsible for various food and feed poisonings recorded for decades. Main reasons of exposition of consumers and livestock are contaminations of food and animal feed with parts, seeds, pollen or nectar of PA containing plants. Concerning stability, effects of processing on PA were mainly investigated in the past. The current study examined the behavior of PA/PANO in unprocessed matrices peppermint tea, hay and honey during storage. Blank samples were fortified with PA/PANO or contaminated with blueweed (Echium vulgare) and ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and stored for 182 d. The time-series analysis using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed that all 25 analyzed PA/PANO compounds remained stable in herbal samples. However, the results showed a very fast decrease of PANO in honey samples within hours. These results were discussed with respect to potential consequences for health risk assessment.
Florian Kaltner; Michael Rychlik; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. Influence of Storage on the Stability of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their N-Oxides in Peppermint Tea, Hay, and Honey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2018, 66, 5221 -5228.
AMA StyleFlorian Kaltner, Michael Rychlik, Manfred Gareis, Christoph Gottschalk. Influence of Storage on the Stability of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their N-Oxides in Peppermint Tea, Hay, and Honey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2018; 66 (20):5221-5228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Kaltner; Michael Rychlik; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. 2018. "Influence of Storage on the Stability of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their N-Oxides in Peppermint Tea, Hay, and Honey." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, no. 20: 5221-5228.
1,2-Dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N-oxides (PANO) exhibit acute and chronic toxic effects on the liver and other organs and therefore are a hazard for animal and human health. In certain regions of Germany, an increasing spread of Senecio spp. (ragwort) on grassland and farmland areas has been observed during the last years leading to a PA/PANO-contamination of feed and food of animal and plant origin. This project was carried out to elucidate whether the process of grass pellet production applying hot air drying influences the content of PA and PANO. Samples of hay (n = 22) and grass pellets (n = 28) originated from naturally infested grassland (around 10% and 30% dominance of Senecio aquaticus) and from a trial plot with around 50% dominance. Grass pellets were prepared from grass originating from exactly the same plots as the hay samples. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for PA/PANO typically produced by this weed. The results of the study revealed that PA/PANO levels (predominantly sum of senecionine, seneciphylline, erucifoline and their N-oxides) in hay ranged between 2.1 and 12.6 mg kg−1 dry matter in samples with 10% and 30% dominance of S. aquaticus, respectively. Samples from the trial plot (50% dominance) had levels of up to 52.9 mg kg−1. Notably, the hot air drying process during the production of grass pellets did not lead to a reduction of PA/PANO levels. Instead, the levels in grass pellets with 10% and 30% S. aquaticus ranged from 3.1 to 55.1 mg kg−1. Grass pellets from the trial plot contained up to 96.8 mg kg−1. In conclusion, hot air drying and grass pellet production did not affect PA/PANO contents in plant material and therefore, heat-dried products cannot be regarded as safe in view of the toxic potential of 1,2-dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Christoph Gottschalk; Johannes Ostertag; Karsten Meyer; Klaus Gehring; Stefan Thyssen; Manfred Gareis. Influence of grass pellet production on pyrrolizidine alkaloids occurring in Senecio aquaticus-infested grassland. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2018, 35, 751 -760.
AMA StyleChristoph Gottschalk, Johannes Ostertag, Karsten Meyer, Klaus Gehring, Stefan Thyssen, Manfred Gareis. Influence of grass pellet production on pyrrolizidine alkaloids occurring in Senecio aquaticus-infested grassland. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2018; 35 (4):751-760.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Gottschalk; Johannes Ostertag; Karsten Meyer; Klaus Gehring; Stefan Thyssen; Manfred Gareis. 2018. "Influence of grass pellet production on pyrrolizidine alkaloids occurring in Senecio aquaticus-infested grassland." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 35, no. 4: 751-760.
Pyrrolizidinalkaloide stehen im Verdacht, Krebs zu erzeugen, und sind immer wieder in Tees oder Honig nachweisbar. Die problematische Analytik der Substanzen und ihr zum Teil ungeklärtes Verhalten in Lebens- und Futtermitteln machen eine Risikoeinschätzung schwierig.
Florian Kaltner; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe als Kontaminanten in der Lebensmittelkette. Nachrichten aus der Chemie 2018, 66, 109 -113.
AMA StyleFlorian Kaltner, Christoph Gottschalk, Manfred Gareis. Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe als Kontaminanten in der Lebensmittelkette. Nachrichten aus der Chemie. 2018; 66 (2):109-113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Kaltner; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. 2018. "Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe als Kontaminanten in der Lebensmittelkette." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 66, no. 2: 109-113.
A simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of moniliformin (MON) in maize and applied for the analysis of samples within the official food surveillance. The homogenized samples were extracted with acetonitrile/water 50/50 (v/v) which proved to have the highest extraction efficiency compared to other tested solvents. The centrifuged extracts were diluted with acetonitrile and were measured after chromatographic separation by HILIC (hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography)-HPLC without any cleanup (dilute and shoot approach). The LOD and LOQ achieved by this procedure were 2.6 and 8.8 μg/kg, respectively. Thirty-nine samples of popcorn, maize meal, and semolina were collected in 2014 and 2015 at mills, cinemas, wholesale, and retail from the Bavarian market (Germany). The rate of contamination with MON was very high (97%) with levels ranging between the LOD and 847 μg/kg. The mean level was 118 μg/kg and the median, 39 μg/kg. The maximum value was detected in maize meal. The results are discussed with respect to possible health implications for the consumer.
Jörg Barthel; Martin Rapp; Heinrich Holtmannspötter; Christoph Gottschalk. A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the determination of moniliformin and occurrence of this mycotoxin in maize products from the Bavarian market. Mycotoxin Research 2017, 34, 9 -13.
AMA StyleJörg Barthel, Martin Rapp, Heinrich Holtmannspötter, Christoph Gottschalk. A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the determination of moniliformin and occurrence of this mycotoxin in maize products from the Bavarian market. Mycotoxin Research. 2017; 34 (1):9-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJörg Barthel; Martin Rapp; Heinrich Holtmannspötter; Christoph Gottschalk. 2017. "A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the determination of moniliformin and occurrence of this mycotoxin in maize products from the Bavarian market." Mycotoxin Research 34, no. 1: 9-13.
Sebastian Ulrich; Ulrike Kühn; Barbara Biermaier; Nicolo Piacenza; Karin Schwaiger; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. Direct identification of edible insects by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Food Control 2017, 76, 96 -101.
AMA StyleSebastian Ulrich, Ulrike Kühn, Barbara Biermaier, Nicolo Piacenza, Karin Schwaiger, Christoph Gottschalk, Manfred Gareis. Direct identification of edible insects by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Food Control. 2017; 76 ():96-101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Ulrich; Ulrike Kühn; Barbara Biermaier; Nicolo Piacenza; Karin Schwaiger; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. 2017. "Direct identification of edible insects by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Food Control 76, no. : 96-101.
In northwest Poland, 163 blood and 53 fecal samples of wild boars were collected in winter 2012/13 and 2013/14. All blood samples were tested for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) by two reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based methods and by anti-HEV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). About 17.2% of blood samples were seropositive. One-step nested RT-PCR turned out to be too insensitive (11.6% were positive). Therefore a two-step nested RT-PCR was applied where 25.8% of the blood samples were tested positive for HEV RNA. About 50.0% of blood samples positive in ELISA were also positive in two-step nested RT-PCR. The prevalence of HEV RNA in feces was 9.4%. Based on the results of blood (ELISA, PCR) and fecal (PCR) tests, the overall prevalence of HEV in wild boars in northwest Poland was 36.8%. There was no correlation between the ELISA results and the presence of HEV RNA in plasma or in feces. According to the sequencing results of 348 bp PCR products of HEV, there were four different subtypes identified. Reports on the prevalence of HEV in wild boar populations are varying due to different sensitivities of the detection methods. However, this study reveals based on a highly sensitive method that HEV is widely spread in wild boar populations in the northwestern region of Poland and posing a potential risk to the consumer of game meat.
Samart Dorn-In; Karin Schwaiger; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar in Northwest Poland: Sensitivity of Methods of Detection. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2017, 14, 103 -108.
AMA StyleSamart Dorn-In, Karin Schwaiger, Magdalena Twarużek, Jan Grajewski, Christoph Gottschalk, Manfred Gareis. Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar in Northwest Poland: Sensitivity of Methods of Detection. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2017; 14 (2):103-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamart Dorn-In; Karin Schwaiger; Magdalena Twarużek; Jan Grajewski; Christoph Gottschalk; Manfred Gareis. 2017. "Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar in Northwest Poland: Sensitivity of Methods of Detection." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 14, no. 2: 103-108.
Sebastian Ulrich; Barbara Biermaier; Oliver Bader; Georg Wolf; Reinhard K. Straubinger; Andrea Didier; Brigitte Sperner; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. Erratum to: Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2016, 408, 7879 -7879.
AMA StyleSebastian Ulrich, Barbara Biermaier, Oliver Bader, Georg Wolf, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Andrea Didier, Brigitte Sperner, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis, Christoph Gottschalk. Erratum to: Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2016; 408 (27):7879-7879.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Ulrich; Barbara Biermaier; Oliver Bader; Georg Wolf; Reinhard K. Straubinger; Andrea Didier; Brigitte Sperner; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. 2016. "Erratum to: Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 27: 7879-7879.
Stachybotrys (S.) spp. are omnipresent cellulolytic molds. Some species are highly toxic owing to their ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites such as macrocyclic trichothecenes or hemolysins. The reliable identification of Stachybotrys at species level is currently limited to genome-based identification. This study aimed to establish a fast and reliable MALDI-TOF MS identification method by optimizing the pre-analytical steps for protein extraction for subsequent generation of high-quality fingerprint mass spectra. Eight reference strains of the American Type Culture Collection and the Technical University of Denmark were cultivated in triplicate (biological repetitions) for 2 days in malt extract broth. The mycelia (1.5 ml) were first washed with 75 % ethanol and an additional washing step with dimethyl sulfoxide (10 %) was added to remove unspecific low weight masses. Furthermore, mycelia were broken with roughened glass beads in formic acid (70 %) and acetonitrile. The method was successfully applied to a total of 45 isolates of Stachybotrys originating from three different habitats (indoor, feed, and food samples; n = 15 each): Twenty-seven isolates of S. chartarum and 18 isolates of S. chlorohalonata could be identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The data obtained exactly matched those obtained by genome-based identification. The mean score values for S. chartarum ranged from 2.509 to 2.739 and from 2.148 to 2.622 for S. chlorohalonata with a very good reproducibility: the relative standard deviations were between 0.3 % and 6.8 %. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a fast and reliable alternative to identification of Stachybotrys spp. by nucleotide amplification and sequencing.
Sebastian Ulrich; Barbara Biermaier; Oliver Bader; Georg Wolf; Reinhard Straubinger; Andrea Didier; Brigitte Sperner; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2016, 408, 7565 -7581.
AMA StyleSebastian Ulrich, Barbara Biermaier, Oliver Bader, Georg Wolf, Reinhard Straubinger, Andrea Didier, Brigitte Sperner, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis, Christoph Gottschalk. Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2016; 408 (27):7565-7581.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Ulrich; Barbara Biermaier; Oliver Bader; Georg Wolf; Reinhard Straubinger; Andrea Didier; Brigitte Sperner; Karin Schwaiger; Manfred Gareis; Christoph Gottschalk. 2016. "Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 27: 7565-7581.