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The type of sport practiced may shape the athletic career, considered as the period in which an athlete is dedicated to obtaining their maximum performance in one or more sports. The aim of this study was to compare athletic careers and retirement in individual and team sports. Four hundred and ten former elite athletes (38.5 ± 7.6 years) answered an ad hoc questionnaire; 61.5% were men and 38.5% women; 45.1% were from individual sports, while 54.9% were from team sports. It emerged that the age of maximum sports performance and the retirement age occurred significantly later in team sports than in individual sports (U = 15,042 and U = 12,624.5, respectively p < 0.001). Team sports athletes combined their athletic career with work to a greater extent than those from individual sports (χ2 (3, N = 408) = 14.2; p = 0.003; Cv = 0.187). Individual sports athletes trained more hours per week (30.0 ± 11.7 h) than those involved in team sports (19.2 ± 10.7 h; U = 9682; p < 0.001). These athletes (team sports) were in a better economic and working situation at retirement transition (χ2 (3, N = 406) = 23.9; p < 0.001; Cv = 0.242). Individual sports athletes perform physical activity more frequently than team sports athletes (U = 16,267.5; p = 0.045), while team sports athletes participate more actively in veteran competitions (χ2 (1, N = 390) = 3.9; p = 0.047; Cv = 0.104) and more frequently attend events as spectators (χ2 (1, N = 390) = 8.4; p = 0.004; Cv = 0.151). dual career support providers should be aware that team sports athletes enjoy a longer athletic career, and they are in a better position to face the retirement transition than individual sports athletes.
Cristina López De Subijana; Larisa Galatti; Rubén Moreno; Jose L. Chamorro. Analysis of the Athletic Career and Retirement Depending on the Type of Sport: A Comparison between Individual and Team Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9265 .
AMA StyleCristina López De Subijana, Larisa Galatti, Rubén Moreno, Jose L. Chamorro. Analysis of the Athletic Career and Retirement Depending on the Type of Sport: A Comparison between Individual and Team Sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (24):9265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina López De Subijana; Larisa Galatti; Rubén Moreno; Jose L. Chamorro. 2020. "Analysis of the Athletic Career and Retirement Depending on the Type of Sport: A Comparison between Individual and Team Sports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9265.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the motivational antecedents of passion for sport by testing a model where players' satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs was expected to predict their harmonious and obsessive passions through the mediation of autonomous and controlled motivations. Four-hundred eighty-seven elite U18 male football players (Mage = 17.43, SD = 0.71) completed measures of psychological need satisfaction, behavioural regulations and passion for sport. Measurement models were defined using exploratory structural equation models. The results support the model where autonomous and controlled regulations partially mediate the relationship between psychological needs and passion. In this model, the need for relatedness positively and directly predicts harmonious passion and indirectly predicts obsessive passion, which supports its key role in discriminating between the two types of passion. Moreover, autonomy and competence satisfaction present direct and indirect effects on both types of passions. Finally, autonomous regulations positively predict obsessive and harmonious passion, although the strength of the relationship was stronger for the latter. In sum, our results highlight that (a) satisfaction of each need is crucial to promote harmonious passion and (b) both autonomous and controlled regulations contribute to the understanding of how passion is developed in football.
José L. Chamorro; Saul Alcaraz; David Sánchez-Oliva; Tomás García-Calvo; Miquel Torregrossa. Fuelling the passion: Psychological needs and behavioural regulations as antecedents of passion for football. Journal of Sports Sciences 2020, 39, 653 -662.
AMA StyleJosé L. Chamorro, Saul Alcaraz, David Sánchez-Oliva, Tomás García-Calvo, Miquel Torregrossa. Fuelling the passion: Psychological needs and behavioural regulations as antecedents of passion for football. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2020; 39 (6):653-662.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé L. Chamorro; Saul Alcaraz; David Sánchez-Oliva; Tomás García-Calvo; Miquel Torregrossa. 2020. "Fuelling the passion: Psychological needs and behavioural regulations as antecedents of passion for football." Journal of Sports Sciences 39, no. 6: 653-662.
The aims of the study were: (i) to describe the work integration after retirement in elite athletes, (ii) to compare the working integration of women and men, and Olympic and non-Olympic athletes, and (iii) to specify the factors that affect their employment status and current monthly income. A total of 476 former elite athletes were surveyed. Non-parametric statistics were applied to compare the differences between groups and a classification tree analysis was performed for the dependent variables. The former elite athlete’s unemployment rate was better than the general population. At the gender comparison, a wage gap appeared between women and men. At the comparison between Olympic and non-Olympic athletes, the link to first employment differed in both groups. In the prediction models, finishing higher education arose as a key factor of the working status and the monthly salary. Among those without higher education studies, planning arose as a factor determining their salary, while among those with high qualifications, gender was the key factor. This study supports the importance of a holistic view of athletic career development and it offers practical insights into the process of reaching first employment after retirement.
Cristina López De Subijana; Javier Ramos; Carlos Garcia; Jose Chamorro. The Employability Process of Spanish Retired Elite Athletes: Gender and Sport Success Comparison. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5460 .
AMA StyleCristina López De Subijana, Javier Ramos, Carlos Garcia, Jose Chamorro. The Employability Process of Spanish Retired Elite Athletes: Gender and Sport Success Comparison. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5460.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina López De Subijana; Javier Ramos; Carlos Garcia; Jose Chamorro. 2020. "The Employability Process of Spanish Retired Elite Athletes: Gender and Sport Success Comparison." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5460.
Using self-determination theory as a framework, we aimed to study the relationships between perceived need support and need satisfaction with self-determined motivation and extracurricular physical activity intentions in the physical education (PE) classroom, including sex and out-of-school sport participation as moderators. Additionally, we aimed to test whether a need-supportive classroom environment in PE moderates these associations. Participants were 1259 students (556 males) aged between 12 to 16 years (Mage = 13.46 years; SD = 0.74) from 77 PE classes. At the student level we found (a) need satisfaction to predict positively autonomous motivation and negatively amotivation, and (b) autonomous motivation to predict positively and amotivation to predict negatively intentions to undertake extracurricular physical activities. At the classroom level, in need-supportive classes males benefit more than females in terms of increased autonomous motivation while females benefit more than males in terms of decreased amotivation. Finally, class-level perceived need support moderated (i.e., attenuated) the negative association between need satisfaction and amotivation and between amotivation and intentions. These results suggest a buffering role that a need-supportive classroom environment may have on students’ motivation and behavior.
David Sánchez-Oliva; Athanasios Mouratidis; Francisco M. Leo; José L. Chamorro; Juan J. Pulido-González; Tomás García-Calvo. Understanding Physical Activity Intentions in Physical Education Context: A Multi-Level Analysis from the Self-Determination Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 799 .
AMA StyleDavid Sánchez-Oliva, Athanasios Mouratidis, Francisco M. Leo, José L. Chamorro, Juan J. Pulido-González, Tomás García-Calvo. Understanding Physical Activity Intentions in Physical Education Context: A Multi-Level Analysis from the Self-Determination Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Sánchez-Oliva; Athanasios Mouratidis; Francisco M. Leo; José L. Chamorro; Juan J. Pulido-González; Tomás García-Calvo. 2020. "Understanding Physical Activity Intentions in Physical Education Context: A Multi-Level Analysis from the Self-Determination Theory." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 799.
Within the context of the transition from junior-to-senior sport, this study aims in first place to explore differences in young Spanish elite soccer players based on the importance given to getting different achievements in their future (including sport, studies and private life) and, in second place, to explore differences among those players in levels of passion, motivation and basic psychological need. 478 elite youth soccer filled out a questionnaire based on the presented theoretical models. A cluster analysis shows a sport oriented group (N = 98) only interested in becoming a professional, a life spheres balance group (N = 288) characterized by balancing the importance of achievements in the sport sphere, as well as in education and a private life and a group (N = 91) only interested in private life achievements. The life spheres balance group shows higher levels of harmonious passion (η2 = .06, F(2, 475) = 9.990, p < .001) than the players of the other groups. The life spheres balance group shows higher levels of autonomous motivation (η2 = .10, F(2, 475) = 13.597, p < .001), autonomy (η2 = .07, F(2, 475) = 6.592, p < .01) and relatedness satisfaction (η2 = .07, F(2, 475) = 5.603, p < .01) than the sport oriented group as well as lower levels of amotivation (η2 = .04, F(2, 475) = 6.665, p < .01) than the private life oriented group. This study suggests players who perceive equal future importance in their life spheres appear to be more resourceful than the other two groups regarding athletes’ internal resources, such as passion and motivation, to cope with the transition to professional soccer.
José L. Chamorro; Miquel Torregrossa; David Sánchez Oliva; Tomás García Calvo; Benito León Del Barco. Future Achievements, Passion and Motivation in the Transition from Junior-to-Senior Sport in Spanish Young Elite Soccer Players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 2016, 19 .
AMA StyleJosé L. Chamorro, Miquel Torregrossa, David Sánchez Oliva, Tomás García Calvo, Benito León Del Barco. Future Achievements, Passion and Motivation in the Transition from Junior-to-Senior Sport in Spanish Young Elite Soccer Players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2016; 19 ():.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé L. Chamorro; Miquel Torregrossa; David Sánchez Oliva; Tomás García Calvo; Benito León Del Barco. 2016. "Future Achievements, Passion and Motivation in the Transition from Junior-to-Senior Sport in Spanish Young Elite Soccer Players." The Spanish Journal of Psychology 19, no. : .
La transición a la élite del deporte es descrita generalmente por los deportistas como la más difícil y muchos de ellos confiesan que fracasaron en ella. La motivación y las expectativas de llegar a profesional juegan un papel importante en este proceso. Este estudio tiene como objetivos explorar las relaciones entre las expectativas de llegar a profesional y los diferentes tipos de motivación de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación y, si dichas expectativas influyen en los tipos de motivación. La muestra la componen 478 futbolistas sub-18 de clubes de División de Honor españoles. Todos ellos contestaron una pregunta sobre la división que ellos creían que llegarían como futbolistas y rellenaron la adaptación española del Cuestionario de Regulación Conductual en el Deporte. El análisis de correlaciones muestra relación positiva entre las expectativas y la motivación intrínseca y regulación integrada y, negativa, entre las expectativas y la amotivación. El análisis de regresión muestra que las expectativas influyen de forma positiva en la motivación intrínseca y regulación integrada y negativamente con la amotivación. Este estudio muestra que las expectativas no sólo influyen en la percepción que tienen los jugadores sobre su futuro en el fútbol, sino que también influyen en la calidad de su motivación. Abstrac. The transition to elite sport is generally described by athletes as the most difficult and many of them admit that it failed. Motivation and expectations to become professional have an important role in this process. This study aims to explore the relationship between expectations of reaching professional status and different types of motivation stemming from Self-Determination Theory and to examine whether these expectations influence the types of motivation. The sample consisted of 478 Spanish football players competing at the highest level in the Under-18 Category. All of them answered a question about the level that they believed they would attain as footballers. They filled the Spanish adaptation of the Behavioral Regulation Questionnaire in Sport. The correlation analysis shows a positive relationship between expectations and integrated regulation and intrinsic motivation and a negative relationship between expectations and amotivation. Regression analysis shows that expectations influence positively intrinsic motivation and integrated regulations and negatively amotivation. This study shows that expectations not only influence the perception of the players on his future in football, but also influence the quality of their motivation.
José L. Chamorro; David Sanchez Oliva; Juan José Pulido González; Diana Amado Alonso. ¿Jugaré en la élite? Expectativas de llegar a profesional y su relación con la motivación en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol (Will I play in the elite? Expectations to become professional and their relationship with motivation in young football players). Retos 2015, 153 -156.
AMA StyleJosé L. Chamorro, David Sanchez Oliva, Juan José Pulido González, Diana Amado Alonso. ¿Jugaré en la élite? Expectativas de llegar a profesional y su relación con la motivación en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol (Will I play in the elite? Expectations to become professional and their relationship with motivation in young football players). Retos. 2015; (29):153-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé L. Chamorro; David Sanchez Oliva; Juan José Pulido González; Diana Amado Alonso. 2015. "¿Jugaré en la élite? Expectativas de llegar a profesional y su relación con la motivación en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol (Will I play in the elite? Expectations to become professional and their relationship with motivation in young football players)." Retos , no. 29: 153-156.
El presente estudio tenía como objetivo valorar la percepción de los alumnos sobre el desarrollo de valores en las clases de educación física, comprobando si el género, la importancia concedida a la educación física y el nivel de práctica deportiva extraescolar provocaban diferencias significativas en cuanto a estas variables. Para ello, participaron en el estudio 218 alumnos de género masculino y femenino, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 19 años. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de frecuencias de las todas las variables, así como análisis de varianza para comprobar las diferencias encontradas en función de las variables independientes. Tras el análisis de los resultados, destacó la importancia concedida a la educación física como variable diferenciadora en la percepción del desarrollo de valores, mientras que el género provocó diferencias significativas en la tolerancia y el respeto a los demás. Sin embargo, el nivel de práctica deportiva extraescolar no provocó diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables. Por último, se discuten los resultados, destacando la importancia que los alumnos conceden a las clases de educación física como variable determinante sobre la percepción sobre el desarrollo de valores.Palabra clave: valores, educación física, actividad física, deporte escolar. The aim of the current study was to assess pupils‘ perception on the development of values in Physical Education classes, testing whether sex, importance given to Physical Education and extracurricular sport practice level promote significant differences regarding those variables. Hence, 218 male and female pupils participated in the study, ranging in age from 11 to 19 years old. We made descriptive and frequency analysis of all variables, as well as analysis of variance to measure the differences with regard to independent variables. After results analysis, we emphasized the importance given to Physical Education as differentiating variable in the perception of the development of values, whereas sex promotes significant differences in tolerance and respect to others. Nevertheless, extracurricular sport practice level did not show significant differences in any variable. Lastly, results are discussed, emphasizing the importance of pupils to Physical Education as determinant variable about perception on the development of values.Key words: Values, physical education, physical activity, scholar sport.
David Sánchez Oliva; Francisco Miguel Leo Marcos; Diana Amado Alonso; Inmaculada González Ponce; José L. Chamorro. Análisis diferencial de la percepción del desarrollo de valores en las clases de educación física (Differential Analysis of perception of the development of values in Physical Education classes). Retos 2015, 9 -12.
AMA StyleDavid Sánchez Oliva, Francisco Miguel Leo Marcos, Diana Amado Alonso, Inmaculada González Ponce, José L. Chamorro. Análisis diferencial de la percepción del desarrollo de valores en las clases de educación física (Differential Analysis of perception of the development of values in Physical Education classes). Retos. 2015; (22):9-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Sánchez Oliva; Francisco Miguel Leo Marcos; Diana Amado Alonso; Inmaculada González Ponce; José L. Chamorro. 2015. "Análisis diferencial de la percepción del desarrollo de valores en las clases de educación física (Differential Analysis of perception of the development of values in Physical Education classes)." Retos , no. 22: 9-12.
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre la percepción de conflicto o utilidad del deporte respecto a otros papeles sociales y el nivel de autodeterminación en jóvenes deportistas, indagando sobre las diferencias que existen entre estas variables en función del género. Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 1897 jugadores de diferentes disciplinas deportivas, 1378 de género masculino y 519 de género femenino. Los participantes rellenaron un cuestionario para medir el nivel de autodeterminación y otro para valorar el conflicto entre roles sociales. Los resultados mostraron que la utilidad del deporte se relacionaba positiva y significativamente con la motivación autoderminada mientras que el conflicto entre roles se relacionaba de esta misma forma con la desmotivación. Asimismo, los chicos mostraron puntuaciones elevadas en todos los tipos de motivación que abarca la teoría de la autodeterminación, siendo los que mayor incompatibilidad percibían entre el deporte y otros papeles sociales propios de su etapa de crecimiento. Como conclusión se destaca la necesidad de crear motivos de práctica intrínsecos en ambos géneros para favorecer el compromiso con la actividad deportiva y evitar el abandono que se puede producir por las exigencias de otros contextos que rodean al joven deportista. Palabra clave: conflicto entre roles, autodeterminación, práctica deportiva, edad escolar, género. TThe main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perception of conflict or utility of the sport regarding other social roles and self-determination level in young athletes, focusing on differences among these variables with respect to sex. Hence, we used a sample size of 1897 players from different sport modalities, 1378 male and 519 female. Participants filled a questionnaire to assess self-determination level and other to measure conflict between social roles. Results showed that utility of sport was positive and significantly associated with self-determined motivation, whereas conflict between roles was related with amotivation. Moreover, male athletes showed higher scores in all types of motivation that refer Self-Determination Theory, being the group that perceived the greater incompatibility between sport and other social roles according to their growth age. As a conclusion, we emphasize the necessity to promote intrinsic motives of practice in both sex to increase commitment with the sport activity, and avoid sport dropout that might be happened because of the demands of other contexts that surround young athletes.Key words: Conflict between roles, self-determination, sport practice, scholar age, genre.
Diana Amado Alonso; Francisco Miguel Leo Marcos; David Sánchez Oliva; Inmaculada González Ponce; José L. Chamorro. ¿Es compatible el deporte en edad escolar con otros roles sociales? Un estudio a través de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (It is compatible the sport in scholar age with other social roles? A study through Self-Determination Theory). Retos 2015, 50 -52.
AMA StyleDiana Amado Alonso, Francisco Miguel Leo Marcos, David Sánchez Oliva, Inmaculada González Ponce, José L. Chamorro. ¿Es compatible el deporte en edad escolar con otros roles sociales? Un estudio a través de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (It is compatible the sport in scholar age with other social roles? A study through Self-Determination Theory). Retos. 2015; (21):50-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiana Amado Alonso; Francisco Miguel Leo Marcos; David Sánchez Oliva; Inmaculada González Ponce; José L. Chamorro. 2015. "¿Es compatible el deporte en edad escolar con otros roles sociales? Un estudio a través de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (It is compatible the sport in scholar age with other social roles? A study through Self-Determination Theory)." Retos , no. 21: 50-52.
David Sánchez-Oliva; Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel; Juan José Pulido González; José L. Chamorro; Ricardo Cuevas Campos. Motivación y burnout en profesores de educación física: incidencia de la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2014, 14, 75 -82.
AMA StyleDavid Sánchez-Oliva, Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel, Juan José Pulido González, José L. Chamorro, Ricardo Cuevas Campos. Motivación y burnout en profesores de educación física: incidencia de la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2014; 14 (3):75-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Sánchez-Oliva; Pedro Antonio Sánchez-Miguel; Juan José Pulido González; José L. Chamorro; Ricardo Cuevas Campos. 2014. "Motivación y burnout en profesores de educación física: incidencia de la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 14, no. 3: 75-82.
David Sánchez-Oliva; Francisco M. Leo; Inmaculada González-Ponce; José L. Chamorro; Tomas García-Calvo. Analizando la implicación deportiva en jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto: Un análisis desde la Teoría de la Autodeterminación. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2012, 12, 57 -62.
AMA StyleDavid Sánchez-Oliva, Francisco M. Leo, Inmaculada González-Ponce, José L. Chamorro, Tomas García-Calvo. Analizando la implicación deportiva en jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto: Un análisis desde la Teoría de la Autodeterminación. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2012; 12 ():57-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Sánchez-Oliva; Francisco M. Leo; Inmaculada González-Ponce; José L. Chamorro; Tomas García-Calvo. 2012. "Analizando la implicación deportiva en jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto: Un análisis desde la Teoría de la Autodeterminación." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 12, no. : 57-62.
Inmaculada González-Ponce; Pedro A. Sánchez-Miguel; Diana Amado; José L. Chamorro; Juan José Pulido. Análisis de los antecedentes motivacionales en árbitros de baloncesto y su incidencia en el agotamiento emocional. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2012, 12, 27 -30.
AMA StyleInmaculada González-Ponce, Pedro A. Sánchez-Miguel, Diana Amado, José L. Chamorro, Juan José Pulido. Análisis de los antecedentes motivacionales en árbitros de baloncesto y su incidencia en el agotamiento emocional. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2012; 12 ():27-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInmaculada González-Ponce; Pedro A. Sánchez-Miguel; Diana Amado; José L. Chamorro; Juan José Pulido. 2012. "Análisis de los antecedentes motivacionales en árbitros de baloncesto y su incidencia en el agotamiento emocional." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 12, no. : 27-30.