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Wolfgang Niemeier
Institut of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Bienroder Weg 81, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 08 August 2020 in Mathematics
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In this paper stochastic properties are discussed for the final results of the application of an innovative approach for uncertainty assessment for network computations, which can be characterized as two-step approach: As the first step, raw measuring data and all possible influencing factors were analyzed, applying uncertainty modeling in accordance with GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement). As the second step, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were set up for the complete processing chain, i.e., for simulating all input data and performing adjustment computations. The input datasets were generated by pseudo random numbers and pre-set probability distribution functions were considered for all these variables. The main extensions here are related to an analysis of the stochastic properties of the final results, which are point clouds for station coordinates. According to Cramer’s central limit theorem and Hagen’s elementary error theory, there are some justifications for why these coordinate variations follow a normal distribution. The applied statistical tests on the normal distribution confirmed this assumption. This result allows us to derive confidence ellipsoids out of these point clouds and to continue with our quality assessment and more detailed analysis of the results, similar to the procedures well-known in classical network theory. This approach and the check on normal distribution is applied to the local tie network of Metsähovi, Finland, where terrestrial geodetic observations are combined with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data.

ACS Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Dieter Tengen. Stochastic Properties of Confidence Ellipsoids after Least Squares Adjustment, Derived from GUM Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulations. Mathematics 2020, 8, 1318 .

AMA Style

Wolfgang Niemeier, Dieter Tengen. Stochastic Properties of Confidence Ellipsoids after Least Squares Adjustment, Derived from GUM Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulations. Mathematics. 2020; 8 (8):1318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Dieter Tengen. 2020. "Stochastic Properties of Confidence Ellipsoids after Least Squares Adjustment, Derived from GUM Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulations." Mathematics 8, no. 8: 1318.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2020 in Geosciences
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Landslides are one of the natural hazards that occur annually in Indonesia. A continuous geodetic observation in the landslide prone area is essential to support the precautionary measures. Because of its hilly topography, torrential rainfall and landslide history, the Ciloto district in Indonesia has been affected by ground deformation for an extended period of time. The purpose of our study is to detect significant movement and quantify the kinematics of its motion using the Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series analysis and multi-band SAR images. We utilized the small baseline SDFP technique for processing multi-temporal SAR data, comprising ERS1/2 (1998–1999), ALOS PALSAR (2007–2009), and Sentinel-1 (2014–2018). Based on the detected deformation signal in the Ciloto area, the displacement rates are categorized as very slow movements. Two active main landslide zones; the Puncak Pass and the Puncak Highway area, which show the trend of slow movement progressively increasing or descreasing, were detected. The integration of the velocity rate between InSAR results and ground observations (e.g., terrestrial and GPS) was conducted at the Puncak Highway area from the temporal perspective. Using the polynomial model, we estimated that the area had cumulatively displaced up to −42 cm for 25 years and the type of movements varied from single compound to multiple rotational and compound.

ACS Style

Noorlaila Hayati; Wolfgang Niemeier; Vera Sadarviana. Ground Deformation in The Ciloto Landslides Area Revealed by Multi-Temporal InSAR. Geosciences 2020, 10, 156 .

AMA Style

Noorlaila Hayati, Wolfgang Niemeier, Vera Sadarviana. Ground Deformation in The Ciloto Landslides Area Revealed by Multi-Temporal InSAR. Geosciences. 2020; 10 (5):156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noorlaila Hayati; Wolfgang Niemeier; Vera Sadarviana. 2020. "Ground Deformation in The Ciloto Landslides Area Revealed by Multi-Temporal InSAR." Geosciences 10, no. 5: 156.

Preprint content
Published: 06 January 2019
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Slow downward movements of slope due to long term influence of gravity and physical environment are becoming a slope creep and intentionally towards the high risk ground movement area. We identify the creeping slopes in Ciloto, the prone landslide area in Indonesia using the advanced InSAR technique. Slowly Decorrelated Phase Filter is chosen as the processing multi-temporal method because the number of scatter candidates are greater than single master persistent scatter (PS) technique considering to rural and agriculture tested areas. A partial tropospheric propagation delay has been reduced as well in term of the phase-based power law correction on each interferogram. The InSAR displacement results are describing a very slow motion which might be no surface geomorphic evidence at the site but result in tilt of poles, slump and crack of structures and roads, or abnormal curvature of trees. We use two independent InSAR observations and aspect information determined by digital elevation model (DEM) assuming that the motion's direction is going to the downward slope. The least square inversion model takes into account for each selected merging ascending and descending scatters to derive 3D vectors; vertical, east-west and north-south components. The firstly two of them are defined based on SAR geometry line of sight looking both from ascending and descending. Since the north-south vector is the most insensitive of slant-range deformation, we assume the horizontal motion owning a projected relationship to slope direction. The result is then simulated to the vertical surface model and horizontal vector displacement on two active zones, Puncak Pass and Puncak Highway Landslides. Considering to two successive Puncak Pass Landslides occurred in February and March 2018, we construct the pre-event history from 2014 to 2017 and locate the zone of depletion and accumulation with the slope creep displacement of 1-2 cm/year. The vertical moves faster than the horizontal at the head scarp while it shows otherwise on the foot body.

ACS Style

Noorlaila Isya; Wolfgang Niemeier. Combining Sentinel-1 Ascending and Descending Data to Aspect Information in Term of the 3D Slope Creep Behavior. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Noorlaila Isya, Wolfgang Niemeier. Combining Sentinel-1 Ascending and Descending Data to Aspect Information in Term of the 3D Slope Creep Behavior. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noorlaila Isya; Wolfgang Niemeier. 2019. "Combining Sentinel-1 Ascending and Descending Data to Aspect Information in Term of the 3D Slope Creep Behavior." , no. : 1.

Chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Handbuch der Geodäsie
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In diesem Beitrag wird dargestellt, dass ein umfassendes geometrisches Monitoring von Hängen, Böschungen und Felsgraten mit den heutigen Sensoren und Verfahren der Ingenieurgeodäsie realisiert werden kann. Sowohl für das großräumige Erkennen von bewegungsaktiven Zonen und das langfristige Monitoring risikobehafteter Bereiche als auch für das kontinuierliche Verfolgen von abbruchgefährdeten Sektoren sind leistungsfähige Konzepte und Methoden vorhanden. Es wird auch aufgezeigt, dass für eine ganzheitliche Bearbeitung von Hangrutschungen ein Zusammenwirken mehrerer Fachdisziplinen absolut notwendig ist; für die anzustrebende integrierte Modellbildung und Prognose leistet die Ingenieurgeodäsie einen grundlegenden, belastbaren Beitrag. Viele weitergehende Aspekte konnten nicht behandelt werden, so die Definition von Risikoflächen im Einwirkungsbereich von Rutschungen; wichtig ist hier insbesondere der politische und gesellschaftliche Umgang mit solchen Risikobereichen. Auch die Verfahren zur Frühwarnung der Bevölkerung bei sich abzeichnenden Katastrophen, die sich durch moderne IT-Lösungen grundlegend ändern (können), werden nicht angesprochen.

ACS Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Björn Riedel. Monitoring von Hangrutschungen. Handbuch der Geodäsie 2017, 539 -564.

AMA Style

Wolfgang Niemeier, Björn Riedel. Monitoring von Hangrutschungen. Handbuch der Geodäsie. 2017; ():539-564.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Björn Riedel. 2017. "Monitoring von Hangrutschungen." Handbuch der Geodäsie , no. : 539-564.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Applied Geodesy
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In this article first ideas are presented to extend the classical concept of geodetic network adjustment by introducing a new method for uncertainty assessment as two-step analysis.In the first step the raw data and possible influencing factors are analyzed using uncertainty modeling according to GUM (Guidelines to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements). This approach is well established in metrology, but rarely adapted within Geodesy.The second step consists of Monte-Carlo-Simulations (MC-simulations) for the complete processing chain from raw input data and pre-processing to adjustment computations and quality assessment. To perform these simulations, possible realizations of raw data and the influencing factors are generated, using probability distributions for all variables and the established concept of pseudo-random number generators. Final result is a point cloud which represents the uncertainty of the estimated coordinates; a confidence region can be assigned to these point clouds, as well.This concept may replace the common concept of variance propagation and the quality assessment of adjustment parameters by using their covariance matrix. It allows a new way for uncertainty assessment in accordance with the GUM concept for uncertainty modelling and propagation.As practical example the local tie network in “Metsähovi Fundamental Station”, Finland is used, where classical geodetic observations are combined with GNSS data.

ACS Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Dieter Tengen. Uncertainty assessment in geodetic network adjustment by combining GUM and Monte-Carlo-simulations. Journal of Applied Geodesy 2017, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Wolfgang Niemeier, Dieter Tengen. Uncertainty assessment in geodetic network adjustment by combining GUM and Monte-Carlo-simulations. Journal of Applied Geodesy. 2017; 11 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Dieter Tengen. 2017. "Uncertainty assessment in geodetic network adjustment by combining GUM and Monte-Carlo-simulations." Journal of Applied Geodesy 11, no. 2: 1.

Chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Handbuch der Geodäsie
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Die Ingenieurgeodäsie wird anhand ihrer Aufgaben, Methoden und Charakteristika als anwendungsorientierte Wissenschaft vorgestellt, deren Forschungsfragen sich häufig aus beobachteten Phänomenen oder ungelösten Fragestellungen der Praxis ergeben. Als wesentliches Merkmal zeigt sich die kompetente Bearbeitung geometriebezogener Fragestellungen mit durchgreifender Qualitätsbeurteilung von der Planung über die Messung bis zur Auswertung und Interpretation unter Berücksichtigung des Wirtschaftlichkeitsprinzips. Die aktuellen methodischen Entwicklungen sind vor allem vom Übergang auf raumkontinuierliche Verfahren gekennzeichnet sowie von der zunehmenden Integration der Messung und Analyse in anspruchsvolle Bau-, Fertigungs- und Überwachungsprozesse.

ACS Style

Andreas Wieser; Heiner Kuhlmann; Volker Schwieger; Wolfgang Niemeier. Ingenieurgeodäsie – eine Einführung. Handbuch der Geodäsie 2017, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Andreas Wieser, Heiner Kuhlmann, Volker Schwieger, Wolfgang Niemeier. Ingenieurgeodäsie – eine Einführung. Handbuch der Geodäsie. 2017; ():1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Wieser; Heiner Kuhlmann; Volker Schwieger; Wolfgang Niemeier. 2017. "Ingenieurgeodäsie – eine Einführung." Handbuch der Geodäsie , no. : 1-22.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2016 in Handbuch der Geodäsie
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In diesem Beitrag wird dargestellt, dass ein umfassendes geometrisches Monitoring von Hängen, Böschungen und Felsgraten mit den heutigen Sensoren und Verfahren der Ingenieurgeodäsie realisiert werden kann. Sowohl für das großräumige Erkennen von bewegungsaktiven Zonen, das langfristige Monitoring risikobehafteter Bereiche und das kontinuierliche Verfolgen von abbruchgefährdeten Sektoren sind leistungsfähige Konzepte und Methoden vorhanden. Es wird auch aufgezeigt, dass für eine ganzheitliche Bearbeitung von Hangrutschungen ein Zusammenwirken mehrerer Fachdisziplinen absolut notwendig ist; für die anzustrebende integrierte Modellbildung und Prognose leistet die Ingenieurgeodäsie einen grundlegenden, belastbaren Beitrag. Viele weitergehende Aspekte konnten nicht behandelt werden, so die Definition von Risikoflächen im Einwirkungsbereich von Rutschungen; wichtig ist hier insbesondere der politische und gesellschaftliche Umgang mit solchen Risikobereichen. Auch die Verfahren zur Frühwarnung der Bevölkerung bei sich abzeichnenden Katastrophen, die sich durch moderne IT-Lösungen grundlegend ändern (können), sind nicht angesprochen worden.

ACS Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Björn Riedel. Monitoring von Hangrutschungen. Handbuch der Geodäsie 2016, 1 -25.

AMA Style

Wolfgang Niemeier, Björn Riedel. Monitoring von Hangrutschungen. Handbuch der Geodäsie. 2016; ():1-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Björn Riedel. 2016. "Monitoring von Hangrutschungen." Handbuch der Geodäsie , no. : 1-25.

Journal article
Published: 28 May 2015 in Remote Sensing
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In this study deformation processes in northern Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico (ZMVM) are evaluated by means of advanced multi-temporal interferometry. ERS and ENVISAT time series, covering approximately an 11-year period (between 1999 and 2010), were produced showing mainly linear subsidence behaviour for almost the entire area under study, but increasing rates that reach up to 285 mm/yr. Important non-linear deformation was identified in certain areas, presumably suggesting interaction between subsidence and other processes. Thus, a methodology for identification of probable fracturing zones based on discrimination and modelling of the non-linear (quadratic function) component is presented. This component was mapped and temporal subsidence evolution profiles were constructed across areas where notable acceleration (maximum of 8 mm/yr2) or deceleration (maximum of −9 mm/yr2) is found. This methodology enables location of potential soil fractures that could impact relevant infrastructure such as the Tunel Emisor Oriente (TEO) (along the structure rates exceed 200 mm/yr). Additionally, subsidence behaviour during wet and dry seasons is tackled in partially urbanized areas. This paper provides useful information for geological risk assessment in the area.

ACS Style

Gabriela Llanet Siles; Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta; Penélope López-Quiroz; Wolfgang Niemeier. Long Term Subsidence Analysis and Soil Fracturing Zonation Based on InSAR Time Series Modelling in Northern Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico. Remote Sensing 2015, 7, 6908 -6931.

AMA Style

Gabriela Llanet Siles, Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta, Penélope López-Quiroz, Wolfgang Niemeier. Long Term Subsidence Analysis and Soil Fracturing Zonation Based on InSAR Time Series Modelling in Northern Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7 (6):6908-6931.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gabriela Llanet Siles; Juan Carlos Alcérreca-Huerta; Penélope López-Quiroz; Wolfgang Niemeier. 2015. "Long Term Subsidence Analysis and Soil Fracturing Zonation Based on InSAR Time Series Modelling in Northern Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico." Remote Sensing 7, no. 6: 6908-6931.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2015 in Handbuch der Geodäsie
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In diesem Beitrag wird dargestellt, dass ein umfassendes geometrisches Monitoring von Hängen, Böschungen und Felsgraten mit den heutigen Sensoren und Verfahren der Ingenieurgeodäsie realisiert werden kann. Sowohl für das großräumige Erkennen von bewegungsaktiven Zonen, das langfristige Monitoring risikobehafteter Bereiche und das kontinuierliche Verfolgen von abbruchgefährdeten Sektoren sind leistungsfähige Konzepte und Methoden vorhanden. Es wird auch aufgezeigt, dass für eine ganzheitliche Bearbeitung von Hangrutschungen ein Zusammenwirken mehrerer Fachdisziplinen absolut notwendig ist; für die anzustrebende integrierte Modellbildung und Prognose leistet die Ingenieurgeodäsie einen grundlegenden, belastbaren Beitrag.Viele weitergehende Aspekte konnten nicht behandelt werden, so die Definition von Risikoflächen im Einwirkungsbereich von Rutschungen; wichtig ist hier insbesondere der politische und gesellschaftliche Umgang mit solchen Risikobereichen. Auch die Verfahren zur Frühwarnung der Bevölkerung bei sich abzeichnenden Katastrophen, die sich durch moderne IT-Lösungen grundlegend ändern (können), sind nicht angesprochen worden.

ACS Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Björn Riedel. Monitoring von Hangrutschungen. Handbuch der Geodäsie 2015, 1 -25.

AMA Style

Wolfgang Niemeier, Björn Riedel. Monitoring von Hangrutschungen. Handbuch der Geodäsie. 2015; ():1-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wolfgang Niemeier; Björn Riedel. 2015. "Monitoring von Hangrutschungen." Handbuch der Geodäsie , no. : 1-25.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2015 in Handbuch der Geodäsie
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Die Ingenieurgeodäsie wird anhand ihrer Aufgaben, Methoden und Charakteristika als anwendungsorientierte Wissenschaft vorgestellt, deren Forschungsfragen sich häufig aus beobachteten Phänomenen oder ungelösten Fragestellungen der Praxis ergeben. Als wesentliches Merkmal zeigt sich die kompetente Bearbeitung geometriebezogener Fragestellungen mit durchgreifender Qualitätsbeurteilung von der Planung über die Messung bis zur Auswertung und Interpretation unter Berücksichtigung des Wirtschaftlichkeitsprinzips. Die aktuellen methodischen Entwicklungen sind vor allem vom Übergang auf raumkontinuierliche Verfahren gekennzeichnet sowie von der zunehmenden Integration der Messung und Analyse in anspruchsvolle Bau-, Fertigungs- und Überwachungsprozesse.

ACS Style

Andreas Wieser; Heiner Kuhlmann; Volker Schwieger; Wolfgang Niemeier. Ingenieurgeodäsie – eine Einführung. Handbuch der Geodäsie 2015, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Andreas Wieser, Heiner Kuhlmann, Volker Schwieger, Wolfgang Niemeier. Ingenieurgeodäsie – eine Einführung. Handbuch der Geodäsie. 2015; ():1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Wieser; Heiner Kuhlmann; Volker Schwieger; Wolfgang Niemeier. 2015. "Ingenieurgeodäsie – eine Einführung." Handbuch der Geodäsie , no. : 1-22.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2014 in Remote Sensing
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Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) have shown numerous applications for subsidence monitoring. In the past 10 years, the Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) and Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approaches were developed to overcome the problem of decorrelation and atmospheric effects, which are common in interferograms. However, DInSAR or PSI applications in rural areas, especially in mountainous regions, can be extremely challenging. In this study we have employed a combined technique, i.e., SBAS-DInSAR, to a mountainous area that is severely affected by mining activities. In addition, L-band (ALOS) and C-band (ENVISAT) data sets, 21 TerraSAR-X images provided by German Aerospace Center (DLR) with a high resolution have been used. In order to evaluate the ability of TerraSAR-X for mining monitoring, we present a case study of TerraSAR-X SAR images for Subsidence Hazard Boundary (SHB) extraction. The resulting data analysis gives an initial evaluation of InSAR applications within a mountainous region where fast movements and big phase gradients are common. Moreover, the experiment of four-dimension (4-D) Tomography SAR (TomoSAR) for structure monitoring inside the mining area indicates a potential near all-wave monitoring, which is an extension of conventional InSAR.

ACS Style

Donglie Liu; Yunfeng Shao; Zhenguo Liu; Björn Riedel; Andrew Sowter; Wolfgang Niemeier; Zhengfu Bian. Evaluation of InSAR and TomoSAR for Monitoring Deformations Caused by Mining in a Mountainous Area with High Resolution Satellite-Based SAR. Remote Sensing 2014, 6, 1476 -1495.

AMA Style

Donglie Liu, Yunfeng Shao, Zhenguo Liu, Björn Riedel, Andrew Sowter, Wolfgang Niemeier, Zhengfu Bian. Evaluation of InSAR and TomoSAR for Monitoring Deformations Caused by Mining in a Mountainous Area with High Resolution Satellite-Based SAR. Remote Sensing. 2014; 6 (2):1476-1495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Donglie Liu; Yunfeng Shao; Zhenguo Liu; Björn Riedel; Andrew Sowter; Wolfgang Niemeier; Zhengfu Bian. 2014. "Evaluation of InSAR and TomoSAR for Monitoring Deformations Caused by Mining in a Mountainous Area with High Resolution Satellite-Based SAR." Remote Sensing 6, no. 2: 1476-1495.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Journal of Applied Geodesy
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This article summarises discussions concerning the definition of "engineering geodesy" within the German Geodetic Commission. It is noted that engineering geodesy by means of its tasks, methods and characteristics is an application-oriented science whose research questions often arise from observed phenomena or from unsolved practical problems. In particular it is characterised by the professional handling of geometry-related problems in a cost-effective manner that includes comprehensive quality assessment at all phases of the problem solution - from planning through measurement to data processing and interpretation. The current methodical developments are primarily characterised by the increasing integration of the measurement and analysis into challenging construction, production and monitoring processes as well as by the transition to spatially continuous methods. A modern definition of engineering geodesy is proposed at the end of this article.

ACS Style

Heiner Kuhlmann; Volker Schwieger; Andreas Wieser; Wolfgang Niemeier. Engineering Geodesy - Definition and Core Competencies. Journal of Applied Geodesy 2014, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Heiner Kuhlmann, Volker Schwieger, Andreas Wieser, Wolfgang Niemeier. Engineering Geodesy - Definition and Core Competencies. Journal of Applied Geodesy. 2014; 8 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heiner Kuhlmann; Volker Schwieger; Andreas Wieser; Wolfgang Niemeier. 2014. "Engineering Geodesy - Definition and Core Competencies." Journal of Applied Geodesy 8, no. 4: 1.

Proceedings article
Published: 29 March 2012 in Structures Congress 2012
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The paper presents the use of the Persistent Scatterer technique (PS-InSAR) to monitor displacements caused by tunneling in intra-urban areas for the assessment of building damage. The first part of the paper describes the applied PS-InSAR approach based on Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry and illustrates first results of measurements gained from a current tunnel building site in Düsseldorf (Germany). Data from TerraSAR-X satellite provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are used. In the second part two approaches for structural analyses are given. On the one hand the movements of surface structures due to tunneling are visualized. On the other hand the results are used to categorize globally typical intraurban surface structures with respect to vulnerability due to settlements induced by tunneling. In order to do so, an equivalent building stiffness is derived by comparing the displacements of the upper parts of buildings (PS-InSAR derived) and foundations (terrestrial measurements).

ACS Style

S. Schindler; A. Krivenko; Peter Mark; W. Niemeier; E. Ziem. Radar Interferometric Monitoring of Vertical Ground Movements and Imposed Building Deformations Caused by Tunneling. Structures Congress 2012 2012, 675 -685.

AMA Style

S. Schindler, A. Krivenko, Peter Mark, W. Niemeier, E. Ziem. Radar Interferometric Monitoring of Vertical Ground Movements and Imposed Building Deformations Caused by Tunneling. Structures Congress 2012. 2012; ():675-685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Schindler; A. Krivenko; Peter Mark; W. Niemeier; E. Ziem. 2012. "Radar Interferometric Monitoring of Vertical Ground Movements and Imposed Building Deformations Caused by Tunneling." Structures Congress 2012 , no. : 675-685.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2007 in Journal of Applied Geodesy
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ACS Style

M. Heinert; W. Niemeier. From fully automated observations to a neural network model inference: The Bridge "Fallersleben Gate" in Brunswick, Germany 1999–2006. Journal of Applied Geodesy 2007, 1, 71 -80.

AMA Style

M. Heinert, W. Niemeier. From fully automated observations to a neural network model inference: The Bridge "Fallersleben Gate" in Brunswick, Germany 1999–2006. Journal of Applied Geodesy. 2007; 1 (2):71-80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Heinert; W. Niemeier. 2007. "From fully automated observations to a neural network model inference: The Bridge "Fallersleben Gate" in Brunswick, Germany 1999–2006." Journal of Applied Geodesy 1, no. 2: 71-80.