The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of the constructivism education theory in building information modeling (BIM)/integrated project delivery (IPD) collaboration education by determining education methods that are most relevant to collaboration in the interaction process. We propose a BIM training model that enhances students’ satisfaction in class and collaboration. We aim to identify interrelationships between BIM collaboration education and constructivism theories, examining constructivism methods in BIM/IPD classes to discern which are the most suitable for improving and enhancing collaboration and the proposed education model. A model of the hypothesis “Constructivism Collaboration Process (CCP)” for BIM/IPD collaboration education was derived and a curriculum was created. The hypothesis model was tested by dividing into an experimental group and control group, and finally, prior and post-satisfaction and collaboration level assessments were performed in the BIM and IPD classes. After evaluating and analyzing the improvement in collaboration level and satisfaction, the results were derived for the hypothetical model of the “Constructivism Collaboration Process (CCP)” and the facts that can have a positive impact on BIM/IPD education.

Modular building is an innovative and sustainable construction method and a notable architectural, engineering, and construction trend. Owing to the new constructability and sustainability, significant research efforts have been focused on the engineering aspects of modular building. Since the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, space utilization has changed radically, and a rethinking of modular building design has become essential. However, current literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of occupants’ newly developed requirements and the relevant changes associated with engineering developments. Therefore, this study aims to review the current status of residential modular building design and construction, define its problems, and identify the key factors necessary for modular design and construction during the post-COVID-19 period from the perspective of architectural design. A total of 220 articles were selected from the Scopus database, out of which 94 papers were selected for a systematic review. The findings indicate that the present academic research primarily focuses on the technical aspects of optimizing architecture and on modularized plans to facilitate cost-effective factory production. Modular residential design has rarely considered people and cultural factors. Therefore, the authors derived 15 problems by adapting four architectural programming frameworks; function, form, economy, and time. The identified problems are mapped for future development with 11 problem-solving proposals. The proposed method contributes to developing new insights into COVID-19’s impacts on dwelling environments and can help introduce modular residential design responses that enhance the quality of life by creating better residentials in the post-pandemic.

Autonomous robotic systems are being deployed in commercial, healthcare, logistics, and mixed-use built environments at a rate that significantly outpaces the adaptive capacity of existing building design and management paradigms. Buildings have historically been conceived exclusively for human occupants, and the resulting absence of a structured, scalable framework for evaluating or designing robot-ready facilities constitutes a critical gap in both research and professional practice. This article introduces the Robot-Friendly Buildings Level of Service (RFB-LOS) framework: a five-tier hierarchical classification system that characterises the degree to which a built environment supports autonomous robotic operations across six evaluative dimensions—building intelligence, active infrastructure, architectural planning, accessibility, observability, and safety. The framework spans a continuum from Robot Excluded (RFB-LOS-1), in which a building has no awareness of its robotic occupants, to Physical AI Robot Optimised (RFB-LOS-5), in which a Physical AI middleware layer assumes the highest command authority within a coordinated human–robot–building ecosystem. Drawing structural inspiration from the SAE J3016 Levels of Driving Automation, the EU Smart Readiness Indicator, HIMSS EMRAM, and BREEAM/LEED sustainability certification, the RFB-LOS framework is positioned as a foundational standard for the built environment and systems engineering community. Five real-world case studies spanning retail, hospitality, healthcare, and corporate sectors across four countries validate the framework’s tier assignments against observed operational outcomes.

Professional service robots are being deployed into interior environments dimensioned around the human body, yet no framework relates their physical envelopes to architectural parameters. This paper introduces robopometry—the systematic study of robot dimensions in relation to the built environment—as a conceptual framework bridging construction automation, interior architecture, and human–robot coexistence and illustrates it with a source-verified dimensional characterisation of 36 commercially deployed platforms. Width ranges from 275 to 1025 mm, height from 300 to 1780 mm, and weight from 5.5 to 748 kg, the last spanning 2.13 orders of magnitude ($\mathrm{CV}=145.8\%$). Weight differs significantly across functional categories (Kruskal–Wallis $H=12.94$, $p=0.012$); width and height are not distinguishable at this sample size. All three parameters are positively correlated, most strongly width with weight ($\rho =0.853$, $p<0.001$). A common deployment zone (CDZ) spans 384–630 mm in width and 1046–1520 mm in height. It was derived by density-based clustering and confirmed by an independently fitted Gaussian mixture with identical membership. The zone contains 47% of the sample, with a width CV of 12.2% against 30.9% for the sample as a whole. Its upper width bound is invariant across the clustering parameters tested and under leave-one-out resampling. However, the zone is not recovered when hospitality delivery platforms are excluded, as they supply ten of its seventeen members. Fourteen candidate platforms were excluded because they failed the screening criteria or because no verifiable dimensional specification is published—a reporting gap that is itself an obstacle to robot-inclusive design. Sixteen design guidelines are proposed on the basis of the CDZ envelope and are compared against documented deployment conflicts reported in the literature.