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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that contaminates various plant materials. Exposure to DON can disrupt hormonal homeostasis, decrease body weight gains and modulate the immune system in pigs. It can also cause diarrhea, vomiting, leukocytosis, hemorrhaging or even death. Prolonged exposure to low doses of DON can have serious health implications in mammals. This is the first in vivo study to show that per os administration of low DON doses probably contributes to specific dysfunctions in steroidogenesis processes by inducing the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) in the entire gastrointestinal tract in strongly stained cells (3 points) and estrogen receptors beta (ERβ), but only in both investigated segments of the duodenum in pre-pubertal gilts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether a NOAEL dose of DON (12 μg DON/kg BW) administered per os over a period of 42 days induces changes in the immunohistochemical expression of ER in different intestinal segments and the transcriptional activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes in the large intestine of pre-pubertal gilts. This is the first report to demonstrate the expression of ER, in particular ERβ, with the associated consequences. The expression of ER was accompanied by considerable variations in the activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes, but it supported the maintenance of a stable consensus between the degree of mycotoxin exposure and the detoxifying effect in pre-pubertal gilts.
Magdalena Gajęcka; Paweł Brzuzan; Iwona Otrocka-Domagała; Łukasz Zielonka; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Effect of 42-Day Exposure to a Low Deoxynivalenol Dose on the Immunohistochemical Expression of Intestinal ERs and the Activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 Genes in the Large Intestine of Pre-pubertal Gilts. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleMagdalena Gajęcka, Paweł Brzuzan, Iwona Otrocka-Domagała, Łukasz Zielonka, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Effect of 42-Day Exposure to a Low Deoxynivalenol Dose on the Immunohistochemical Expression of Intestinal ERs and the Activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 Genes in the Large Intestine of Pre-pubertal Gilts. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021; 8 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Gajęcka; Paweł Brzuzan; Iwona Otrocka-Domagała; Łukasz Zielonka; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2021. "The Effect of 42-Day Exposure to a Low Deoxynivalenol Dose on the Immunohistochemical Expression of Intestinal ERs and the Activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 Genes in the Large Intestine of Pre-pubertal Gilts." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, no. : 1.
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites, alpha-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are ubiquitous in plant materials used as feed components in dairy cattle diets. The aim of this study was to confirm the occurrence of ZEN and its selected metabolites in blood samples collected from different sites in the hepatic portal system (posthepatic–external jugular vein EJV; prehepatic–abdominal subcutaneous vein ASV and median caudal vein MCV) of dairy cows diagnosed with mastitis, ovarian cysts and pyometra. The presence of mycotoxins in the blood plasma was determined with the use of combined separation methods involving immunoaffinity columns, a liquid chromatography system and a mass spectrometry system. The parent compound was detected in all samples collected from diseased cows, whereas α-ZEL and β-ZEL were not identified in any samples, or their concentrations were below the limit of detection (LOD). Zearalenone levels were highest in cows with pyometra, where the percentage share of average ZEN concentrations reached 44%. Blood sampling sites were arranged in the following ascending order based on ZEN concentrations: EJV (10.53 pg/mL, 44.07% of the samples collected from this site), ASV (14.20 pg/mL, 49.59% of the samples) and MCV (26.67 pg/mL, 67.35% of the samples). The results of the study indicate that blood samples for toxicological analyses should be collected from the MCV (prehepatic vessel) of clinically healthy cows and/or cows with subclinical ZEN mycotoxicosis. This sampling site increases the probability of correct diagnosis of subclinical ZEN mycotoxicosis.
Wojciech Barański; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Mróz; Ewa Onyszek; Katarzyna Przybyłowicz; Arkadiusz Nowicki; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej Gajęcki. Occurrence of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in the Blood of High-Yielding Dairy Cows at Selected Collection Sites in Various Disease States. Toxins 2021, 13, 446 .
AMA StyleWojciech Barański, Magdalena Gajęcka, Łukasz Zielonka, Magdalena Mróz, Ewa Onyszek, Katarzyna Przybyłowicz, Arkadiusz Nowicki, Andrzej Babuchowski, Maciej Gajęcki. Occurrence of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in the Blood of High-Yielding Dairy Cows at Selected Collection Sites in Various Disease States. Toxins. 2021; 13 (7):446.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciech Barański; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Mróz; Ewa Onyszek; Katarzyna Przybyłowicz; Arkadiusz Nowicki; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej Gajęcki. 2021. "Occurrence of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in the Blood of High-Yielding Dairy Cows at Selected Collection Sites in Various Disease States." Toxins 13, no. 7: 446.
The carry-over of zearalenone (ZEN) to the myocardium and its effects on coronary vascular reactivity in vivo have not been addressed in the literature to date. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that low ZEN doses (MABEL, NOAEL and LOAEL) administered per os to prepubertal gilts for 21 days affect the accumulation of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL in the myocardium and the reactivity of the porcine coronary arteries to vasoconstrictors: acetylcholine, potassium chloride and vasodilator sodium nitroprusside. The contractile response to acetylcholine in the presence of a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, indomethacin and / or an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME was also studied. The results of this study indicate that the carry-over of ZEN and its metabolites to the myocardium is a highly individualized process that occurs even at very low mycotoxin concentrations. The concentrations of the accumulated ZEN metabolites are inversely proportional to each other due to biotransformation processes. The levels of vasoconstrictors, acetylcholine and potassium chloride, were examined in the left anterior descending branch of the porcine coronary artery after oral administration of ZEN. The LOAEL dose clearly decreased vasoconstriction in response to both potassium chloride and acetylcholine (P< 0.05 for all values) and increased vasodilation in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (P = 0.021). The NOAEL dose significantly increased vasoconstriction caused by acetylcholine (P< 0.04), whereas the MABEL dose did not cause significant changes in the vascular response. Unlike higher doses of ZEN, 5 μg/kg had no negative influence on the vascular system.
Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Majewski; Łukasz Zielonka; Waldemar Grzegorzewski; Ewa Onyszek; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Jerzy Juśkiewicz; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej Gajęcki. Concentration of Zearalenone, Alpha-Zearalenol and Beta-Zearalenol in the Myocardium and the Results of Isometric Analyses of the Coronary Artery in Prepubertal Gilts. Toxins 2021, 13, 396 .
AMA StyleMagdalena Gajęcka, Michał Majewski, Łukasz Zielonka, Waldemar Grzegorzewski, Ewa Onyszek, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Jerzy Juśkiewicz, Andrzej Babuchowski, Maciej Gajęcki. Concentration of Zearalenone, Alpha-Zearalenol and Beta-Zearalenol in the Myocardium and the Results of Isometric Analyses of the Coronary Artery in Prepubertal Gilts. Toxins. 2021; 13 (6):396.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Gajęcka; Michał Majewski; Łukasz Zielonka; Waldemar Grzegorzewski; Ewa Onyszek; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Jerzy Juśkiewicz; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej Gajęcki. 2021. "Concentration of Zearalenone, Alpha-Zearalenol and Beta-Zearalenol in the Myocardium and the Results of Isometric Analyses of the Coronary Artery in Prepubertal Gilts." Toxins 13, no. 6: 396.
Diabetic gastroenteropathy is a common complication, which develops in patients with long-term diabetes. The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide known for its cytoprotective properties and plays an important role in neuronal development, neuromodulation and neuroprotection. The present study was designed to elucidate, for the first time, the impact of prolonged hyperglycaemia conditions on a population of PACAP-like immunoreactive neurons in selected parts of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. The experiment was conducted on 10 juvenile female pigs assigned to two experimental groups: The DM group (pigs with streptozocin-induced diabetes) and the C group (control pigs). Diabetes conditions were induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozocin. Six weeks after the induction of diabetes, all animals were euthanised and further collected, and fixed fragments of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and descending colon were processed using the routine double-labelling immunofluorescence technique. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia caused a significant increase in the population of PACAP-containing enteric neurons in the porcine stomach, small intestines and descending colon. The recorded changes may result from the direct toxic effect of hyperglycaemia on the ENS neurons, oxidative stress or inflammatory conditions accompanying hyperglycaemia and suggest that PACAP is involved in regulatory processes of the GIT function in the course of diabetes.
Katarzyna Palus; Michał Bulc; Jarosław Całka; Łukasz Zielonka; Marcin Nowicki. Diabetes Affects the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Like Immunoreactive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Digestive Tract. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 5727 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Palus, Michał Bulc, Jarosław Całka, Łukasz Zielonka, Marcin Nowicki. Diabetes Affects the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Like Immunoreactive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Digestive Tract. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (11):5727.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Palus; Michał Bulc; Jarosław Całka; Łukasz Zielonka; Marcin Nowicki. 2021. "Diabetes Affects the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Like Immunoreactive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Digestive Tract." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5727.
Plant materials can be contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins and their derivatives, whose toxic effects on humans and animals may remain subclinical. Zearalenone (ZEN), a low-molecular-weight compound, is produced by molds in crop plants as a secondary metabolite. The objective of this study will be to analyze the in vivo correlations between very low monotonic doses of ZEN (5, 10, and 15 μg ZEN/kg body weight—BW for 42 days) and the carryover of this mycotoxin and its selected metabolites from the intestinal contents to the intestinal walls, the mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alfa (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) genes, and the mRNA expression of genes modulating selected colon enzymes (CYP1A1 and GSTP1) in the intestinal mucosa of pre-pubertal gilts. An in vivo experiment will be performed on 60 clinically healthy animals with initial BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg. The gilts will be randomly divided into a control group (group C, n = 15) and three experimental groups (group ZEN5, group ZEN10, and group ZEN15; n = 15). Group ZEN5 will be administered per os 5 μg ZEN/kg BW (MABEL), group ZEN10—10 μg ZEN/kg BW (NOAEL), and group ZEN15—15 µg ZEN/kg BW (low LOAEL). In each group, five animals will be euthanized on analytical dates 1 (exposure day 7), 2 (exposure day 21), and 3 (exposure day 42). Samples for in vitro analyses will be collected from an intestinal segment resected from the following regions: the third (horizontal) part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon. The experimental material will be collected under special conditions, and it will be transported to specialist laboratories where samples will be obtained for further analyses.
Magdalena Gajęcka; Magdalena Mróz; Paweł Brzuzan; Ewa Onyszek; Łukasz Zielonka; Karolina Lipczyńska-Ilczuk; Katarzyna Przybyłowicz; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej Gajęcki. Correlations between Low Doses of Zearalenone, Its Carryover Factor and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Different Segments of the Intestines in Pre-Pubertal Gilts—A Study Protocol. Toxins 2021, 13, 379 .
AMA StyleMagdalena Gajęcka, Magdalena Mróz, Paweł Brzuzan, Ewa Onyszek, Łukasz Zielonka, Karolina Lipczyńska-Ilczuk, Katarzyna Przybyłowicz, Andrzej Babuchowski, Maciej Gajęcki. Correlations between Low Doses of Zearalenone, Its Carryover Factor and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Different Segments of the Intestines in Pre-Pubertal Gilts—A Study Protocol. Toxins. 2021; 13 (6):379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Gajęcka; Magdalena Mróz; Paweł Brzuzan; Ewa Onyszek; Łukasz Zielonka; Karolina Lipczyńska-Ilczuk; Katarzyna Przybyłowicz; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej Gajęcki. 2021. "Correlations between Low Doses of Zearalenone, Its Carryover Factor and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Different Segments of the Intestines in Pre-Pubertal Gilts—A Study Protocol." Toxins 13, no. 6: 379.
Plant materials used in the production of pig feed are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite of selected Fusarium species, and it can exert a harmful influence on living organisms. Most mycotoxins enter the body via the gastrointestinal tract, and they can modulate the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) function. However, little is known about the influence of low T-2 toxin doses on GALT. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of T-2 toxin administered at 50% of the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) on the percentage of CD2+ T cells, CD4+ T helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells, TCRγδ+ cells, CD5+CD8- B1 cells, and CD21+ B2 cells, and the secretion of proinflammatory (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12/23p40, IL-17A), anti-inflammatory, and regulatory (IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines in the porcine ileal wall. The results of the study revealed that T-2 toxin disrupts the development of tolerance to food antigens by enhancing the secretion of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and decreasing the production of anti-inflammatory TGF-β. T-2 toxin triggered the cellular response, which was manifested by an increase in the percentage of CD8+ T cells and a decrease in the percentage of B2 and Tγδ lymphocytes.
Paweł Wojtacha; Wojciech Trybowski; Piotr Podlasz; Magdalena Żmigrodzka; Józef Tyburski; Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska; Ewa Jakimiuk; Tadeusz Bakuła; Mirosław Baranowski; Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska; Łukasz Zielonka; Kazimierz Obremski. Effects of a Low Dose of T-2 Toxin on the Percentage of T and B Lymphocytes and Cytokine Secretion in the Porcine Ileal Wall. Toxins 2021, 13, 277 .
AMA StylePaweł Wojtacha, Wojciech Trybowski, Piotr Podlasz, Magdalena Żmigrodzka, Józef Tyburski, Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska, Ewa Jakimiuk, Tadeusz Bakuła, Mirosław Baranowski, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska, Łukasz Zielonka, Kazimierz Obremski. Effects of a Low Dose of T-2 Toxin on the Percentage of T and B Lymphocytes and Cytokine Secretion in the Porcine Ileal Wall. Toxins. 2021; 13 (4):277.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaweł Wojtacha; Wojciech Trybowski; Piotr Podlasz; Magdalena Żmigrodzka; Józef Tyburski; Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska; Ewa Jakimiuk; Tadeusz Bakuła; Mirosław Baranowski; Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska; Łukasz Zielonka; Kazimierz Obremski. 2021. "Effects of a Low Dose of T-2 Toxin on the Percentage of T and B Lymphocytes and Cytokine Secretion in the Porcine Ileal Wall." Toxins 13, no. 4: 277.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi
Maciej T. Gajęcki; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka. The Presence of Mycotoxins in Feed and Their Influence on Animal Health. Toxins 2020, 12, 663 .
AMA StyleMaciej T. Gajęcki, Magdalena Gajęcka, Łukasz Zielonka. The Presence of Mycotoxins in Feed and Their Influence on Animal Health. Toxins. 2020; 12 (10):663.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciej T. Gajęcki; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka. 2020. "The Presence of Mycotoxins in Feed and Their Influence on Animal Health." Toxins 12, no. 10: 663.
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zearalenone (ZEN), administered per os to gilts at doses equivalent to 50%, 100%, and 150% of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) values for 14, 28, and 42 days during weaning, on changes in the parameters of the oxidoreductive balance, cytokine secretion, and basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches. Immunoenzymatic ELISA tests and biochemical methods were used to measure the concentrations of interleukin 1α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 12/23p40, interleukin 2, interferon γ, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β, malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups, fructose, glucose, and proline, as well as the activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The study demonstrated that ZEN doses corresponding to 50%, 100%, and 150% of NOAEL values, i.e., 5 µg, 10 µg, and 15 µg ZEN/kg BW, respectively, have proinflammatory properties, exacerbate oxidative stress responses, and disrupt basal metabolism in ileal Payer’s patches in gilts.
Kazimierz Obremski; Wojciech Trybowski; Paweł Wojtacha; Magdalena Gajęcka; Józef Tyburski; Łukasz Zielonka. The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches. Toxins 2020, 12, 350 .
AMA StyleKazimierz Obremski, Wojciech Trybowski, Paweł Wojtacha, Magdalena Gajęcka, Józef Tyburski, Łukasz Zielonka. The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazimierz Obremski; Wojciech Trybowski; Paweł Wojtacha; Magdalena Gajęcka; Józef Tyburski; Łukasz Zielonka. 2020. "The Effect of Zearalenone on the Cytokine Environment, Oxidoreductive Balance and Metabolism in Porcine Ileal Peyer’s Patches." Toxins 12, no. 6: 350.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term (48 days), per os administration of specific zearalenone (ZEN) doses (20 and 40 μg ZEN/kg BW in experimental groups EI and EII, which were equivalent to 200% and 400% of the upper range limit of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), respectively) on the bioavailability of ZEN and the rate of changes in estradiol and testosterone concentrations in the peripheral blood of pre-pubertal gilts. ZEN and α-ZEL levels were similar until day 28. After day 28, α-ZEL concentrations increased significantly in group EI, whereas a significant rise in ZEN levels was noted in group EII. The presence of estradiol in peripheral blood plasma was not observed until day 20 of the experiment. Spontaneous secretion of estradiol was minimal, and it was determined at very low levels of up to 10 pg/mL in EI and EII groups. Testosterone concentrations ranged from 4 to 9 ng/mL in all groups. A decrease in the concentrations of both analyzed hormones was reported in the last stage of the experiment. The results of the experiment indicate that: (i) The bioavailability of ZEN in peripheral blood has low diagnostic value, (ii) exposure to low doses of ZEN induces minor changes in the concentrations of the analyzed hormones, which could lead to situational supraphysiological hormone levels and changes in endogenous hormonal balance.
Łukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Gajęcka; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Michał Dąbrowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Effect of Different Doses of Zearalenone in Feed on the Bioavailability of Zearalenone and Alpha-Zearalenol, and the Concentrations of Estradiol and Testosterone in the Peripheral Blood of Pre-Pubertal Gilts. Toxins 2020, 12, 144 .
AMA StyleŁukasz Zielonka, Magdalena Gajęcka, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Michał Dąbrowski, Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Effect of Different Doses of Zearalenone in Feed on the Bioavailability of Zearalenone and Alpha-Zearalenol, and the Concentrations of Estradiol and Testosterone in the Peripheral Blood of Pre-Pubertal Gilts. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Gajęcka; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Michał Dąbrowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2020. "The Effect of Different Doses of Zearalenone in Feed on the Bioavailability of Zearalenone and Alpha-Zearalenol, and the Concentrations of Estradiol and Testosterone in the Peripheral Blood of Pre-Pubertal Gilts." Toxins 12, no. 3: 144.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal types of cancer worldwide. The developing of this disease includes many factors such as genetic, socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, and nutrition habits. The aim of the study is the determination of zearalenone and its metabolite level in the biological samples of participants at risk of CRC, in relation to the nutrition data and information on the quality of life dependent on health. In the cohort clinical trial, 150 participants aged between 50 and 65 will be studied. The participants will be assigned into two groups depending on the colonoscopy result. Participants will be tested at dietary intake, quality of life, sleep time and quality, stress level as well as biochemical parameters of the blood. Moreover, in the biological samples, concentration of zearalenone and its metabolites (α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol) as well as the characteristics of gastrointestinal bacterial will be determined, and the end of the trial for both groups and their results will be compared. Taking into account the possible effect of mycotoxins and nutrition habits on the development of cancer, the results obtained may allow the formulation of new nutritional recommendations and reduce the development and occurrence of CRC.
Katarzyna Eufemia Przybyłowicz; Tomasz Arłukowicz; Anna Danielewicz; Jakub Morze; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Bartosz Fotschki; Tomasz Sawicki. Association Between Mycotoxin Exposure and Dietary Habits in Colorectal Cancer Development Among a Polish Population: A Study Protocol. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 698 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Eufemia Przybyłowicz, Tomasz Arłukowicz, Anna Danielewicz, Jakub Morze, Magdalena Gajęcka, Łukasz Zielonka, Bartosz Fotschki, Tomasz Sawicki. Association Between Mycotoxin Exposure and Dietary Habits in Colorectal Cancer Development Among a Polish Population: A Study Protocol. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Eufemia Przybyłowicz; Tomasz Arłukowicz; Anna Danielewicz; Jakub Morze; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Bartosz Fotschki; Tomasz Sawicki. 2020. "Association Between Mycotoxin Exposure and Dietary Habits in Colorectal Cancer Development Among a Polish Population: A Study Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 698.
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that not only binds to estrogen receptors, but also interacts with steroidogenic enzymes and acts as an endocrine disruptor. The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that low doses, minimal anticipated biological effect level (MABEL), no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), of ZEN administered orally for 42 days can induce changes in the peripheral blood concentrations of selected steroid hormones (estradiol, progesterone and testosterone) in pre-pubertal gilts. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 animals were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg ZEN/kg BW, group ZEN10 - at 10 μg ZEN/kg BW, group ZEN15 - at 15 μg ZEN/kg BW, whereas group C received a placebo. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2 and 3 (days 7, 14 and 42 of the experiment). Qualitative and quantitative changes in the biotransformation of low ZEN doses were observed. These processes were least pronounced in group ZEN5 (MABEL dose) where ZEN metabolites were not detected on the first analytical date, and where β-ZEL was the predominant metabolite on successive dates. The above was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of estradiol (E2) which, together with "free ZEN", probably suppressed progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) levels.
Anna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Ewa Onyszek; Katarzyna Cieplińska; Michał Dąbrowski; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. Imbalance in the Blood Concentrations of Selected Steroids in Pre-pubertal Gilts Depending on the Time of Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins 2019, 11, 561 .
AMA StyleAnna Rykaczewska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Ewa Onyszek, Katarzyna Cieplińska, Michał Dąbrowski, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Maria Bulińska, Andrzej Babuchowski, Maciej T. Gajęcki, Łukasz Zielonka. Imbalance in the Blood Concentrations of Selected Steroids in Pre-pubertal Gilts Depending on the Time of Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):561.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Ewa Onyszek; Katarzyna Cieplińska; Michał Dąbrowski; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. 2019. "Imbalance in the Blood Concentrations of Selected Steroids in Pre-pubertal Gilts Depending on the Time of Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone." Toxins 11, no. 10: 561.
Zearalenone is a frequent contaminant of cereals and their by-products in regions with a temperate climate. This toxic molecule is produced naturally by Fusarium fungi in crops. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of low zearalenone doses (LOAEL, NOAEL and MABEL) on the intestinal microbiome of gilts on different days of exposure (days 7, 21 and 42). Intestinal contents were sampled from the duodenal cap, the third part of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum and the descending colon. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 animals were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg /kg BW, group ZEN10-10 μg ZEN/kg BW and group ZEN15-15 µg ZEN/kg BW. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2 and 3. Differences in the log values of microbial counts, mainly Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, were observed between the proximal and distal segments of the intestinal tract on different analytical dates as well as in the entire intestinal tract. Zearalenone affected the colony counts of intestinal microbiota rather than microbiome diversity, and its effect was greatest in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. Microbial colony counts were similar in groups ZEN5 and C. In the analysed mycobiome, ZEN exerted a stimulatory effect on the log values of yeast and mould counts in all intestinal segments, in particular in the colon, and the greatest increase was noted on the first analytical date.
Katarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anna Rykaczewska; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses. Toxins 2019, 11, 296 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Michał Dąbrowski, Anna Rykaczewska, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Maria Bulińska, Łukasz Zielonka, Maciej T. Gajęcki. Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses. Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anna Rykaczewska; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2019. "Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses." Toxins 11, no. 5: 296.
Several observations from experiments in rodents and human patients suggest that diabetes affects pineal gland function, including melatonin secretion; however, the accumulated data are not consistent. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the pineal gland in the domestic pig, a species widely used as a model in various biomedical studies. The study was performed on 10 juvenile pigs, which were divided into two groups: control and diabetic. Diabetes was evoked by administration of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg of body weight). After six weeks, the animals were euthanized between 12.00 and 14.00, and the pineal glands were removed and divided into two equal parts, which were used for biochemical analyses and for preparation of explants for the superfusion culture. The pineal contents (per 100 μg protein) of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, 5-methoxyindole acetic acid, 5-methoxytryptophol, and 5-methoxytryptamine were significantly lower in diabetic pigs than in control pigs. In contrast, the level of N-acetylserotonin was significantly higher in diabetic animals. No significant differences were found in the level of melatonin between control and experimental pigs. The amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were significantly lower in the pineal glands of diabetic animals. The level of vanillylmandelic acid was higher in diabetic pigs. No differences were observed in the level of basal and NE-stimulated release of N-acetylserotonin or melatonin between the pineal explants prepared from control and experimental animals. In vitro treatment with insulin was ineffective. In conclusion, streptozotocin-induced diabetes affects both indole metabolism and adrenergic neurotransmission in the pig pineal gland.
Bogdan Lewczuk; Magdalena Prusik; Natalia Ziółkowska; Michał Dąbrowski; Kamila Martniuk; Maria Hanuszewska; Łukasz Zielonka. Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018, 19, 3077 .
AMA StyleBogdan Lewczuk, Magdalena Prusik, Natalia Ziółkowska, Michał Dąbrowski, Kamila Martniuk, Maria Hanuszewska, Łukasz Zielonka. Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19 (10):3077.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBogdan Lewczuk; Magdalena Prusik; Natalia Ziółkowska; Michał Dąbrowski; Kamila Martniuk; Maria Hanuszewska; Łukasz Zielonka. 2018. "Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10: 3077.
Zearalenone is a toxic low-molecular-weight molecule that is naturally produced by moulds on crops as a secondary metabolite. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxicity of caecal water collected successively from the caecal contents of gilts exposed to low doses (LOAEL, NOAEL, and MABEL) of zearalenone. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg/kg BW, group ZEN10—10 μg ZEN/kg BW and group ZEN15—15 µg ZEN/kg BW. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2, and 3. Caecal water samples for in vitro analysis were collected from the ileocaecal region. The genotoxicity of caecal water was noted, particularly after date 1 in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15 with a decreasing trend. Electrophoresis revealed the presence of numerous comets without tails in groups C and ZEN5 and fewer comets with clearly expressed tails in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. The distribution of LLC-PK1 cells ranged from 15% to 20% in groups C and ZEN5, and from 30% to 60% in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. The analysis of caecal water genotoxicity during exposure to very low doses of ZEN revealed the presence of a counter response and a compensatory effect in gilts.
Katarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Adriana Nowak; Michał Dąbrowski; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Genotoxicity of Caecal Water in Gilts Exposed to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins 2018, 10, 350 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Adriana Nowak, Michał Dąbrowski, Łukasz Zielonka, Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Genotoxicity of Caecal Water in Gilts Exposed to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins. 2018; 10 (9):350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Adriana Nowak; Michał Dąbrowski; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2018. "The Genotoxicity of Caecal Water in Gilts Exposed to Low Doses of Zearalenone." Toxins 10, no. 9: 350.
Most plant materials are contaminated with small doses of Fusarium mycotoxins and its modified forms that exert subclinical toxic effects on humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the carry-over of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (pure parent compounds) to intestinal and liver tissues during 6 weeks of exposure to mycotoxins administered per os to gilts. The experiment was performed on 36 gilts with average body weight of 25 ± 2 kg, divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (group E, administered zearalenone at 40 μg/kg BW and deoxynivalenol at 12 μg/kg BW daily with feed) and a control group administered placebo. Tissue saturation with mycotoxins was analysed by liquid chromatography in samples collected at weekly intervals. Six gilts were euthanized in each week of the study. The conducted analyses revealed: (i) a non-uniform increase in zearalenone levels in the duodenum, jejunum, ascending colon and the liver; and (ii) an increase in deoxynivalenol levels, mainly in the ileum, caecum, ascending colon and the transverse colon, and a minor increase in the liver. The degree of tissue saturation was determined by the type of mycotoxin, but not by the time of exposure.
Magdalena Gajęcka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Zielonka; Piotr Goliński; Anna Rykaczewska; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maciej T. Gajęcki. Mycotoxin levels in the digestive tissues of immature gilts exposed to zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Toxicon 2018, 153, 1 -11.
AMA StyleMagdalena Gajęcka, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Łukasz Zielonka, Piotr Goliński, Anna Rykaczewska, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Maciej T. Gajęcki. Mycotoxin levels in the digestive tissues of immature gilts exposed to zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Toxicon. 2018; 153 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Gajęcka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Zielonka; Piotr Goliński; Anna Rykaczewska; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2018. "Mycotoxin levels in the digestive tissues of immature gilts exposed to zearalenone and deoxynivalenol." Toxicon 153, no. : 1-11.
The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN) induces changes in the serum biochemical profile and body weights (BW). Pre-pubertal gilts (with BW of up to 14.5 kg) were administered ZEN in daily doses of 5 μg/kg BW (group 1, n = 15), 10 μg/kg BW (group 2, n = 15), 15 μg/kg BW (group 3, n = 15) or placebo (control group C, n = 15) throughout the experiment. Blood was sampled for analysis on 10 dates (at five-day intervals). Minor but statistically significant differences in the analysed serum biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, glucose, total protein, iron, BUN and urea) were observed in the studied groups. The biochemical parameters of the analysed gilts indicate that the maintenance of homeostasis and biotransformation of ZEN require considerable energy expenditure. Beginning on the fourth analytical date, BW gains were consistently higher in the experimental groups than in group C. The observed decrease in glucose and total protein levels can probably be attributed to higher BW gains and the ongoing ZEN biotransformation processes in the enterocytes and the liver.
Anna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anita Wiśniewska; Justyna Szcześniewska; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN). Toxicon 2018, 152, 84 -94.
AMA StyleAnna Rykaczewska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Michał Dąbrowski, Anita Wiśniewska, Justyna Szcześniewska, Maciej T. Gajęcki, Łukasz Zielonka. Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN). Toxicon. 2018; 152 ():84-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anita Wiśniewska; Justyna Szcześniewska; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. 2018. "Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN)." Toxicon 152, no. : 84-94.
One of the most frequently reported disorders associated with diabetes is gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance. Although pathogenesis of these complications is multifactorial, the complicity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in this respect has significant importance. Therefore, this paper analysed changes in substance P- (SP-), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP-), and leu5-enkephalin- (L-ENK-) like immunoreactivity (LI) in enteric stomach neurons caused by chemically induced diabetes in a porcine model. Using double immunofluorescent labelling, it was found that acute hyperglycaemia led to significant changes in the chemical coding of stomach enteric neurons. Generally, the response to artificially inducted diabetes depended on the “kind” of enteric plexus as well as the stomach region studied. A clear increase in the percentage of neurons immunoreactive to SP and CGRP was visible in the myenteric plexus (MP) in the antrum, corpus, and pylorus as well as in the submucosal plexus (SmP) in the corpus. For L-ENK, an increase in the number of L-ENK-LI neurons was observed in the MP of the antrum and SmP in the corpus, while in the MP of the corpus and pylorus, a decrease in the percentage of L-ENK-LI neurons was noted.
Michał Bulc; Katarzyna Palus; Jarosław Całka; Łukasz Zielonka. Changes in Immunoreactivity of Sensory Substances within the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach during Experimentally Induced Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research 2018, 2018, 1 -18.
AMA StyleMichał Bulc, Katarzyna Palus, Jarosław Całka, Łukasz Zielonka. Changes in Immunoreactivity of Sensory Substances within the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach during Experimentally Induced Diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2018; 2018 ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Bulc; Katarzyna Palus; Jarosław Całka; Łukasz Zielonka. 2018. "Changes in Immunoreactivity of Sensory Substances within the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach during Experimentally Induced Diabetes." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018, no. : 1-18.
The contamination of feed with mycotoxins results in reduced growth, feed refusal, immunosuppression, and health problems. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are among the most important mycotoxins. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of low doses of these mycotoxins on the histological structure and ultrastructure of the large intestine in the pig. The study was performed on 36 immature gilts of mixed breed (White Polish Big × Polish White Earhanging), which were divided into four groups administrated per os with ZEN at 40 µg/kg BW, DON at 12 µg/kg BW, a mixture of ZEN (40 µg/kg BW) and DON (12 µg/kg BW) or a placebo. The pigs were killed by intravenous overdose of pentobarbital after one, three, and six weeks of treatment. The cecum, ascending and descending colon samples were prepared for light and electron microscopy. Administration of toxins did not influence the architecture of the mucosa and submucosa in the large intestine. ZEN and ZEN + DON significantly decreased the number of goblet cells in the cecum and descending colon. The mycotoxins changed the number of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the large intestine, which usually increased in number. However, this effect differed between the intestine segments and toxins. Mycotoxins induced some changes in the ultrastructure of the mucosal epithelium. They did not affect the expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen and the intestinal barrier permeability. The obtained results indicate that mycotoxins especially ZEN may influence the defense mechanisms of the large intestine.
Barbara Przybylska-Gornowicz; Bogdan Lewczuk; Magdalena Prusik; Maria Hanuszewska; Marcela Petrusewicz-Kosińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej Gajęcki. The Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Pig Large Intestine. A Light and Electron Microscopy Study. Toxins 2018, 10, 148 .
AMA StyleBarbara Przybylska-Gornowicz, Bogdan Lewczuk, Magdalena Prusik, Maria Hanuszewska, Marcela Petrusewicz-Kosińska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Łukasz Zielonka, Maciej Gajęcki. The Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Pig Large Intestine. A Light and Electron Microscopy Study. Toxins. 2018; 10 (4):148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbara Przybylska-Gornowicz; Bogdan Lewczuk; Magdalena Prusik; Maria Hanuszewska; Marcela Petrusewicz-Kosińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej Gajęcki. 2018. "The Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on the Pig Large Intestine. A Light and Electron Microscopy Study." Toxins 10, no. 4: 148.
Influence of chronic hyperglycemia on chemical coding of enteric neurons in stomach using pig as a model for human diabetic complications. Ten pigs were divided into two groups: diabetic (D group, n = 5) and control (C group, n = 5). Pigs constituting the experimental group were given streptozotocin (150 mg/kg). Animals were euthanized six weeks after the induction of diabetes. The samples of stomach were collected from animals of both groups. The cryostat sections were processed for double immunofluorescence staining using primary antisera directed towards pan-neuronal marker (Hu C/D) proteins and/or neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and galanin (GAL). In the control group in the myenteric ganglia (MG) of the corpus we have noted 22.28% ± 1.19% of nNOS positive neurons, while in diabetic group we have found 40.74% ± 2.22% of nNOS immunoreactive perikarya (increase by 82.85 %). In turn in the pylorus we have observed 15.91% ± 0.58% nNOS containing neurons in control animals and 35.38% ± 1.54% in the diabetes group (increase by 122.37%). In the MG of the antrum and submucosal ganglion (SG) in the corpus hyperglycemia did not cause statistically significant changes. With regard to VIP-positive cell bodies in the antrum MG in the control animals we have noted 18.38 ± 1.39% and 40.74% ± 1.77% in the experimental group (increase by 121.65%). While in the corpus we have observed 23.20% ± 0.23% in the control and 30.93% ± 0.86% in the diabetes group (increase by 33.31%). In turn in the pylorus VIP positive cells bodies constituted 23.64% ± 1.56% in the control group and 31.20% ± 1.10% in the experimental group (increase by 31.97%). In the submucosal ganglion in the corpus we have noted 43.61% ± 1.06% in the control animals and 37.00% ± 1.77% in the experimental group (decrease by 15.15%). Expression of GAL-positive perikarya showed statistically significant changes only in the MG of the antrum and pylorus. In the antrum GAL positive perykarya constituted 26.53% ± 1.52% in the control and 36.67% ± 1.02% in the experimental animals (increase by 38.22%). While in the pylorus GAL positive neurons in the control group constituted 16.32% ± 0.92% and 17.99% ± 0.38% in the experimental animals (increase by 10.23%). Our results support the hypothesis that in the course of diabetes, long term episodes of high glucose serum level may influence the chemical phenotyping of enteric neurons.
Michał Bulc; Katarzyna Palus; Łukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Gajęcka; Jarosław Całka. Changes in expression of inhibitory substances in the intramural neurons of the stomach following streptozotocin- induced diabetes in the pig. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017, 23, 6088 -6099.
AMA StyleMichał Bulc, Katarzyna Palus, Łukasz Zielonka, Magdalena Gajęcka, Jarosław Całka. Changes in expression of inhibitory substances in the intramural neurons of the stomach following streptozotocin- induced diabetes in the pig. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2017; 23 (33):6088-6099.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Bulc; Katarzyna Palus; Łukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Gajęcka; Jarosław Całka. 2017. "Changes in expression of inhibitory substances in the intramural neurons of the stomach following streptozotocin- induced diabetes in the pig." World Journal of Gastroenterology 23, no. 33: 6088-6099.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in Europe. Pigs are an animal species that is most susceptible to this mycotoxin. Deoxynivalenol causes significant losses in pig production by lowering feed intake, decreasing daily weight gains, disrupting immune responses, and increasing susceptibility to diseases. The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of feed contaminated with DON at concentrations insignificantly higher than recommended by the European Commission (900 µg/kg). The experimental feed contained 1008 μg DON/kg. The experiment was performed on eight weaners from the same litter. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (M, n = 4) fed contaminated feed and a control group (C, n = 4) administered feed free of mycotoxins. The experiment lasted for six weeks, and peripheral blood samples were collected from the animals for analyses of selected morphological parameters and changes in the percentages of CD4+8−, CD4−8+, and CD4+8+ lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APC) with CD14+172+ (monocytes), CD172ahigh4−14− (conventional dendritic cells, cDC), and CD172adim4+14− (plasmacytoid dendritic cells, pDC) phenotypes. The morphological parameters of porcine blood samples were determined by flow cytometry with non-fluorescent particle-size calibration standards, and no differences were observed between groups M and C. An immunophenotyping analysis of lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC) revealed an increase in the percentage of CD4+8−, CD172ahigh4−14−, and CD172adim4+14− cells, and a decrease in the number of CD4−8+ cells in group M. The results of this experiment suggest that prolonged exposure to low doses of DON can change the proportions of immunocompetent cells (a shift towards humoral immunity), without affecting their overall counts.
Michał Dąbrowski; Ewa Jakimiuk; Mirosław Baranowski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. The Effect of Deoxynivalenol on Selected Populations of Immunocompetent Cells in Porcine Blood—A Preliminary Study. Molecules 2017, 22, 691 .
AMA StyleMichał Dąbrowski, Ewa Jakimiuk, Mirosław Baranowski, Magdalena Gajęcka, Łukasz Zielonka, Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. The Effect of Deoxynivalenol on Selected Populations of Immunocompetent Cells in Porcine Blood—A Preliminary Study. Molecules. 2017; 22 (5):691.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Dąbrowski; Ewa Jakimiuk; Mirosław Baranowski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. 2017. "The Effect of Deoxynivalenol on Selected Populations of Immunocompetent Cells in Porcine Blood—A Preliminary Study." Molecules 22, no. 5: 691.