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In our previous in vitro research and also in laying hen production, attempts were made to minimise ammonia emissions in poultry houses with the use of Deodoric® biopreparation. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the influence of the Deodoric® on ammonia (NH3) emission and turkey growth performance in a semi-industrial production system. Significant differences in NH3 emission (p-value < 0.001), body weight (p-value < 0.001) and relative humidity (p-value < 0.001) were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric® was applied. In group C, an increase in ammonia concentration in air could have contributed to a decrease in the body weight of turkeys, but the above correlation was not observed in group E. In the control group, a relatively strong correlation between NH3 emission and temperature (p-value = 0.0009; r = 0.74) and moderate correlations between NH3 emission vs. relative humidity (p-value = 0.01; r = 0.59), air speed (p-value = 0.015; r = 0.60) and cooling (p-value = 0.005; r = 0.66) were noted. Studied correlations were not observed in group E. The preparation did not affect microbial levels in manure or body samples. Throughout the experiment, significant differences in the number of mesophilic bacteria (for the model: F = 46.14, p-value = 0.09; for mesophilic microorganisms: F = 3.29, p-value = 0.045) and Campylobacter spp. (for the model: F = 24.96, p-value = 0.008; for Campylobacter spp.: F = 0.25, p-value = 0.64) were not observed between group C and group E. The administration of Deodoric® to manure decreased NH3 concentration in the air and increased weight gains in the experimental group of turkeys relative to group C. Preparation may be applied in poultry farms to improve poultry farming conditions.
Remigiusz Gałęcki; Michał Dąbrowski; Tadeusz Bakuła; Kazimierz Obremski; Mirosław Baranowski; Adriana Nowak; Beata Gutarowska. The Influence of the Mineral–Microbial Deodorizing Preparation on Ammonia Emission and Growth Performance in Turkey Production. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 743 .
AMA StyleRemigiusz Gałęcki, Michał Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Kazimierz Obremski, Mirosław Baranowski, Adriana Nowak, Beata Gutarowska. The Influence of the Mineral–Microbial Deodorizing Preparation on Ammonia Emission and Growth Performance in Turkey Production. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (7):743.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRemigiusz Gałęcki; Michał Dąbrowski; Tadeusz Bakuła; Kazimierz Obremski; Mirosław Baranowski; Adriana Nowak; Beata Gutarowska. 2020. "The Influence of the Mineral–Microbial Deodorizing Preparation on Ammonia Emission and Growth Performance in Turkey Production." Atmosphere 11, no. 7: 743.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term (48 days), per os administration of specific zearalenone (ZEN) doses (20 and 40 μg ZEN/kg BW in experimental groups EI and EII, which were equivalent to 200% and 400% of the upper range limit of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), respectively) on the bioavailability of ZEN and the rate of changes in estradiol and testosterone concentrations in the peripheral blood of pre-pubertal gilts. ZEN and α-ZEL levels were similar until day 28. After day 28, α-ZEL concentrations increased significantly in group EI, whereas a significant rise in ZEN levels was noted in group EII. The presence of estradiol in peripheral blood plasma was not observed until day 20 of the experiment. Spontaneous secretion of estradiol was minimal, and it was determined at very low levels of up to 10 pg/mL in EI and EII groups. Testosterone concentrations ranged from 4 to 9 ng/mL in all groups. A decrease in the concentrations of both analyzed hormones was reported in the last stage of the experiment. The results of the experiment indicate that: (i) The bioavailability of ZEN in peripheral blood has low diagnostic value, (ii) exposure to low doses of ZEN induces minor changes in the concentrations of the analyzed hormones, which could lead to situational supraphysiological hormone levels and changes in endogenous hormonal balance.
Łukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Gajęcka; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Michał Dąbrowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Effect of Different Doses of Zearalenone in Feed on the Bioavailability of Zearalenone and Alpha-Zearalenol, and the Concentrations of Estradiol and Testosterone in the Peripheral Blood of Pre-Pubertal Gilts. Toxins 2020, 12, 144 .
AMA StyleŁukasz Zielonka, Magdalena Gajęcka, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Michał Dąbrowski, Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Effect of Different Doses of Zearalenone in Feed on the Bioavailability of Zearalenone and Alpha-Zearalenol, and the Concentrations of Estradiol and Testosterone in the Peripheral Blood of Pre-Pubertal Gilts. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Zielonka; Magdalena Gajęcka; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Michał Dąbrowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2020. "The Effect of Different Doses of Zearalenone in Feed on the Bioavailability of Zearalenone and Alpha-Zearalenol, and the Concentrations of Estradiol and Testosterone in the Peripheral Blood of Pre-Pubertal Gilts." Toxins 12, no. 3: 144.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the biopreparation Deodoric® on ammonia (NH3) concentration, performance, and hygiene standards in laying hen (ROSS-308) production. Statistically significant differences in NH3 concentration and the body weight of laying hens were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric® was applied at the set dose. In the control group, an increase in NH3 concentration could have contributed to the decrease in the body weight of laying hens, egg production, and % hen day egg production, whereas no such correlations were observed in the experimental group. A moderate linear correlation between NH3 concentration vs. humidity (r = 0.68), air flow (r = 0.48) and weakly linear correlation between NH3 concentration and age of birds (r = 0.27) was noted in group C. In group E, NH3 concentration vs. temperature (r = 0.27) and humidity (r = 0.14) were weakly correlated. Statistical analysis of changes in the microbial counts isolated from manure revealed a significant decrease of mesophilic microorganisms on day 28 decrease of Campylobacter spp. days 14 and 84 in group E. However, for the entire experimental model no statistically significant changes in the number of Campylobacter spp. and mesophilic bacteria were found. The tested preparation did not cause changes in the microbial composition of tissue swabs. Deodoric® contributes to animal welfare by reducing the ammonia concentrations in poultry houses. It is also recommended for use in poultry farms to improve animal health and performance and to generate benefits for producers.
Remigiusz Gałęcki; Michał Dąbrowski; Tadeusz Bakuła; Kazimierz Obremski; Adriana Nowak; Beata Gutarowska. The Influence of the Mineral-Microbial Preparation on Ammonia Concentration and Productivity in Laying Hens Houses. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 751 .
AMA StyleRemigiusz Gałęcki, Michał Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Kazimierz Obremski, Adriana Nowak, Beata Gutarowska. The Influence of the Mineral-Microbial Preparation on Ammonia Concentration and Productivity in Laying Hens Houses. Atmosphere. 2019; 10 (12):751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRemigiusz Gałęcki; Michał Dąbrowski; Tadeusz Bakuła; Kazimierz Obremski; Adriana Nowak; Beata Gutarowska. 2019. "The Influence of the Mineral-Microbial Preparation on Ammonia Concentration and Productivity in Laying Hens Houses." Atmosphere 10, no. 12: 751.
Plant-based materials used in the production of pig feed are very often contaminated with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Daily intake of small amounts of these mycotoxins with feed induces various subclinical states in gilts and influences different biological processes. The aim of this preclinical study was to determine the correlation between monotonic doses of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (40 μg/kg body weight and 12 μg/kg body weight, respectively, administered over a period of 42 days) and the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors in the intestinal tract and the mRNA expression of selected colonic enzymes. The immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor alpha was observed in the colon, but its intensity varied in different weeks of exposure. A minor increase in estrogen receptor beta expression was noted only in the colon, whereas the expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 enzyme mRNA and mRNA isoform of the glutathione S-transferase π gene decreased. The observed correlations suggest that the risk of loss of control over the biotransformation and biological activity of the parent compounds in distal intestinal mucosa is delayed.
Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Iwona Otrocka-Domagała; Paweł Brzuzan; Anna Rykaczewska; Katarzyna Cieplińska; Marzena Barasińska; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. Correlations between exposure to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors in the intestinal epithelium and the mRNA expression of selected colonic enzymes in pre-pubertal gilts. Toxicon 2019, 173, 75 -93.
AMA StyleMagdalena Gajęcka, Michał Dąbrowski, Iwona Otrocka-Domagała, Paweł Brzuzan, Anna Rykaczewska, Katarzyna Cieplińska, Marzena Barasińska, Maciej T. Gajęcki, Łukasz Zielonka. Correlations between exposure to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors in the intestinal epithelium and the mRNA expression of selected colonic enzymes in pre-pubertal gilts. Toxicon. 2019; 173 ():75-93.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Iwona Otrocka-Domagała; Paweł Brzuzan; Anna Rykaczewska; Katarzyna Cieplińska; Marzena Barasińska; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. 2019. "Correlations between exposure to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors in the intestinal epithelium and the mRNA expression of selected colonic enzymes in pre-pubertal gilts." Toxicon 173, no. : 75-93.
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that not only binds to estrogen receptors, but also interacts with steroidogenic enzymes and acts as an endocrine disruptor. The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that low doses, minimal anticipated biological effect level (MABEL), no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), of ZEN administered orally for 42 days can induce changes in the peripheral blood concentrations of selected steroid hormones (estradiol, progesterone and testosterone) in pre-pubertal gilts. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 animals were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg ZEN/kg BW, group ZEN10 - at 10 μg ZEN/kg BW, group ZEN15 - at 15 μg ZEN/kg BW, whereas group C received a placebo. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2 and 3 (days 7, 14 and 42 of the experiment). Qualitative and quantitative changes in the biotransformation of low ZEN doses were observed. These processes were least pronounced in group ZEN5 (MABEL dose) where ZEN metabolites were not detected on the first analytical date, and where β-ZEL was the predominant metabolite on successive dates. The above was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of estradiol (E2) which, together with "free ZEN", probably suppressed progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) levels.
Anna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Ewa Onyszek; Katarzyna Cieplińska; Michał Dąbrowski; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. Imbalance in the Blood Concentrations of Selected Steroids in Pre-pubertal Gilts Depending on the Time of Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins 2019, 11, 561 .
AMA StyleAnna Rykaczewska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Ewa Onyszek, Katarzyna Cieplińska, Michał Dąbrowski, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Maria Bulińska, Andrzej Babuchowski, Maciej T. Gajęcki, Łukasz Zielonka. Imbalance in the Blood Concentrations of Selected Steroids in Pre-pubertal Gilts Depending on the Time of Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):561.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Ewa Onyszek; Katarzyna Cieplińska; Michał Dąbrowski; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Andrzej Babuchowski; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. 2019. "Imbalance in the Blood Concentrations of Selected Steroids in Pre-pubertal Gilts Depending on the Time of Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone." Toxins 11, no. 10: 561.
Zearalenone is a frequent contaminant of cereals and their by-products in regions with a temperate climate. This toxic molecule is produced naturally by Fusarium fungi in crops. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of low zearalenone doses (LOAEL, NOAEL and MABEL) on the intestinal microbiome of gilts on different days of exposure (days 7, 21 and 42). Intestinal contents were sampled from the duodenal cap, the third part of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum and the descending colon. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 animals were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg /kg BW, group ZEN10-10 μg ZEN/kg BW and group ZEN15-15 µg ZEN/kg BW. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2 and 3. Differences in the log values of microbial counts, mainly Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, were observed between the proximal and distal segments of the intestinal tract on different analytical dates as well as in the entire intestinal tract. Zearalenone affected the colony counts of intestinal microbiota rather than microbiome diversity, and its effect was greatest in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. Microbial colony counts were similar in groups ZEN5 and C. In the analysed mycobiome, ZEN exerted a stimulatory effect on the log values of yeast and mould counts in all intestinal segments, in particular in the colon, and the greatest increase was noted on the first analytical date.
Katarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anna Rykaczewska; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses. Toxins 2019, 11, 296 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Michał Dąbrowski, Anna Rykaczewska, Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk, Maria Bulińska, Łukasz Zielonka, Maciej T. Gajęcki. Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses. Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anna Rykaczewska; Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk; Maria Bulińska; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2019. "Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses." Toxins 11, no. 5: 296.
Diabetic autonomic peripheral neuropathy (PN) involves a broad spectrum of organs. One of them is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of digestive complications are not yet fully understood. Digestion is controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS) within the wall of the GI tract. Enteric neurons exert regulatory effects due to the many biologically active substances secreted and released by enteric nervous system (ENS) structures. These include nitric oxide (NO), produced by the neural nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS). It is a very important inhibitory factor, necessary for smooth muscle relaxation. Moreover, it was noted that nitrergic innervation can undergo adaptive changes during pathological processes. Additionally, nitrergic neurons function may be regulated through the synthesis of other active neuropeptides. Therefore, in the present study, using the immunofluorescence technique, we first examined the influence of hyperglycemia on the NOS- containing neurons in the porcine small intestine and secondly the co-localization of nNOS with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL) and substance P (SP) in all plexuses studied. Following chronic hyperglycaemia, we observed a reduction in the number of the NOS-positive neurons in all intestinal segments studied, as well as an increased in investigated substances in nNOS positive neurons. This observation confirmed that diabetic hyperglycaemia can cause changes in the neurochemical characteristics of enteric neurons, which can lead to numerous disturbances in gastrointestinal tract functions. Moreover, can be the basis of an elaboration of these peptides analogues utilized as therapeutic agents in the treatment of GI complications.
Michał Bulc; Katarzyna Palus; Michał Dąbrowski; Jarosław Całka. Hyperglycaemia-Induced Downregulation in Expression of nNOS Intramural Neurons of the Small Intestine in the Pig. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 1681 .
AMA StyleMichał Bulc, Katarzyna Palus, Michał Dąbrowski, Jarosław Całka. Hyperglycaemia-Induced Downregulation in Expression of nNOS Intramural Neurons of the Small Intestine in the Pig. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (7):1681.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Bulc; Katarzyna Palus; Michał Dąbrowski; Jarosław Całka. 2019. "Hyperglycaemia-Induced Downregulation in Expression of nNOS Intramural Neurons of the Small Intestine in the Pig." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7: 1681.
Several observations from experiments in rodents and human patients suggest that diabetes affects pineal gland function, including melatonin secretion; however, the accumulated data are not consistent. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the pineal gland in the domestic pig, a species widely used as a model in various biomedical studies. The study was performed on 10 juvenile pigs, which were divided into two groups: control and diabetic. Diabetes was evoked by administration of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg of body weight). After six weeks, the animals were euthanized between 12.00 and 14.00, and the pineal glands were removed and divided into two equal parts, which were used for biochemical analyses and for preparation of explants for the superfusion culture. The pineal contents (per 100 μg protein) of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, 5-methoxyindole acetic acid, 5-methoxytryptophol, and 5-methoxytryptamine were significantly lower in diabetic pigs than in control pigs. In contrast, the level of N-acetylserotonin was significantly higher in diabetic animals. No significant differences were found in the level of melatonin between control and experimental pigs. The amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were significantly lower in the pineal glands of diabetic animals. The level of vanillylmandelic acid was higher in diabetic pigs. No differences were observed in the level of basal and NE-stimulated release of N-acetylserotonin or melatonin between the pineal explants prepared from control and experimental animals. In vitro treatment with insulin was ineffective. In conclusion, streptozotocin-induced diabetes affects both indole metabolism and adrenergic neurotransmission in the pig pineal gland.
Bogdan Lewczuk; Magdalena Prusik; Natalia Ziółkowska; Michał Dąbrowski; Kamila Martniuk; Maria Hanuszewska; Łukasz Zielonka. Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018, 19, 3077 .
AMA StyleBogdan Lewczuk, Magdalena Prusik, Natalia Ziółkowska, Michał Dąbrowski, Kamila Martniuk, Maria Hanuszewska, Łukasz Zielonka. Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19 (10):3077.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBogdan Lewczuk; Magdalena Prusik; Natalia Ziółkowska; Michał Dąbrowski; Kamila Martniuk; Maria Hanuszewska; Łukasz Zielonka. 2018. "Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10: 3077.
Zearalenone is a toxic low-molecular-weight molecule that is naturally produced by moulds on crops as a secondary metabolite. The aim of this study was to determine the genotoxicity of caecal water collected successively from the caecal contents of gilts exposed to low doses (LOAEL, NOAEL, and MABEL) of zearalenone. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg/kg BW, group ZEN10—10 μg ZEN/kg BW and group ZEN15—15 µg ZEN/kg BW. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2, and 3. Caecal water samples for in vitro analysis were collected from the ileocaecal region. The genotoxicity of caecal water was noted, particularly after date 1 in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15 with a decreasing trend. Electrophoresis revealed the presence of numerous comets without tails in groups C and ZEN5 and fewer comets with clearly expressed tails in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. The distribution of LLC-PK1 cells ranged from 15% to 20% in groups C and ZEN5, and from 30% to 60% in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. The analysis of caecal water genotoxicity during exposure to very low doses of ZEN revealed the presence of a counter response and a compensatory effect in gilts.
Katarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Adriana Nowak; Michał Dąbrowski; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Genotoxicity of Caecal Water in Gilts Exposed to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins 2018, 10, 350 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Adriana Nowak, Michał Dąbrowski, Łukasz Zielonka, Maciej T. Gajęcki. The Genotoxicity of Caecal Water in Gilts Exposed to Low Doses of Zearalenone. Toxins. 2018; 10 (9):350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Cieplińska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Adriana Nowak; Michał Dąbrowski; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej T. Gajęcki. 2018. "The Genotoxicity of Caecal Water in Gilts Exposed to Low Doses of Zearalenone." Toxins 10, no. 9: 350.
The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN) induces changes in the serum biochemical profile and body weights (BW). Pre-pubertal gilts (with BW of up to 14.5 kg) were administered ZEN in daily doses of 5 μg/kg BW (group 1, n = 15), 10 μg/kg BW (group 2, n = 15), 15 μg/kg BW (group 3, n = 15) or placebo (control group C, n = 15) throughout the experiment. Blood was sampled for analysis on 10 dates (at five-day intervals). Minor but statistically significant differences in the analysed serum biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, glucose, total protein, iron, BUN and urea) were observed in the studied groups. The biochemical parameters of the analysed gilts indicate that the maintenance of homeostasis and biotransformation of ZEN require considerable energy expenditure. Beginning on the fourth analytical date, BW gains were consistently higher in the experimental groups than in group C. The observed decrease in glucose and total protein levels can probably be attributed to higher BW gains and the ongoing ZEN biotransformation processes in the enterocytes and the liver.
Anna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anita Wiśniewska; Justyna Szcześniewska; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN). Toxicon 2018, 152, 84 -94.
AMA StyleAnna Rykaczewska, Magdalena Gajęcka, Michał Dąbrowski, Anita Wiśniewska, Justyna Szcześniewska, Maciej T. Gajęcki, Łukasz Zielonka. Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN). Toxicon. 2018; 152 ():84-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Rykaczewska; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dąbrowski; Anita Wiśniewska; Justyna Szcześniewska; Maciej T. Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. 2018. "Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN)." Toxicon 152, no. : 84-94.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in Europe. Pigs are an animal species that is most susceptible to this mycotoxin. Deoxynivalenol causes significant losses in pig production by lowering feed intake, decreasing daily weight gains, disrupting immune responses, and increasing susceptibility to diseases. The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of feed contaminated with DON at concentrations insignificantly higher than recommended by the European Commission (900 µg/kg). The experimental feed contained 1008 μg DON/kg. The experiment was performed on eight weaners from the same litter. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (M, n = 4) fed contaminated feed and a control group (C, n = 4) administered feed free of mycotoxins. The experiment lasted for six weeks, and peripheral blood samples were collected from the animals for analyses of selected morphological parameters and changes in the percentages of CD4+8−, CD4−8+, and CD4+8+ lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APC) with CD14+172+ (monocytes), CD172ahigh4−14− (conventional dendritic cells, cDC), and CD172adim4+14− (plasmacytoid dendritic cells, pDC) phenotypes. The morphological parameters of porcine blood samples were determined by flow cytometry with non-fluorescent particle-size calibration standards, and no differences were observed between groups M and C. An immunophenotyping analysis of lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC) revealed an increase in the percentage of CD4+8−, CD172ahigh4−14−, and CD172adim4+14− cells, and a decrease in the number of CD4−8+ cells in group M. The results of this experiment suggest that prolonged exposure to low doses of DON can change the proportions of immunocompetent cells (a shift towards humoral immunity), without affecting their overall counts.
Michał Dąbrowski; Ewa Jakimiuk; Mirosław Baranowski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. The Effect of Deoxynivalenol on Selected Populations of Immunocompetent Cells in Porcine Blood—A Preliminary Study. Molecules 2017, 22, 691 .
AMA StyleMichał Dąbrowski, Ewa Jakimiuk, Mirosław Baranowski, Magdalena Gajęcka, Łukasz Zielonka, Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. The Effect of Deoxynivalenol on Selected Populations of Immunocompetent Cells in Porcine Blood—A Preliminary Study. Molecules. 2017; 22 (5):691.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Dąbrowski; Ewa Jakimiuk; Mirosław Baranowski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Łukasz Zielonka; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. 2017. "The Effect of Deoxynivalenol on Selected Populations of Immunocompetent Cells in Porcine Blood—A Preliminary Study." Molecules 22, no. 5: 691.
Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in the world, and is capable of inducing immune disorders in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feed contaminated with DON on the number of TLR2- and TLR9-positive cells and their mRNA expression in the porcine large intestine. The experiment was conducted on two equal groups of pigs (n=4). The experimental group (E) was administered feed contaminated with DON (1008 μg/kg of feed) for 6 weeks, and the control group (C) was administered non-contaminated feed over the same period of time. A decrease in the expression of TLR2 mRNA was noted in the cecum. The percentage of TLR9-positive enterocytes increased in the ascending colon and decreased in the cecum. The results of this study indicate that DON can modify the local immune response by changing the expression of TLRs.
M. Dabrowski; E. Jakimiuk; M. Gajecka; M.T. Gajęcki; Ł. Zielonka. Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 2017, 20, 213 -220.
AMA StyleM. Dabrowski, E. Jakimiuk, M. Gajecka, M.T. Gajęcki, Ł. Zielonka. Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2017; 20 (2):213-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Dabrowski; E. Jakimiuk; M. Gajecka; M.T. Gajęcki; Ł. Zielonka. 2017. "Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 20, no. 2: 213-220.
The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to low doses of ZEN + DON induces changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters in pre-pubertal gilts. In the evaluated groups, minor but statistically significant changes were noted in selected serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, total cholesterol, ALT, AST, AP, total bilirubin, Pin, Fe, K and Cl, and in hematological parameters, including WBC, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, Ht, Hb, MCHC, HDW and PLT. A statistical analysis of the results revealed significant differences between groups in the values of WBC, eosinophils, basophils, Hb, Ht, PLT, glucose, ALT, AP, total bilirubin, Fe and K. Change trends were noted mainly in weeks II and V-VI. An analysis of the metabolic profile of pre-pubertal gilts exposed to ZEN + DON indicates that homeostasis and biotransformation of ZEN + DON can be toned down at the expense of the animals' energy reserves. Body weight gains were lower in group E, and BW gains were not observed in weeks II and VI. The activity levels of gilts decreased in the first weeks of exposure (I and II), but the drop was minimized by a compensatory effect, or in the last two weeks of exposure due to nutrient deficiency or insufficient supply of protein and energy with feed and feed additives, which decreased BW gains. Low doses of mycotoxins induce completely different changes in the metabolic test than higher doses. The above can probably be attributed to: (i) a negative compensatory effect, (ii) initiation of adaptive mechanisms and stimulation of the immune system, probably due to the allergizing properties of mycotoxins, (iii) excessive loss of energy and protein due to more effective feed utilization, or (iv) involvement in detoxification processes which leads to fatigue. Depending on the body's energy stores, the above processes tend to tone down the biotransformation of low doses of the examined mycotoxins but in the present study, the BW of gilts did not increase under exposure to a combination of ZEN + DON.
Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Tarasiuk; Łukasz Zielonka; Michał Dąbrowski; Jakub Nicpoń; Mirosław Baranowski; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. Changes in the metabolic profile and body weight of pre-pubertal gilts during prolonged monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Toxicon 2016, 125, 32 -43.
AMA StyleMagdalena Gajęcka, Michał Tarasiuk, Łukasz Zielonka, Michał Dąbrowski, Jakub Nicpoń, Mirosław Baranowski, Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. Changes in the metabolic profile and body weight of pre-pubertal gilts during prolonged monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Toxicon. 2016; 125 ():32-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Gajęcka; Michał Tarasiuk; Łukasz Zielonka; Michał Dąbrowski; Jakub Nicpoń; Mirosław Baranowski; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki. 2016. "Changes in the metabolic profile and body weight of pre-pubertal gilts during prolonged monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol." Toxicon 125, no. : 32-43.
T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species, which may affect the synthesis of DNA and RNA and causes various pathological processes. Till now, the influence of T-2 toxin on the enteric nervous system (ENS) located in the wall of gastrointestinal tract has not been studied. On the other hand, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is one of enteric neuronal factors, whose exact functions in the intestines still remain not fully explained. The present study describes the influence of low doses of T-2 toxin on CART-positive neuronal structures in porcine stomach, duodenum, and descending colon. Distribution of CART was studied using the double immunofluorescence technique in the plexuses of the ENS, as well as in nerve fibers within the circular muscle and mucosal layers of porcine gastrointestinal tract. Generally, after T-2 toxin administration the greater number of CART-LI structures were studied, but intensity of changes depended on part of the ENS and digestive tract fragment studied. The obtained results show that even low doses of T-2 toxin may change the expression of CART in the ENS.
Krystyna Makowska; Slawomir Gonkowski; Lukasz Zielonka; Michal Dabrowski; Jaroslaw Calka. T2 Toxin-Induced Changes in Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System Within Selected Fragments of the Porcine Digestive Tract. Neurotoxicity Research 2016, 31, 136 -147.
AMA StyleKrystyna Makowska, Slawomir Gonkowski, Lukasz Zielonka, Michal Dabrowski, Jaroslaw Calka. T2 Toxin-Induced Changes in Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System Within Selected Fragments of the Porcine Digestive Tract. Neurotoxicity Research. 2016; 31 (1):136-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrystyna Makowska; Slawomir Gonkowski; Lukasz Zielonka; Michal Dabrowski; Jaroslaw Calka. 2016. "T2 Toxin-Induced Changes in Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System Within Selected Fragments of the Porcine Digestive Tract." Neurotoxicity Research 31, no. 1: 136-147.
Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Tarasiuk; Łukasz Zielonka; Michał Dąbrowski; Maciej Gajęcki. Risk assessment for changes in the metabolic profile and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts during long-term monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN). Research in Veterinary Science 2016, 109, 169 -180.
AMA StyleMagdalena Gajęcka, Michał Tarasiuk, Łukasz Zielonka, Michał Dąbrowski, Maciej Gajęcki. Risk assessment for changes in the metabolic profile and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts during long-term monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN). Research in Veterinary Science. 2016; 109 ():169-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagdalena Gajęcka; Michał Tarasiuk; Łukasz Zielonka; Michał Dąbrowski; Maciej Gajęcki. 2016. "Risk assessment for changes in the metabolic profile and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts during long-term monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN)." Research in Veterinary Science 109, no. : 169-180.
Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol are secondary metabolites of fungi of the genus Fusarium. The presence of mycotoxins in cereals and the resulting contamination of feeds and foods pose health risks for animals and humans. The dangers associated with high doses of mycotoxins have been extensively researched but very little is known about NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) doses or exposure to a combination of mycotoxins (mixed mycotoxicoses). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of six-week exposure to NOAEL doses of individual and combined mycotoxins on the subpopulations of CD4+8−, CD4−8+ and CD4+8+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of pigs. The experiment was performed on 72 gilts with average body weight of 25 kg, divided into three experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3, administered zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ZEN + DON, respectively, on a daily basis) and a control group (C) receiving placebo. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated by flow cytometry at weekly intervals (experimental days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42). A linear increase in the percentage of CD4+8+ lymphocytes was highly correlated with time (r = 0.682) in group C. The correlations and linear increase in the above subpopulation were disrupted in the remaining groups. In group E3, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in CD4+8+ counts was observed in week 5, which could point to a transient depletion of regulatory mechanisms of immune responses. The noted results also suggest that in mixed mycotoxicosis, ZEN and DON exerted stronger immunomodulatory effects.
Michał Dąbrowski; Kazimierz Obremski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. Changes in the Subpopulations of Porcine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Induced by Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON). Molecules 2016, 21, 557 .
AMA StyleMichał Dąbrowski, Kazimierz Obremski, Magdalena Gajęcka, Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki, Łukasz Zielonka. Changes in the Subpopulations of Porcine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Induced by Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON). Molecules. 2016; 21 (5):557.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Dąbrowski; Kazimierz Obremski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Maciej Tadeusz Gajęcki; Łukasz Zielonka. 2016. "Changes in the Subpopulations of Porcine Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Induced by Exposure to Low Doses of Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON)." Molecules 21, no. 5: 557.
Zearalenone and its metabolites, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol, demonstrate estradiol-like activity and disrupt physiological functions in animals. This article evaluates the carryover of zearalenone and its selected metabolites from the digesta to intestinal walls (along the entire intestines) in pre-pubertal gilts exposed to low doses of zearalenone over long periods of time. The term “carryover” describes the transfer of mycotoxins from feed to edible tissues, and it was used to assess the risk of mycotoxin exposure for consumers. The experimental gilts with body weight of up to 25 kg were per os administered zearalenone at a daily dose of 40 μg/kg BW (Group E, n = 18) or placebo (Group C, n = 21) over a period of 42 days. In the first weeks of exposure, the highest values of the carryover factor were noted in the duodenum and the jejunum. In animals receiving pure zearalenone, the presence of metabolites was not determined in intestinal tissues. In the last three weeks of the experiment, very high values of the carryover factor were observed in the duodenum and the descending colon. The results of the study indicate that in animals exposed to subclinical doses of zearalenone, the carryover factor could be determined by the distribution and expression of estrogen receptor beta.
Łukasz Zielonka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Monika Beszterda; Marian Kostecki; Michał Dąbrowski; Kazimierz Obremski; Piotr Goliński; Maciej Gajęcki. Zearalenone in the Intestinal Tissues of Immature Gilts Exposed per os to Mycotoxins. Toxins 2015, 7, 3210 -3223.
AMA StyleŁukasz Zielonka, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Monika Beszterda, Marian Kostecki, Michał Dąbrowski, Kazimierz Obremski, Piotr Goliński, Maciej Gajęcki. Zearalenone in the Intestinal Tissues of Immature Gilts Exposed per os to Mycotoxins. Toxins. 2015; 7 (8):3210-3223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Zielonka; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Monika Beszterda; Marian Kostecki; Michał Dąbrowski; Kazimierz Obremski; Piotr Goliński; Maciej Gajęcki. 2015. "Zearalenone in the Intestinal Tissues of Immature Gilts Exposed per os to Mycotoxins." Toxins 7, no. 8: 3210-3223.
The study evaluated the proliferative activity of immunocompetent cells in the jejunal and iliac lymph nodes of prepubertal female wild boars exposed to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in naturally contaminated feed. The evaluation was performed with the use of the MTT assay and 2 mitogens: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A. Intensified proliferative processes in T and B lymphocytes were revealed. The mitogenic activity of LPS was more expressed in the lymphocytes of both iliac and jejunal lymph nodes in comparison with the control group. Proliferative activity was higher in iliac lymph nodes than in jejunal lymph nodes. A reverse trend was observed in the percentage of live cells, which was higher in jejunal lymph nodes during the evaluation of lymphocyte proliferation.
Łukasz Zielonka; Ewa Jakimiuk; Kazimierz Obremski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dabrowski; Maciej Gajęcki. Evaluation of the proliferative activity of immunocompetent cells in the jejunal and iliac lymph nodes of prepubertal female wild boars diagnosed with mixed mycotoxicosis. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 2015, 59, 197 -203.
AMA StyleŁukasz Zielonka, Ewa Jakimiuk, Kazimierz Obremski, Magdalena Gajęcka, Michał Dabrowski, Maciej Gajęcki. Evaluation of the proliferative activity of immunocompetent cells in the jejunal and iliac lymph nodes of prepubertal female wild boars diagnosed with mixed mycotoxicosis. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy. 2015; 59 (2):197-203.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Zielonka; Ewa Jakimiuk; Kazimierz Obremski; Magdalena Gajęcka; Michał Dabrowski; Maciej Gajęcki. 2015. "Evaluation of the proliferative activity of immunocompetent cells in the jejunal and iliac lymph nodes of prepubertal female wild boars diagnosed with mixed mycotoxicosis." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 2: 197-203.