Sumithion (Fenitrothion) (SUM) is an organophosphorus insecticide used to combat a wide variety of plant pests. Exposure to SUM causes significant toxicity to the brain, liver, kidney, and reproductive organs through, for example, binding to DNA, and it induces DNA damage, which ends with oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the protective role of bee products: a mixture of honey, propolis, palm pollen, and royal jelly (HPPJ) against SUM-induced toxicity. Twenty-four male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were classified into four groups, each containing six rats: control (corn oil), SUM (85 mg/kg; 1/20 LD₅₀), HPPJ, and SUM + HPPJ once daily for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were gently collected in sterilized ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes for blood picture analyses and tubes without anticoagulant for serum isolation. Serum was used for assays of enzymatic and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that SUM increased the weights of the liver, kidney, and brain as well as the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Additionally, SUM significantly increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and glucose, uric acid, and creatinine contents, while decreasing the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and total lipids and total protein content. Furthermore, because of the inclusion of phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, and sugars, the HPPJ mixture counteracted the hematological, renal, and hepatic toxicity of SUM exposure.

The effects of future climate changes on the prevalence of Palarus latifrons Kohl. and Philanthus triangulum Fab that attacking honey bee colonies in Africa have not been studied before. Ecological modeling using Maxent and geographical information system (GIS) was used to achieve the study objective. The highest contribution in the model was to the annual mean temperature followed by mean temperature of the coldest quarter. The model performance was high and perfect in light of the used evaluation parameters. Some areas in southern and northern parts of Africa were suitable for the prevalence of P. latifrons Kohl. and P. triangulum Fab under current conditions.The study maps for future conditions during 2050 and 2070 highlighted the negative effects of climate change on the prevalence of these pests in specific parts in Africa. The consequences of such prevalence/limitation of P. latifrons and P. triangulum on beekeeping in Africa were discussed.

The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of potential essential oils at five concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 %) against Paenibacillus larvae larvae (the causative agent of AFB). Different parts of ten plants belong to four families, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Anacardiaceae and Lamiaceae were used in present experiment to extract fifteen essential oils. The efficiencies, in inhibition the growth of P. l. larvae bacteria, of these crude oils and four mixtures of some of them beside their diluents were evaluated using disk diffusion assay. Obtained results indicated that the efficiencies, in inhibiting P. l. larvae growth, of Citrus limon essential oil from leaves, peels and mixture of them (at tested concentrations) varied from weak to very high. The most effective one was the crude oil of leaves with inhibition zone of 34.2 mm with 213.5 % relative efficiency (R.E.) of Tylosine. Considering the four plants belonging to Family Lamiaceae, results emphasized the high efficiency of the crude essential oil from Thymus vulgaris whole plant, beside its tested diluents, in inhibiting the growth of P. l. larvae. It was most the effective treatment achieving inhibitory activity (inhibition zone of 47.5 mm) with 245.5 % R.E. Moreover, the same trend was observed when the concentration decreased to be 50, 25 or 12.5 %, which still exhibiting high activities (inhibition zones of 36.3, 33.5 and 30.5 mm with 198.4, 178.3 and 163.4 % R.E., respectively). In general, the antibacterial activities of the evaluated essential oils were concentration-dependent.